研究生英语阅读教程U.ppt

研究生英语阅读教程 (基础级 第二版) 日期: Contents Unit One Efficiency Reading Unit Two Techniques for Efficient Reading Unit Three Active Reading Unit Four Techniques for Remembering What You Read Unit Five Developing Your Word Power Lesson1 Your Reading efficiency Lesson 2 Your Reading Flexibility Lesson 3 Reading Rate Reading Selection A Reading Selection B Reading Selection A Reading Selection B Reading Selection A Reading Selection B Unit One Efficiency Reading Graduate students are pressed for time because so many activities demand their valuable time. One of the best ways to handle the demands and pressures of university life is to become more efficientto get more done in less time. Many students think that the only way to become more efficient is to read faster. This is, however, not the case. Reading efficiency means more than saving time by reading rapidly. Reading effectively includes understanding the ideas the writer is trying to send and organizing those ideas logically to remember them. Your reading efficiency will increase as you develop techniques that improve your comprehension and retention. These in turn will enable you to use your time most economically. What is reading efficiency? Reading efficiency =speed reading +understanding How to develop our reading efficiency? 1.Before reading: vSet goals and time limits. vBear some questions in mind. vTry to understand the title and the authors intention and to see how the ideas are developed and organized. 2. While reading: v Try to make predictions about what will be said next. v Be on the alter to signal or transitional words. and to the change in meaning of some familiar words. vTry to distinguish important details or facts from minor ones. vTry to figure out the meanings of unknown words. vUnderline or circle some words or sentences or write some notes on the margin. 3. After reading, review or recall what youve read World English: A Blessing or a Curse Objectives Pre-reading Activities Language Points Text Analysis Summarization Exercises and Keys Reading Selection A: 教学目标:学习相关的生词,短语.掌握一定的阅读技巧,提高阅 读能力,并能将所学课文内容分析,概括,归纳,通过撰写篇章 分析与全文总结等多渠道提高学生的写作能力. 教学手段:多媒体教学与传统教学相结合. 教学方法:以学生为中心,任务型教学与小组合作学习. 教学内容: Unit One Efficiency Reading Lesson 1 Your Reading efficiency Selection A: World English: A Blessing or a Curse 学时分配:8学时 Objectives: Pre-reading Activities: Background Information About the Author Lead-in Background Information I. A World Language English has gained status as a world language. Roughly 1/3 of the worlds population has English as its mother tongue. Seventy-five percent of the worlds mail is in English. English is the official language or is widely used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, India, United Arab Emirates, Canada, the United States, Panama, Surinam, South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya in addition to several other countries. Why has English become a World Language? The British colonized large parts of the world, spreading their language to new areas. The United Kingdom and the United States are both important nations in the world of trade, business and technology. When engaged in trade and business with these nations, knowing English is an advantage. As non-English-speaking countries realized that, industry and business hired people who knew English, or required their workers to attend language courses. English is the international language of technology. Any negative effects? With English being so widespread, it can make those who come from English-speaking countries already feel that they dont need to learn a foreign language, because the world already speaks English. This is unfortunate because one learns to understand a culture better if one knows the language, and one may also enjoy reading literature in the original language. By knowing only one language (not necessarily English), one misses out on these pleasures. Ones language is a large part of ones culture, and it would be a shame if languages were erased as a result of “the English invasion”. II. How Many Languages? There is no agreed total for the number of languages spoken in the world today. Most reference books give a figure of 5,000 to 6,000, but estimates have varied from 3,000 to 10,000. An obvious reason for the uncertainty over numbers is that even today new peoples, and therefore languages, continue to be discovered in the unexplored regions of the worldespecially in the Amazon basin, Central Africa, and New Guinea. Against this steady increase in the world language total, there is a major factor which decreases it. The speed with which a language can die in the smaller communities of the world is truly remarkable. The Amazonian explorations led to the discovery of many new languages, but they also led to their rapid death, as the Indians became swallowed up by the dominant western culture. Within a generation, all traces of a language can disappear. In the 19th century, there were thought to be over 1,000 Indian languages in Brazil; today, there are less than 200. A quarter of the worlds languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers; half have fewer than 10,000. It is likely that most of these languages will die out in the next 50 years, and only1,000 or so languages may remain by the 22nd century. The speed of this decline is largely a consequence of the political and economic pressures which are motivating people to replace their traditional language by one which gives them access to the languages of more powerful cultures. How many languages have there been? Based on what is known about the rate of language change at which new languages develop from a common origin , it is possible to speculate about the number of languages which may have existed since the emergence of a human language faculty. Cautious estimates suggest 30,000; radical ones, over 500,000. III. How Many Speakers? Speaker estimates for the worlds top 10 languages : (given in millions) 1. Chinese (1071) (Mandarin Chinese:726) 2. English (427) 3. Spanish (266) 4. Hindi (182) (with Urdu: 223) 5. Arabic (181) 6. Portuguese (165) 7. Bengali (162) 8. Russian (158) 9. Japanese (124) 10. German (121) About the Author Dr. Tom McArthur is founder editor of the Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992) and the quarterly English Today: The International Review of the English Language (Cambridge, 1985 ). His more than 20 published works include the Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English (1981), Worlds of Reference: Language, Lexicography and Learning from the Clay Tablet to the Computer (1986), and The English Languages(1998). He is currently Deputy Director of the Dictionary Research Centre at the University of Exeter. Lead-in Graduate students are pressed for time because so many activities demand their valuable time. One of the best ways to handle the demands and pressures of university life is to become more efficientto get more done in less time. Many students think that the only way to become more efficient is to read faster. This is, however, not the case. Reading efficiency means more than saving time by reading rapidly. Reading effectively includes understanding the ideas the writer is trying to send and organizing those ideas logically to remember them. Your reading efficiency will increase as you develop techniques that improve your comprehension and retention. These in turn will enable you to use your time most economically. New Words and Expressions: Language Points point up emphasize; highlight 强调；清楚说明 (line 2, para. 2) 美国官员强调了这些政策的种种相似之处。 US officials pointed up the similarities in these policies. 约翰尼的成绩单清楚地表明他的数学才能。 Johnnys report card points up his talent for maths. take in include 包括 (line 8, para. 2) 这一真理兼容了两种极端看法。 The truth takes in both extremes. 每个人都上了名单。 The list takes in everybody. take in understand 理解；领会 学生们发现他教的课容易理解。 The students find it easy to take in what he teaches. 我不清楚她对他作出的解释理解了多少。 Im not sure how much of his explanation she took in. take in deceive; trick 欺骗；使上当受骗 即使阅历最深的人在某些场合也会上当。 Even the most experienced eye may be taken in on certain occasions. for good or ill whether the effect will be good or bad 不论结局好坏；不管结果如何 (line 1, para. 3) 他觉得还想留在队中，不论结局怎样。 He felt he wanted to remain part of the team, for good or ill. 我们必须仔细审视这项决定对其他人可能产生的影响，不论 是好的还是坏的。 We must examine the effect this decision may have on other persons, for good or ill. 那些掌权的人总是利用机会行使自己的权利，不管是好是坏 。 Those who have power will always take the opportunity to exercise it, for good or ill. by and large on the whole 大体上，总的说来，一般来说 (line 3, para. 3) 总的来说，这是一本好书。 By and large, it is a good book. 总的来说，我认为重要的是招聘合适的人。 By and large I think the emphasis should be on recruiting the right people. Benign kind, gentle, harmless; friendly 善良的，宽厚的，慈 祥的 (line 3, para. 3) 和蔼的教师 a benign teacher 友善的太空生物 a benign creature from space Mother often looks at me with a benign smile. benign A benign tumor is one that will not cause death or serious illness（肿瘤）良性的 检验表明肿块是良性的。 Tests showed the lump to be benign. benign A benign climate, environment, system, etc. is one that it is easy or pleasant to live in or with（气候， 环境，制度等）宜人的，温和的 温和的气候 a benign climate die out become less and less common and eventually disappear completely 完全消失；灭绝；绝种 (line 14, para. 5) 这个部落的传统生活方式正在逐渐消失。 The tribes traditional way of living is dying out. 现今超市林立，传统的杂货店正在迅速消失. Traditional grocers shops are fast dying out now that there are so many supermarkets. 这些物种目前几乎已灭绝。 These species have now almost died out. lay sth. at sbs door. lay the blame/responsibility (for sth.) on sb 将（谋 事的）责任归咎于某人；认为某人对某事负有责任 (line 2, para. 6) 罢工的责任被认为在顾主方。 Responsibility for the strike was laid at the door of the employers. 国会议员拜恩指责军方隐瞒事实的真相。 Congressman Bain lays the cover up at the door of the armed forces. leave aside not want to discuss or take into account a particular subject or aspect of something 姑且不谈，暂不考虑 (line 1, para. 7) 且不说经费问题，你真的认为你的提议能解决我们 的问题吗？ Leaving aside the financial implications, do you really believe your proposal will solve our problem? 我们暂时别讨论不利的方面，先来看看有利的一面 吧。 Leaving aside for a moment a discussion of the disadvantages, lets turn to the advantages. crystal clear extremely obvious or easy to understand 显而易见的；非常清楚的；极易懂的 (line 2, para. 10) 她的动机现在很明显：她是想找条出路。 Her motives were now crystal clear: she wanted a way out. 我非常清楚地表明了自己的立场，我决不会同意投 他的票。 I made my position crystal clear that I would never agree to vote for him. 凡是他认为不清楚的地方，他都逐一提出了异议。 He challenged every point which he did not find crystal clear. invoke feelings of a particular kind cause somebody to have these feelings 引起，唤起(the last line, para. 10) 他们尽力激发人们对这项改革的热情。 They did their best to invoke popular enthusiasm for the reform. invoke a principle, a wise saying, etc. quote or refer to it in order to persuade people to do something 援引， 援用 这些原则被援用来与金融改革的提议相抗衡。 These principles were invoked in opposition to proposals for financial form. 她援用法律为自己辩护。 She had invoked the law in her own defense. evoke transitive to produce a strong feeling or memory in someone: His appearance is bound to evoke sympathy. Her speech evoked a hostile response. kill something off phrasal verb 1 to cause the death of a lot of living things = destroy: Pollution is rapidly killing off plant life. 2 to stop or remove something completely = destroy: These figures kill off any hope that the economy is poised for recovery. constitute verb 1 not in progressive to be considered to be something: Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach(违背， 违反) of the employment contract. The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 2 not in progressive if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it: We must redefine what constitutes a family. 20 boys and 30girls constitute the class. 3 transitive usually in passive formal to officially form a group or organization: The Federation was constituted in 1949. aggrandize vt. 1 not in progressive to be considered to be something: Failing to complete the work constitutes a breach(违背 ，违反) of the employment contract. The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society. 2 not in progressive if several people or things constitute something, they are the parts that form it: We must redefine what constitutes a family. 20 boys and 30girls constitute the class. 3 transitive usually in passive formal to officially form a group or organization: The Federation was constituted in 1949. aggrandize vt. 1 to enhance the status of 提高 The movie aggrandizes the bad guys and makes the cops look like dopes(笨蛋). 2 to make greater in size, amount, or number =increase A generous grant enabled the library to significantly aggrandize its collection of books . aggrandizement also aggrandisement British English uncountable: when a person or country tries to increase their power or importance , used to show disapproval: the misuse of authority for personal aggrandizement linguistic aggrandizement :语言扩张 aboriginal adj. 1 also Aboriginal relating to the Australian aborigines 2 （formal） relating to the people or animals that have existed in a place or country from the earliest times = indigenous aboriginal n. a dark-skinned member of a race of people living in Australia when Europeans arrived Encarta trademark a type of encyclopedia (=a product with articles about many different subjects) which is produced only on a CD-ROM, and is not available as a printed book. It is a multimedia product, with pictures, sound, pieces of film etc.微软的电子百科全书 sustain vt. 1. to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time = maintain: She found it difficult to sustainsustain the childrens interest. He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women. the policies necessary to sustain economic growth 2. (formal) to suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money: Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries. Some nearby buildings sustained minor damage. The company has sustained heavy financial losses this year. 3. (formal) if food or drink sustains a person, animal, or plant, it makes them able to continue living: They gave me enough food to sustain me. 4. (formal) to make someone feel strong and hopeful: The thought of seeing her again was all that sustained me. 5. (formal) to hold up the weight of something = support: He leant against her so heavily that she could barely sustain his weight. 6. (formal) to support an idea or argument, or prove that it is right: This argument is difficult to sustain. sustainable 1 able to continue without causing damage to the environment: The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture. the sustainable use of rainforest resources Cycling is a totally sustainable form of transport. environmentally sustainable development 2 able to continue for a long time: The party is promising low inflation and sustainable economic growth. adverse 1 not good or favorable: They fear it could have an adverse effect on global financial markets. 2 adverse conditions: conditions that make it difficult for something to happen or exist: The expedition was abandoned because of adverse weather conditions. adversely adverb: developments which had adversely affected their business indigenous formal indigenous people or things have always been in the place where they are, rather than being brought there from somewhere else = native indigenous to Blueberries(蓝莓，紫浆果) are indigenous to America. the many indigenous cultures which existed in Siberia apparatus 1 uncountable the set of tools and machines that you use for a particular scientific, medical, or technical purpose = equipment: Astronauts have special breathing apparatus. 2 countable the way in which a lot of people are organized to work together to do a job or control a company or country = machinery: The tax will require a massive administrative apparatus. The state apparatus has become corrupt. the apparatus of government complex adj. 1 consisting of many different parts and often difficult to understand = complicated; simple: a complex system of highways Photosynthesis is a highly complex process. Peter seemed to have an instant understanding of the most complex issues. It was a very complex relationship between two complex people. 2 technical a complex word or sentence contains a main part and one or more other parts complex n. 1 a group of buildings, or a large building with many parts, used for a particular purpose:综合建筑群 The town has one of the best leisure/sports complexes （ 综合休闲/体育中心）in the country. a three-story apartment complex 2 a complex of something: (formal) a large number of things which are closely related: Beijing has a great complex of roads. 3 an emotional problem in which someone is unnecessarily anxious about something or thinks too much about something: I used to have a complex about my looks. object lesson=example an event or story that shows you the right or wrong way of doing something object lesson in The way ants work is an object lesson in order and organization. Let this accident be an object lesson in the dangers of drinking and driving. 这一事故可以作为醉酒驾驶危 害的实际教训. vernacular n. a form of a language that ordinary people use, especially one that is not the official language in the vernacular Galileo wrote in the vernacular to reach a larger audience. In some churches, they speak Latin, but in others they use the vernacular. vernacular adj.: vernacular American speech vernacular architecture Go over the text and out the following into English: v是福是祸？ a blessing or a curse v所有的，或几乎所有的 all or virtually all v构成威胁 constitute a threat v语言扩张政策 policies of linguistic aggrandizement v权威机构 leading institutions v有意无意地 by design or default v英语霸权主义式的扩张 the hegemonic spread of English v经济和殖民扩张 economic and colonial expansion v母语为英语的学者Anglophone academics v强调英语作为世界语的危险point up the dangers of English as a world language v无论好