本科毕业论文-移动洗车机设计.doc

济南大学毕业设计1 前言1.1 移动洗车机的简单介绍一般来说洗车机是一种很常见的对车辆清洗的工具或者说装备。以前用户一般都是将车辆开到固定的地点也就是洗车机所在的地点，对车辆进行清洗。这种固定的洗车方式对商家来说固然是最方便最快捷的经营方式，但是这种洗车方式却浪费了消费者、客户的时间，客户将开车到指定的地点，给客户带来了不便。本着以消费者为上帝和最大限度的便利消费者的态度，同样也是商家提高自己竞争力的手段，移动洗车机应运而生。移动洗车机顾名思义是一种可以动的洗车机，改变以往洗车固定不动的模式，将洗车机设计成一种类似快餐似的外卖服务，可以进行预定式的洗车。目前这种移动洗车机一般结构较简单类似家用洗车机，尺寸比一般家用洗车机稍大。同样也节省铺面，一般啊用这种移动洗车机洗车的公司并不设铺面而是类似订餐式上门服务。这种洗车机洗车时间很短，一般为10分钟左右，使用方便快捷。同样它存在一些缺点，比如：清洗洁净度不够、洗车基本上为人为操作耗费人力等等。1.2 洗车机的发展现状现在人们经常见到的清洗设备从使用类型上划分无外乎家用、商用两种类型。一般来说，家用型清洗设备都是小型的、方便携带的，移动便利并且可装进汽车后备箱。这样的清洗设别通常是分为三部分。第一部分是储水设别（也可是直接连接设备，但直接连接设备需要周围有可直接利用、可连接的水源。而户外一般很难找到带有压力的水源，说以这种情况暂且不论），一般出水设备要求不高，只要符合储水要求，一般形状很随意；第二部分为水处理部分，根据使用要求不同和设计要求，最简单时只设置压力出水装置，只要能够达到出水的压力要求即可。但现在很多洗车机都要求节能或超洁净处理，所以有的洗车机常常设有高温处理、雾化处理来对储存水进行加工以便更好的清洗车辆或者说节能环保；第三部分是最后的出水设备，最早的时候只安置一条输水管，一边连着洗车机出水装置另一边连着水枪，通过水枪把高压水雾化，人握住水枪对车辆进行喷射清洗。也有一些不使用水枪，选择一种不但可以进行水雾化而且使其之能够形成一个相对大的喷射面积并还设有清洗布对车表进行进一步处理。第二种为商用洗车机，商用洗车机一般体型都比较大，需要一个较大的铺面，清洗车辆更加专业、更加细致，能够对车辆进行高速清洗并且能够达到一定整洁度；一般的商用洗车机为隧道式洗车机，这种洗车机通常具有一个较长的金属材料焊接的矩形体，一般固定在地面上，地面上铺设一段较长的输送轨道。很多隧道式洗车机都安装有电脑PLC控制系统车辆只要一接触洗车机的轨道，洗车机就进入特定的程序进行类似套餐的服务。基本上整个洗车过程基本不需要人员的参与就能够完成对车辆的和多操作，比如预清洗、除尘、喷入清洗液、清洗、汽车美容、干燥等等。整个的洗车过程需要耗费大量的水能、电能，洗车费用也普遍偏高。另一种商用洗车机也就是和本课题类似的移动洗车机，这是一种类是外卖式的洗车机，对洗车的环境和洗车地点基本没有要求。这种移动洗车机一般结构较小类似家用洗车机，尺寸比一般家用洗车机稍大。同样也节省铺面，一般啊用这种移动洗车机洗车的公司并不设铺面而是类似订餐式上门服务。这种洗车机洗车时间很短，一般为10分钟左右，使用方便快捷。同样它存在一些缺点，比如：清洗洁净度不够、洗车基本上为人为操作耗费人力等等。1.3 选题的目的和意义移动洗车机是一种具有专用高效率高度自动化的清洗车辆设备，目前由于私家车的大量普及，越来越多的私家车需要清洗服务，但现在的洗车机明显满足不了市场的要求。过去的那种固定地点的洗车模式终将跟不上潮流而被市场淘汰。移动洗车技术必将是未来的主流方向，所以移动洗车机的研制与改进是十分必要的，也是十分必须的。而本课题的目的旨在对小型移动洗车机的改进与升级，使其变成大型的而又移动方便的类似于可以动的隧道洗车机，他不但能够保证对车表的洁净清洗和安全，同样简单方便、高度智能、节省大量劳动力，并且可随时移动，使洗车具有家用洗车机的便利，同时具有专业洗车的效果！使用这种移动洗车机必将会取得很好的经济效益，它不仅具有很高的自动化程度和工作效率以及较高的安全性，而且节省劳动力，能够使车表达到一定的洁净度。 所以说移动洗车机必将受到客户的欢迎。移动洗车机的该进具有很高的研究意义：(1)移动洗车机是一项发展投资少、见效快的低成本技术设备，它将会为市场经济带来明显的经济效益。(2)移动洗车机的发展促进了我国服务行业自动化程度的日益完善，同时带来了技术和装备上的革新。(3)移动洗车机的使用能够全面提高洗车效率和洗车质量，大幅度节省了劳动力。(4)移动洗车机的出现迎合了市场产品的多样化。2.方案的确定2.1 设计说明当今市场上已经存在了大量种类、式样的洗车机。但是很多洗车机存在着许多弊端，比如家用的小型洗车机，需要耗费大量的体力，并且对车表进行洁净处理，往往洗完车，车表任然有很多污渍，不能够达到目的；隧道洗车机往往又是占用很大的面积，增加大量的成本，同时右不能够自由移动；所以本课题对移动洗车机进行改进设计。2.2 设计方案的确定2.2.1 总体设计方案：本课题主要是将洗车机设计的更加人性化，更加实用化。不但要满足顾客的各种洗车要求而且便利经营者的使用。它的构思来自平板车运载集装箱，将集装箱设计成一个微型的隧道洗车机，这样就完成了一个大型移动洗车机的基本构思。其结构简图如下所示：图2-1结构简图2.3 电机的选择计算2.3.1 驱动滚刷轮的电机：选择型号为JO2-22-2，电机的额定功率为2.2(kW), 转数为299(rad/s)，效率为82.5%，功率因数0.87，起转满载转矩为1.8，最大转矩为2.2。2.传输链轮电动机选择：预选电机型号为 JO2-32-6，电机的额定功率为2.2(KW)，转数为98(rad/s)，效率为80.5%，功率因数0.76，起转满载转矩为1.8，最大转矩为1.8。电机校核, (2.1)式中：f汽车的摩擦系数m质量(Kg)g重力加速度n转速(rad/s)D链轮直径(m)根据资料查取f为0.01， (2.2)(kW)P小于2.2(kW)，所选的电机合适。3.链条、链轮的选择3.1 水平传动链条、链轮的选择和校核3.1.1 链条的选择(1).选择链轮的齿数:由于本处要求高速传动所以选择齿数为：(2).传动比的选择由于设计处为传递动力，对传动比要求不高所以选择的传动比为：(3).中心距的选择在传动设计中，若中心距不受其他条件限制时，一般可取3050倍的节距，最大可取，有张紧装置或者托板时中心距可大于80倍的节距，若中心不能调整，则中心距约等于30倍的节距。(4).链的节距和排数由于本传动要求的传动力不高，所以选择单链条。3.1.2 滚子链传动的设计计算:(1).已知条件和设计内容传动链设计的已知条件包括：链条传动的工作条件，传动位置和总体尺寸限制，说选的传动功率，主动链轮转速，从动链轮转速和传动比。设计的内容包括：确确定链条型号、链结数和排数，链轮齿数以及链轮的结构、材料和几何尺寸，链轮传动的中心距a、压轴力、润滑装置和张紧装置等。(2).设计步骤和方法选择链轮齿数和确定的传动比一般链轮齿数在17和114之间。传动比按照如下公式计算 (3.1)计算当量的单排链的计算功率根据链传动的工作情况、主动链轮齿数和链条排数。将链传动的功率修正为当量的单排链的计算 (3.2)式中：工况系数;主动链轮齿数系数；多排链系数传递的功率(kW)根据图表选择得出：(kW)确定链条型号和节距p链条的型号根据当量的单排链的计算功率和主动链轮转速，由资料中查到，然后确定链条节距p(kW),(rad/s)由上确定选取链条为：08A节距：p=12.7(mm)滚子直径：(mm)内连接内宽：(mm)销轴直径：(mm)内链板高度：(mm)排距：(mm)计算链节数和中心距由于本设计处含有辅助轮，设(mm)按如下公式计算链节数 (3.3)为了避免使用过度链节将圆整为偶数链轮传动的最大中心距为： (3.4)为中心距计算系数查表(mm)所算出结果大于预定中心距，所以合理计算链速v平均链速公式为： (3.5)(m/s)计算链传动作用在轴上的压轴力 (3.6)式中：有效圆周力(N)压轴力系数，对于水平传动，对于垂直传3.1.3 链轮的设计计算:查询机械设计手册可知：链轮的节距：与链轮的相同，p=12.7(mm)链轮齿数：齿锲角：分度圆直径：(mm) (3.7)齿顶园直径：(mm) (3.8)齿槽定位圆半径：(mm) (3.9)分度角： (3.10)齿槽角： (3.11)齿形角： (3.12)齿面工作最低点至节距线距离(mm)h=0.55,p=6.99(mm) (3.13)齿根间隙：(mm) (3.14)齿根圆半径：(mm) (3.15)链轮宽度B：外导: (3.16)内导: 倒槽宽度：(mm)倒角宽度：(mm)大圆角半径：(mm)小圆角半径：(mm)倒槽深度为9(mm)3.2 底盘处传动链条、链轮的选择和校核3.2.1 链条的选择:(1).选择链轮的齿数：由于本处要求高速传动所以选择齿数为：(2).传动比的选择由于设计处为传递动力，对传动比要求不高所以选择的传动比为：(3).中心距的选择在传动设计中，若中心距不受其他条件限制时，一般可取3050倍的节距，最大可取，有张紧装置或者托板时中心距可大于80倍的节距，若中心不能调整，则中心距约等于30倍的节距。(4).链的节距和排数由于本传动要求的传动力不高，所以选择单链条。3.2.2 滚子链传动的设计计算:(1).已知条件和设计内容传动链设计的已知条件包括：链条传动的工作条件，传动位置和总体尺寸限制，说选的传动功率，主动链轮转速，从动链轮转速和传动比。设计的内容包括：确确定链条型号、链结数L和排数，链轮齿数、以及链轮的结构、材料和几何尺寸，链轮传动的中心距a、压轴力、润滑装置和张紧装置等。(2).设计步骤和方法选择链轮齿数、和确定的传动比一般链轮齿数在17和114之间。传动比按照如下公式计算 (3.17)计算当量的单排链的计算功率根据链传动的工作情况、主动链轮齿数和链条排数。将链传动的功率修正为当量的单排链的计算 (3.18)式中：工况系数主动链轮齿数系数；多排链系数传递的功率(kW)根据图表选择得出：(kW)确定链条型号和节距p链条的型号根据当量的单排链的计算功率和主动链轮转速，由资料中查到，然后确定链条节距p(kW),(rad/s)由上确定选取链条为：10A节距：(mm)滚子直径：(mm)内连接内宽：(mm)销轴直径：(mm)内链板高度：(mm)排距：(mm)计算链节数和中心距：=np由于本设计处含有辅助轮，设(mm)按如下公式计算链节数 (3.19)为了避免使用过度链节将圆整为偶数链轮传动的最大中心距为： (3.20)为中心距计算系数查表(mm)所算出结果大于预定中心距，所以合理。计算链速v平均链速公式为：(m/s) (3.21)计算链传动作用在轴上的压轴力 (3.22)式中有效圆周力(N)压轴力系数，对于水平传动，对于垂直传动3.2.3 链轮的设计计算:查询机械设计手册可知：链轮的节距：与链轮的相同，p=15.875(mm)链轮齿数：齿锲角： 分度圆直径： (3.23)(mm)齿顶园直径：(mm) (3.24)齿槽定位圆半径：(mm) (3.25)分度角： (3.26)齿槽角： (3.27)齿形角： (3.28)齿面工作最低点至节距线距离(mm)h=0.55,p=8.73(mm)齿根间隙：e=0.08,p=1.27(mm)齿根圆半径：(mm) (3.29)链轮宽度B：外导： (3.30)内导：倒槽宽度：(mm)倒角宽度： (mm)大圆角半径：(mm)小圆角半径：(mm)倒槽深度为11(mm)4联轴器，减速器的选择4.1 联轴器的选择本课题需要选择两处连轴器：一处为洗车机侧洗毛刷和电机之间的连接，此处起动频繁但不要求扭矩，选择柱塞联轴器，根据轴的直径选择HL2联轴器。另一处为洗车机传动链轮处，电机和减速器之间。此处转矩很大，起动不频繁，同样可选柱塞联轴器，根据直径选择HL4联轴器。4.2 减速器的选择本课题主要在洗车机链传动处需要减速器并且要求的减数比要求比较大在60左右，说以选择蜗轮蜗杆减速器。具体减速器通过厂家选定型号，厂家的型号和尺寸如下：图4-1图4-25结 论综合以上的分析和说明，可以对毕业设计作如下总结：(1)通过查阅各种相关资料，以及各种方案的对比，最后确定了该设计的最佳方案。该方案的设计完全满足课题和使用要求。(2)通过对各种洗车机结构、细节的研究，确定了该设计的细节结构。(3)根据设计要求，完成了对电机、联轴器等的选择。(4)完成了链条链轮的设计。(5)通过使用电脑绘制CAD图，使得该设计变得更加直观、明了。参 考 文 献1 杜君文等.机械制造技术装备及设计M.天津.天津大学出版社.20072 濮良贵.机械设计.M.8版.北京.高等教育出版社.20063 孙桓.机械原理.M.7版.北京.高等教育出版社.20064 蔡兴旺.汽车构造与原理.M.机械工业出版社.20045 成大先.机械设计手册1-5卷（四版）M.北京.化学工业出版社.20026 徐景.新编机械设计手册M.北京.机械工业出版社.19957 廖念钊.互换性与测量技术基础.M.北京.机械工业出版社.20078 东北工学院.机械零件设计手册.M.2版.中册.北京.冶金工业出版社9 吴宗泽.罗圣国.机械设计课程设计手册.M.3版.高等教育出版社.200610 梁德本.叶玉驹.机械制图手册M.机械工业出版社.200211 王义行.输送链与特种链工程应用手册M.中国工程机械学会.机械传动专业学会.链传动专业委员会.全国链传动标准化技术委员会.200012 刘绍叶.泵与原动机选用手册M.中国石化出版社.199113 花慧珍.链条产品样本.机械工业出版社.M.198914焦永和.张彤.机械制图手册（四版）M.机械工业出版社.200815 Myers K J, Russell M I, et al. Gassed power draw of mixed impeller systems J. The Can J Chem Eng, 1997, 75(3): 620-625.16 RYDEH L., MIGULA P. P., AN DERSSON M. Environmental Science, Understanding, protecting, and managing the environment in the Baltic Sea region. A Baltic University Publication, Uppsala, pp. 516-518, 532-533, 2003.17 SAY ERS D. Coming Clean at the Carwash Customers value a spot-free wash. Modern Car Care 9 (1), 1, 2002.您好，为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at whats to come and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new songs for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an uncomfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an English-speaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly competent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the commonalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has becomehow shall I put it?a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emersons essay titled Self-Reliance. If youve not yet read it, I strongly encourage you to do so. In this essay, the venerable Emerson talks about eschewing the trappings of society and finding ones own path. He urges the reader to find rectitude and lead a moral life. He professes that, only by being self reliant, as opposed to relying on the government and being dictated to by society, can one begin leading a decent and purposeful life. He avers that such a life is the only life worth living. I agree with him. This essay was written during a time of social upheaval in America, and it is rat