大学英语语法Introdu.ppt

A New English Grammar Course Xianda College, SISU Hello! Im Lu Yuehua. My phone number:My e-mail: luyuehuaaiyy 拜年 蛇年大吉 wish someone a Happy New Year Im going to visit Yang Li to wish her a Happy New Year. Id like to text my Chinese New Year greetings to Yang Li. Wishing you a happy year of the Snake! Wishing you good fortune in the year of the Snake! 恭喜发财 万事如意 招财进宝 I wish you good fortune. I wish you a prosperous Year of the Snake. Wishing you a year full of wealth and prosperity. May 10,000 matters go as you wish. May all your wishes / dreams come true. 身体健康 学习进步 事业有成 家庭幸福 Wishing you good health. Wishing you good progress in your studies. Wishing you a successful career. Wishing your family great happiness. Questions 1. Do you like the English grammar? Why/ Why not? 2. How much do you know about the English grammar? 3. What do you expect to learn in this course? TEM-4 Vocabulary chainsmoke- chainsmoker f. shortening ad, phone, exam, lab, prof g. acronyms UFO, NATO, VIP, FBI, UN, UNESCO Phrases A phrase consists of one or more than one word, usually a string of words built up around a head word which determines both the class that the phrase belongs to and the way the phrase is structured. a. The noun phrase (NP) A noun phrase consists of a head word, which is usually a noun, and one or more optional modifies. The general pattern of a noun phrase is: (determiner + ) (premodifier + ) noun ( + postmodifier) b. The verb phrase (VP) The verb phrase is a phrase with a main verb as its head. A verb phrase can be simple or complex. The former is just a main verb or “ modifier + main verb”, the latter is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (or auxiliaries) (+modifier). c. The adjective phrase The adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as its head. The general pattern of an adjective phrase is: (modifier + ) adjective ( + postmodifier/ complementation) d. The adverb phrase The adverb phrase is a phrase with an adverb as its head. The general pattern is: (modifier + ) adverb ( + postmodifier ) e. The prepositional phrase The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern is : (modifier + ) preposition +complementation Clauses The clause is composed of one or more than one phrase. A full-fledged clause is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “subject + predicate”. 1. Independent and dependent clauses In terms of grammatical function, a clause can be independent or dependent. The former is a clause that can stand by itself and act as a complete utterance, as distinguished from a dependent clause which forms only part of another clause or of a phrase. 2. Simple and complex clauses When a clause consists of only one construction of “subject + predicate”, it is a simple clause. When a clause comprises another clause or other clauses as its element or elements, it is a complex clause. 3. Main and subordinate clauses In a complex clause, the clause that take another clause as its element is the main clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is a subordinate clause. 4. Finite an non-finite clauses A clause can be finite or non-finite. A finite clause is one with a finite verb phrase as its predicate verb or predicator; a non-finite clause is a clause with a non-finite verb phrase as its predicator. 5. Verbless clauses When a clause is marked by the absence of any form of verb element, it is a verbless clause. A verbless clause is just a construction of “subject + predicate” without any form of verb element. Sentences The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Full and minor sentences A full sentence is a sentence with an expressed subject and predicate. This kind of sentence is mostly used in formal speech and writing. A minor sentence is only a sentence fragment which in specific contexts and situations can stand by itself and perform a communicative function. Simple, compound, complex and compound-complex sentences A simple sentence is a sentence that comprises only one independent clause,. Two or more coordinated independent clauses make a compound sentence. When an independent clause comprises one or more dependent clauses as its element, this makes a complex sentence. Two or more coordinated independent clauses with at least one complex clause make a compound-complex sentence. You throw a stone at the window. Ill scream. You throw a stone at the window and Ill scream. If you throw a stone at the window, Ill scream. Statements, commands, questions and exclamations If we think of the social role of language, we can say that language is broadly concerned with giving and requiring information and with offering and requiring “things” or actions. John is taller than any other student in the class. (statement) Keep your mouth shut. (command) Whats your name? (question) What a fine day! (exclamation) Statement Question Command Exclamation Positive statements Negative statements General questions Special questions Alternative questions Tag questions Second/ first/ third person imperative What-exclamations/ how exclamations Exercises 1. Put the following words in appropriate groups: deadline, make, postwar, station, disinfectant, background, hillock, outdoors, slow, outspread, vegetable, drink, modernize, home, income, fishhook, steel, wildflower, inhuman Morphemes words: Derivatives: Compound words: make, station, slow, vegetable, drink, home, steel postwar, disinfectant, hillock, outdoors, modernize, inhuman deadline, background, outspread, income, fishhook, wildflower 2. Put the following wor