[高考英语]二轮专题复习--阅读理解研究调查报告类.doc

二轮专题复习阅读理解（研究调查报告类）编者：崔运昌、李 靖纵观近两年高考试题，我们不难发现，阅读理解部分所选择的篇章普遍具有很强的社会性和时代感，考题中常常出现很多关于社会现象、社会问题和热点话题的篇章。这些篇章或是对某一社会现象或热点的揭示和分析，或是表达作者对某一社会现象的观点和态度，其主要目的是反映问题，揭露矛盾，揭示事物发展的规律，向人们提供经验教训和改进办法。在高考英语试题阅读理解部分的篇章中，有关社会现象的篇章一般属于调查报告类。一、研究调查报告类结构特点调查报告是对客观事物、社会现象和社会问题进行深入细致的调查和全面的研究后，将所得的材料和结论表述出来的文章类型。现讲讲调查报告类文章的开篇、正文、结尾的特点：调查报告的开篇有如下几中基本情况：1)写明对某一社会现象调查工作的基本情况，主要内容包括起因、目的、时间、地点、对象、范围、过程、方法等。2)直接概括对某一社会现象调查的结果，大致内容为肯定做法、指出问题、提示影响、说明中心内容等。3)简要陈述调查对象的历史背景、大致经历、现实状况、主要成绩、突出问题等基本情况，并在此基础上引出中心问题或主要观点来。调查报告的正文可以是以陈述事实为主，引用具体材料较多；也可以是按照事物发生、发展的先后顺序或调查对象的演变过程安排材料，揭示事物演变过程中的规律。调查报告的结尾通常是概括全文主题，提出解决问题的办法或意见，有时也展望未来，预示前景。现以2008年上海卷C篇为例，体会一下这类文章的结构特点(文略)。该文是关于英国一个研究机构NatWest的一份调查。该调查的对象为英国的青少年，主题为理财意识，研究时限为5年。研究所得出的结论为：大部分的青少年对理财问题认识不深，对前景的规划有误，以及对以后可能要承担的债务也认识不清。文章的开篇就交代了调查对象与调查结果，并谈及了这一结果给人们带来的忧虑。第二段和第三段分别指出了造成这种结果的原因一一青少年对上大学的债务负担预计不足和银行贷款项目中存在不恰当的l条款。第四段引用了stephenMoir与调查结果不同的观点。末段写明了出于对该现象的担忧和学校的所采取的相应措施。二、研究调查报告类命题特点命题者往往从文章的结构和内容入手进行命题。所以这类文章的题目通常设置在调查内容和调查结果方面。从题型种类上说，除了注重考查对文章主旨大意、引语观点等进行归纳的能力外，还较多地考查对主要细节内容以及相关数据的把握。 如2 008年上海卷C篇第7 2题题干“Which of the following can be found from the five-year research project?”考查考生对为期五年的研究内容进行细节推理；第74题题干According to Stephen Moir, students _.” 要求考生对Stephen Moir的言论进行细节归纳；第75题题干 “What can we learn from t11e passage?”则考查学生把握主旨大意的能力。三、研究调查报告类高考真题解析（2008年辽宁卷E篇）If your boss asks you to work in Moscow this year, hed better offer you more money to do so-or even double that depending on where you live now. Thats because Moscow has just been found to be the worlds most expensive city for the second year in a row by Mercer Human Resources Consulting.Using the cost of living in New York as a base, Mercer determined Moscow is 34.4 percent more expensive including the cost of housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment (娱乐).A two-bedroom fiat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD$24.83, and an international newspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburger (汉堡包) is a steal at $4.80.London takes the No. 2 place, up from No. 5 a year ago, thanks to higher cost of housing and a stronger British pound relative to the dollar. Mercer estimates (估算) London is 26 percent more expensive than New York these days. Following London closely are Seoul and Tokyo, both of which are 22 percent more expensive than New York, while No. 5 Hong Kong is 19 percent more costly.Among North American cities, New York and Los Angeles are the most expensive and are the only two listed in the top 50 of the worlds most expensive cities. But both have fallen since last years study New York came in 15th, down from 10th place, while Los Angeles fell to 42nd from 29th place a year ago. San Francisco came in a distant third at No. 54, down 20 places from a year earlier.Toronto, meanwhile, is Canadas most expensive city but fell 35 places to take 82nd place worldwide. In Australia, Sydney is the priciest place to live in and No. 21 worldwide.72. What do the underlined word a steal in Paragraph 3 mean? A. an act of stealing B. something delicious C. something very cheap D. an act of buying73. London has become the second most ex- pensive city because of A. the high cost of clothing B. the stronger pound against the dollar C. its expensive transportation D. the high prices of fast food meals74. Which city is the third most expensive on the list? A. Tokyo. B. Hong Kong. C. Moscow. D. Sydney.75. Which city has dropped most on the list in North America? A. New York. B. Los Angeles. C. San Francisco. D. Toronto.【语篇解读】本文开篇直接概括出调查的结果，。并立足于调查结果，客观地介绍了世界上的几个著名大城市消费情况的排名变化。第一段指出Mercer Human Resources Consunng公司的调查表明莫斯科再次成为世界上居住最昂贵的城市。第二、三段具体说明了导致莫斯科消费高的各个方面，并以具体数据作例证。第四段介绍了排名第二的英国城市伦敦和其他几个排名最高的城市。第五、六段分别介绍了北美居住最昂贵的城市纽约和洛杉矶、加拿大城市多伦多和澳大利亚城市悉尼等的排名及变化情况。72. 此题通过考查词义来检测学生对莫斯科消费高的具体方面的理解。文中第三段的数据说明了物价之高，而“by comparison之后引出一相比而言汉堡价格倒是最低的-像偷来的，没花钱一样。答案是C。73. ”此题主要考查学生对伦敦排名上升原因的理解。文中第四段第一句话“ thanks to higher cost Of housing and a stronger British pound relative to the dollar” 由于高昂的住房价格和英镑相对于美元的强势”。答案是B。74. 此题考查学生对其他几个排名最高的城市的理解。文中第四段最后一句话“Following London closely are Seoul and Tokyo”“紧随伦敦之后的是首尔和东京，”。答案是A。75. 此题则是考查学生对北美地区排名变化最大的城市的理解。文中谈到纽约从第十降到第十五位，洛杉矶从二十九降到第四十二，旧金山从二十降到五十四，多伦多从三十五降到第八十二。所以降得最多的是加拿大的城市多伦多。答案是D。总结：从具体题目的解析可以看出题目设置完全基于文章的重点内容，所以如果我们从结构和内容上把握好文章重点，就可以立于不败之地。四、研究调查报告类阅读理解模拟训练(1)A recent study, while showing a generally positive attitude toward science, also suggests a widespread worry that it may be “running out of control”. This idea is dangerous. Ks5uScience can be a force for evil as well as for good. Its applications can be channeled either way, depending on our decisions. The decisions we make, personally or collectively, will determine the outcomes of science. But here is a real danger. Science is advancing so fast is so strongly influenced by businesses that we are likely to believe whatever decisions we come to will make little difference. And, rather than fighting for the best possible policies, we may step back and do nothing. Ks5uSome people go even further. They say that despite the moral and legal objections （反对）, whatever is scientifically possible will be done somewhere, sometime. They believe that science will get out of control in the end. This belief is dangerous too, because it a fuels sense of hopelessness and discourages them from making efforts to build a safer world. Ks5uIn our interconnected world, the lack of agreement in and of the world of science can lead to the failure to control the use of science. Without a common understanding, the challenges of “controlling” science in this century will be really tough. Take human cloning for example. Despite the general agreement among scientists on its possible huge impact （影响） on traditional moral values, some countries still go ahead with the research and development of its related techniques. The outcomes are hard to predict. Ks5uTherefore, discussions on how science is applied should be extended far beyond scientific societies. Only through the united efforts of people with hope, can we be fully safe against the misuse of science and can science best serve mankind in the future. Ks5u1. What can we conclude from the recent study? Ks5uA. People think highly of science. Ks5uB. People hold mixed opinions about science. Ks5uC. Science is getting dangerously out of control. Ks5uD. Science is used for both good and bad purposes. Ks5u2. According to the passage, what will happen if we hold that science is getting beyond control? A. The development of science will hopelessly slow down. Ks5uB. Businesses will have even greater influence on science. Ks5uC. The public will lose faith in bringing about a bright future. Ks5uD. People will work more actively to put science under control. Ks5u3.The discussion should reach beyond scientific societies because _. Ks5uA. scientists have failed to predict the outcomes Ks5uB. the ties between different areas need strengthening Ks5uC. united efforts are necessary for the development of science Ks5uD. people need to work together to prevent the bad use of science Ks5u4. What is the main idea of the passage? Ks5uA. Science and its applications bring us many dangers. Ks5uB. The development of science mostly lies in peoples attitudes. Ks5uC. Mankind can largely take control of science with their efforts. Ks5uD. The future of science will be influenced by the dangerous ideas. Ks5u(2)Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human conditions is our possibility to give and receive support from one another under stressful(有压力的) conditions. Social support makes up of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to deal with major life changes and daily problems. People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over types of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, show that the presence of social support helps people defend themselves against illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely.Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others in spite of our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Taking part in free-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support money aid, material resources, and needed services that reduces stress by helping us resolve and deal with our problems.1. Interpersonal relationships are important because they can _.A. make people live more easilyB. smooth away daily problemsC. deal with life changesD. cure types of illnesses2. The researches show that peoples physical and mental health _.A. lies in the social medical care systems which support themB. has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersC. depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesD. is related to their courage for dealing with major life changes3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “cushions” ?A. takes place ofB. makes up ofC. lessens the effect ofD. gets rid of4. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work in spare time is an example of _.A. instrumental supportB. informational supportC. social companionshipD. the strengthening of self-respect5. What is the subject discussed in the text?A. Interpersonal relationships.B. Kinds of social support.C. Ways to deal with stress.D. Effects of stressful conditions. (3)The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely accomplished is not I.Q., a generally bad predictor of success. Instead, its purposeful practice. Top performers spend more hours practising their craft. It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, youd take a girl who possessed a slightly above average language ability. It wouldnt have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sense of distinction. Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally shared some similar qualities. Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family background, or shared the same birthday.This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self. It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join. It would also help if one of her parents died when she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for success. Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end. This would give her a primary knowledge of her field. Shes be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings.Then she would practise writing. Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused. By practising in this way, he delays the automatizing process. Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious. Automatically performed skills. By practising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance. Then she would find an adviser who would provide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting the smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges. By now she is redoing problemshow do I get characters into a roomdozens and dozens of times. She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems.The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius. Its the ability to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research takes some of the magic out of great achievement. But it underlines a fact that is often neglected. Public discussion is affected by genetics and what were “hard-wired” to do. And its true that genes play a role in our capabilities. But the brain is also very plastic. We construct ourselves through behaviour.1. The passage mainly deals with .A. the function of I.Q. in cultivating a writerB. the relationship between genius and successC. the decisive factor in making a geniusD. the way of gaining some sense of distinction2. By reading novels and writers stories, the girl could .A. come to understand the inner structure of writingB. join a fascinating circle of writers somedayC. share with a novelist her likes and dislikesD. learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security3. In the girls long painstaking training process, _.A. her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success.B. her writing turns into an automatic pattern of performanceC. she acquires the magic of some great achievementD. she comes to realize she is “hard-wired” to write4. What can be concluded from the passage?A. A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in ones successB. A responsible adviser is more important than the knowledge of writing.C. As to the growth of a genius, I.Q. Doesnt matter, but just his/her effort.D. What really matters is what you do rather then who you are.(4) According to a famous optical(光学) expert, Alexander, who recently visited Shanghai, the developed countries in Europe and America have made rules that children must wear resinous(树脂) glasses instead of the traditional glasses made of glass. This is because the glass glasses are more likely to do harm to childrens eyesight. Alexander pointed out: wearing the right glasses as soon as possible is still the best way to cure and put right childrens eyesight problems. In America and Japan the resinous glasses have taken up 80 percent of the glasses market. And some European countries and America have made it a law that children, teenagers and drivers must wear resinous glasses. Now, about 10 million children in China have different eyesight problems and they need timely treatment. But still, too many parents are buying the traditional glass glasses for their children. This is mainly because many parents know little or nothing about the good points of the resinous glasses. Besides, the price for the new glasses is a little higher than the traditional ones. 1. This news article mainly wants to tell us _.A. Alexander visited China and introduced a new type of glassesB. we should wear resinous glasses instead of glass glasses C. resinous glasses are popular in Europe and AmericaD. glasses can be made of other materials instead of glass2. According to Alexander, the “timely treatment” to eyesight problems is _. A. to stop wearing glass glasses any moreB. to buy a pair of glasses and wear them right awayC. to wear suitable resinous glasses at the right timeD. to buy glasses made in Europe, Japan or America if possible3. It can be inferred from this news text that _. A. resinous glasses are not on sale in China yetB. resinous glasses are not acceptable in ChinaC. glass glasses have disappeared on western market because there is a law against themD. glass glasses are the first choice in China not only because of their price (5)A new study has found no evidence that sunscreen, commonly used to reduce the risk of skin cancer, actually increase the risk.Researchers from the University of Iowa based their findings on a review of 18 earlier studies that looked at the association between sunscreen use and melanoma (黑素瘤). They said that they found flaws in studies that had reported associations between sunscreen use and higher risk of melanoma.Most health experts believe that by protecting the skin from the harmful effects of the sun, sunscreen helps prevent skin cancer, which is increasing in incidence (发生率) faster than any other cancer in the United States.But questions has been raised about sunscreen and whether it may has opposite effect, perhaps by allowing people to remain exposed to the sun longer without burning.The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account that those people most at risk for skin cancer- people with fair skin and freckles (雀斑), for example- are more likely to use sunscreen. As a result, it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.The studies, which generally relied on volunteers to recall their sunscreen use, were also unable to prove how well the products had been applied, said the new study.1. The underlined word “flaws” in the 2nd paragraph most probably means .A. evidence B. facts C. faults D. failures2. People with fair skin and freckles .A. seldom use sunscreen B. are more in danger of skin cancerC. can be free from the harm of the sun D. often expose themselves to the sun 3. We can learn from the passage that .A. sunscreen users get skin cancer more oftenB. the volunteers have proved the effect of sunscreenC. the new study was based on the experiences of volunteersD. the number of skin cancer patients is increasing in America4. Which of the following can be the title for this passage?A. Sunscreen to Prevent Skin Cancer B.