专题1：名词和冠词.doc

让更多的孩子得到更好的教育 专题一：名词的用法1. The _ often eat grass on the hill. 【2012湖北随州】A. chicken B. horse C. cow D. sheep2. The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of _ from it. 【2012广西玉林】A. thing B. message C. informations D. information 3. What is your favorite food? 【2012广西玉林】I like _ best. I had a large bowl last night. A. potato noodle B. potatoes noodles C. potato noodles D. potatoes noodles 4. A friend of my _ and I are going to visit _ next week. 【2012蚌埠】A. father; Browns B. fathers; the Browns C. father; the Browns. D. fathers; Browns5. This is _ computer. 【2012天水】A. Anns and Tom B. Ann and TomsC. Ann and Tom D. Anns and Toms【答案与解析】1.D。此题考查名词的可数与不可数。chicken，horse和cow的复数形式应该加s,而sheep的单复数形式相同，同时由动词eat说明应该填复数形式，由此选D。2. D。考查可数名词和不可数名词，information是不可数名词，所以没有复数形式，意为“信息”。再根据句意可知选D。3. C。考查名词作定语及可数和不可数名词，noodle意为“面条”，是可数名词。名词作定语，一般不用复数形式。所以正确表达为选项C。4. B。考查名词的所有格，我爸爸的一位朋友应为“a friend of my fathers”, the Browns 表示”布朗的一家人“。5. B。 由“This is”可知，电脑用单数，也就是两人共有的电脑，所以只在最后一个名词加“-s”。【用法讲解】1. 可数名词和不可数名词：【高清课堂：理解并能区别所学的可数名词和不可数名词】英语的名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。表示可以计数的事物的名词叫可数名词，一般有单数和复数形式两种形式。可数名词的单数变为复数的规则为：1）一般情况下，在可数名词的单数形式后面加字母-s构成复数形式。如：bookbooks； penpens； erasererasers2）以字母x；s；ch；sh结尾的单词，其复数形式是在单词后面加字母-es。如：busbuses；boxboxes；watchwatches3）以辅音字母结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是把字母变为i再加-es。如：babybabies； countrycountries； citycities注意：如果是以元音字母y结尾的单词则直接加字母-s。如：boyboys；toytoys4）以字母f或者fe结尾的可数名词，其复数形式是先把字母f变为v再加-es。如：wifewives；leafleaves；knifeknives5）以字母o结尾的可数名词，其复数形式一般加-s，或es。如：photophotos，radioradios，piano pianos， tomatotomatoes，potatopotatoes6）一些特殊变化的复数形式。 如：man/womanmen/women； childchildren；footfeet；toothteeth；mousemice7）有些名词的单复数形式相同：如：sheep，deer，Chinese，Japanese，yuan（元）， jin （斤） 注意：有些集体名词本身既表示单数意义又表示复数意义。当这些名词指代一个单位、机构或被看成一个整体时，作单数形式理解；如果表示这个群体的所有成员，通常被看作复数。常用的这类词有：class 班级； team 队（员）； family 家庭/人； government 政府； group 组（员）The family is not large. 这个家庭不大。（指家庭这个整体）The family are all music lovers. 这一家人都是音乐爱好者。（指家庭中的成员）Almost all families in this village have taken part in the program. （指多个家庭） 在这个村庄几乎所有家庭都参加了这个节目。2不可数名词“量”的表示方法1）用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少。如：The rich man has a lot of money那个富人有很多钱。There is some milk in the bottle瓶子里有一些牛奶。Is there any water in the glass？杯子里有一些水吗？I dont like winter because theres too much snow and ice我不喜欢冬天，因为有太多的冰和雪。2）用a piece of 这类定语修饰不可数数名词.。a piece of paper ; a piece of wood; a piece of bread a bottle of orange ; a glass of water（milk）; a cup of tea 如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数。two cups of tea; four pieces of paper; three glasses of water; three bags of rice3. 名词所有格 【高清课堂：熟练掌握所学名词所有格的用法。】名词所有格是中考的重点。名词所有格表示人或者事物的所有及所属关系，在句子中作定语。1）表示人或者有生命的名词的所有格的形式，单数名词的后面加“-s”。如：This is my fathers car. 这是我父亲的汽车。2）表示集体、时间、距离、世界、国家等名词的所有格也可以用“-s”形式。如：Is there anything strange in todays newspaper? 今天报纸上有什么特别的消息吗？3）表示无生命的名词所有格要用of名词的形式，有时也用于有生命的名词。如：Look at the map of China, please. 请看这张中国地图。I know the girls name/ the name of the girl. 我知道这个女孩的名字。注意：1）用连词and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共同所有关系时，只在最后一个名词的后面加“-s”，如：This is Li Lei and Li Pings father. 这是李雷和李平的父亲。（两个人共同的父亲）如果两个名词分别所有，则在两个名词的后面分别加 “-s”，如：These are Li Leis and Li pings books. 这些是李雷和李平的书。（两个人各自所有）2）以s或es结尾的复数名词，其所有格只在字母s的后面加“”；而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式仍然要加“-s”。如：Its about ten minutes walk from my home to my school. 从我家到学校步行大约十分钟。 Here is the Childrens Palace. 这里是少年宫。 3）双重所有格：“of +名词的-s所有格/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用双重所有格。 例如：Tom is a friend of my fathers. 汤姆是我父亲的一位朋友。I gave him two photos of mine. 我给了他我的两张照片。【巩固练习】I. 单项选择。1. Mr. Black gave us _ on how to learn English well. A. an advice B. many advices C. some advice D. some advices2. You can get much _ about the World Expo on the Internet. A. map B. picture C. ticket D. information3. I saw many _ eating grass on the hill. A. horse B. cow C. rabbit D. sheep4. I dont think looking after children is just work. A. womanB. womans C. women D. womens5. The hospital is a bit far from here. Its about _.A. forty minutes walk B. forty minutes walk C. forty minutes walks D. forty minutes walk6. There are a lot of _ planting trees on the hill.A. boy B. people C. girl D. student7. Your English is very good. Who taught you? Nobody. I taught _.A. me B. him C. himself D. myself8. Listen! The _ are singing in the next room.A. twins babies B. twin babies C. twins baby D. twins baby9. We all think football is not only _ game. Some girls like football, too.A. a boys B. boys C. boys D. the boys10. There are a lot of yellow _ on the tree when autumn comes.A. leafs B. leavesC. apple D. banana11. There are about one hundred teachers in our school. Two thirds of them are _.A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher12 They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters13Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear14There is some _ on the plate.A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears15The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watchII. 用括号中所给的词的适当形式填空。1. Please take some _ (medicine) and stay in bed for two days.2. The baby has already had four _ (tooth) when she was seven months old.3. Could you help me to clean the fallen _ (leaf) on the ground?4. We need a lot of _ (dictionary) in our class. Could you buy some for us?5. We had better take three _ (week) holidays after the hard work.6.Whose car is this? I think it must be your _ (father).7. I hear the yellow car is _ (Dave and Jane).Is it right?8. Our teacher is very angry with your brother because he made many _ (mistake) in his homework.9. There is a lot of _ (salt) in my soup. It is too salty to drink.10. The Olympic Flame was carried to different _ (city) in China. 专题二 冠词的用法【真题再现】1. Be careful ! There is _dog lying on the ground. 【2012贵州铜仁】Thanks a lot. A. a B. an C. the D. /2. Victor can play _ piano. He can join the music club. 【2012贵州贵阳】A. a B. an C. the3. There is no living thing on _moon. 【2012福建福州】A. the B. a C. 不填4. Bill likes playing _ basketball, but he doesnt like playing _ piano. 【2012甘肃鸡西市】A. the, the B. /, the C. the, /5. _ Greens are preparing for the coming Thanksgiving Day. 【2012广东】A. / B. A C. An D. The6. What _bad weather it is today! 【2012广西玉林】Yes, _ weather makes me so sad.A. a; a B. /; the C. an; the D. the; a7._ is your mother?She is _ English teacher. 【2012贵州安顺】AWho; the BWhat; / CWhat; an DWho; a8._15th International Film Festival will be held in Shanghai. 【2012山东济宁】A. The B. An C. A D.【答案与解析】1. A。定冠词the用在名词前表特指，不定冠词用在名词前表一类，a用于辅音音素开头的词前，an用于元音音素开头的词前。此处表示泛指，dog的第一个因素是辅音，故选A2. C。the表示特指或者一些固定用法，比如用在乐器的前面，必须用定冠词the。句意为“维克托会弹钢琴，他可以加入音乐俱乐部”。 3. A。世界上独一无二的事物前需要加定冠词the, 如the sun , the earth等。此处句意为“月球上没有生命”。故选A。4. B。play 后接乐器，表示乐器的名词前面要用定冠词the，play后接球类，表示球类的名词前不用冠词。5. D。表示姓氏的Green前面加the，后面加-s，指“一家人”，是惯用法。6. B。weather是不可数名词，不能用不定冠词修饰。所以第一空不填，第二空的weather是特指上文提到的，所以用the修饰。7. C。询问职业可用what提问，句意为“你妈妈是干什么的？回答为“妈妈是一英语老师”。English teacher 是元音音素开头，所以用an修饰。8.A。定冠词the用在序数词前。句意为“第十五届国际电影节将在上海被举办”。【用法讲解】考试要求：中考关于冠词的考查要求是：冠词虽然只有a/an和the三个，却是中考必考语言点之一。题型一般以单项选择题为主，主要考查不定冠词的用法区别，定冠词和不定冠词的区别等，内容主要集中在表示类别的方法、定冠词表示特指、不用冠词的情况、冠词的习惯用法等。知识总结：1. 不定冠词的用法：【高清课堂：The indefinite article is used to refer to something for the first time:】不定冠词包括a/an，意思相当于one, 很多情况下可以译成“一”、“每”，但是不像one一样强调数量，有时可以不译出。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前，an用于以元音音素开头的单词前。如：We saw a good film last night. 昨晚我们看了一部好电影。Please give me an apple. 请给我一个苹果。1）表示一类人或者一类事物中的一个。Hes an English teacher.他是个英语老师。2）泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明是何人或何物。A girl is waiting for you at the school gate. 一个女孩在校门口等你。3) 用在事物的单位，如时间、速度、价格等前，表示“每一”。How much are the oranges? 桔子多少钱？Two yuan a kilo.每公斤两元。4) 用在某一些固定搭配的短语中。如：a lot of许多 a little/ a few 一点 after a while 一会儿 in a hurry 匆忙地have a look 看一看 have a good time 玩得高兴 have a cold 感冒 2. 定冠词的用法：【高清课堂：the = definite article 】定冠词the主要对后面的名词起限定作用，“特指”是它的主要功能。1) 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The apple on the plate is for you. 盘子里的苹果是你的。2) 说话双方都知道的人或者事物。Please go and close the door. 请过去把门关上。3) 指上文刚提到的人或物。I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful. 我在箱子里发现了一幅画。那幅画非常美丽。4) 用在世界上独一无二的事物前面。The sun is bigger than the moon. 太阳比月亮大。5) 用在序数词和形容词的最高级前面。You are the best student in our school. 你是我们学校最好的。Dont put off what you should do to the last second. 不要把该做的事拖到最后时刻。6) 与单数名词连用，表示某类人或事物。The tiger is a fierce animal. 老虎是一种凶猛的动物。7) 用在演奏的乐器名称和文艺活动场所前。The little girl likes playing the violin.那个小女孩喜欢拉小提琴。8) 用在某一些固定搭配的习惯用语中。in the morning在上午 by the way 顺便说一下 at the same time 同时in the middle of 在中间 make the bed 铺床all the time一直3. 不用冠词（零冠词）的情况：1） 物质名词表示泛指时不用冠词。Wood can be used to make paper. 木材可以用来造纸。2）抽象名词表示一种概念时不用冠词。Music is a language which can bring people pleasure.音乐是一种能给人们带来快乐的语言。3） 表示国名、地名、人名、城市、街道和字首为Mount的山及大多数湖泊的专有名词前不用冠词，如：China，Mary，Mount Tai。4）四季、月份、节假日、日期和星期等名词前不用冠词。They will have a football match on Friday.星期五他们将有一场足球赛。注意：当谈论具体的季节、日期和中国传统节日时常用定冠词。I dont like the spring of Beijing. Its too sandy.我不喜欢北京的春天，沙尘太多了。5) 一日三餐、球类运动前不用冠词。My brother is playing basketball with his friends now. 我弟弟正在和朋友们打篮球。6） 表示学科、语言的名词前不用冠词。Physics is more popular than any other subject in our school. 我们学校物理比其他学科更受欢迎。7）名词复数表示一类人或事物不用冠词。Pandas are very lovely animals. 熊猫是很可爱的动物。8) 某些习惯用语中不用冠词。如：at school在校学习in hospital住院go to bed上床睡觉face to face面对面on foot步行by bus乘公共汽车【巩固练习】单项选择。1. I found _ dead dog in the river yesterday. But at first I thought it was my pet.A. a B. an C. the D. one2. If you work hard, youll get _“A” in the exam. A. a B. an C. the D. /3. They often take_ walk after dinner. A. a B. C. the D. an4. Lilys mother is _ teacher in a school. A. a B. an C. the D. /5. _Browns were having dinner when the telephone rang. A. A B. An C. The D./6. Jenny goes to school on foot. It takes her about half _ hour to get there.A. an B. a C. the D. (不填)7. My best friend Neil is _ honest boy. You can believe him.A. a B. an C. the D./8. What are you going to do tomorrow? I will play _ football with my friends.A. a B. the C. an D. /9. Could you please help me to play _ guitar？A. a B. the C. an D. /10. My little brother