毕业论文-三极管的特性及其应用.docVIP

江汉大学毕业论文江 汉 大 学JiangHan UNIVERSITY毕 业 论 文论文题目：三极管的特性及其应用学生姓名：学生学号：专业班级：2010级光信息科学和技术学院名称：物理和信息工程学院指导老师：三极管的特性及其应用摘 要晶体管促进并带来了“固态革命”，进而推动了全球范围内的半导体电子工业。作为主要部件，它及的时候、普遍地首先在通讯工具方面得到应用，并产生了巨大的经济效益。由于晶体管彻底改变了电子线路的结构，集成电路以及大规模集成电路应运而生，这样制造像高速电子计算机之类的高精密装置即变成了现实。主要词：三极管；半导体；固态革命 Characteristics and application of triodeAbstract Transistor improve and brought solid of revolution. And then promote the semiconductor electronics industry worldwide.As the main part, it is timely and generally applied in the first communication tools. And a great economic benefit has been produced. The transistor revolutioni has changed thoroughly the electronics circuit. Integrated circuit and large scale integrated circuit emerge as the times require. Manufacture of high precision device such as high-speed electronic computers becomes a reality. Keywords: Triode, semiconductor, solid of revolution目 录绪 论1第一章.三极管的种类和结构1 1.1三极管种类2 1.2三极管的内部结构2第三章.晶体管的制造工艺2 2.1扩散型晶体管3 2.2合金型晶体管3 2.3平面型晶体管3第三章. 三极管内部载流子的运动4 3.1 工作区域4 3.2内部载流子的运动规律5第四章.三极管的模型6 4.1三极管的大信号模型6 4.1.1大信号模型6 4.1.2 分析方法7 4.2三极管的小信号模型7 4.2.1共射级电路8 4.2.2共基极电路8 4.2.3共集电极电路8 4.3三极管的频率响应电路模型（共射级电路为例）9 4.3.1密勒电容9 4.3.2三极管低频电路分析10 4.3.3三极管低频电路分析10第五章.三极管的应用11 5.1一般三极管的应用11 5.1.1差分放大电路11 5.1.2功率放大器12 5.1.3稳压电路13 5.2特别三极管15 5.2.1光敏三极管15 5.2.2贴片三极管16 5.3三极管的特别用途16 5.3.1扩流16 5.3.2代换16 5.3.3模拟16结语17参考文献18致 谢19V江汉大学毕业论文 绪 论（一）课题研究背景及意义晶体管是现代电子电路的核心元件，晶体管促进并带来了“固态革命”，进而推动了全球范围内的半导体电子工业。作为主要部件，它及的时候、普遍地首先在通讯工具方面得到应用，并产生了巨大的经济效益。由于晶体管彻底改变了电子线路的结构，集成电路以及大规模集成电路应运而生，这样制造像高速电子计算机之类的高精密装置即变成了现实。 我们生活中所接触的一些电子产品，例如：电视，手机，电脑里面都含有一些三极管，我们可以通过对三极管的研究，来弄清楚这些生活中接触到得电子产品在电路组成上的一些特性，我们也可以通过对三极管的研究来了解如何避免错误使用导致这些电子产品的损坏以及继承前人的经验，结合现在的科学技术来研究更加具有经济效益的三极管。（二）研究现状我国是当今世界最大的发展中国家，我国的三极管制作工艺已经走在世界的领先水平。并且我国有制造三极管的种类的数量在世界上也是首屈一指的。只有把握的时候代的契机，才能实现科学技术的进步，三极管作为电子电路中的基本元器件，同的时候也涉及到很多有关半导体物理里面的知识。所以对于研究三极管的一些特性，以及三极管自身的一些应用，也是很有必要的。（三）研究思路 通过查阅收集相关的资料以及试验相结合，了解目前三极管的一些特性及其应用的一些情况和三极管在现代社会中的发展现状，对三极管的特性及其应用再进行一些分析。（四）研究方法1.文献资料法：通过查阅和收集关于三极管应用及发展相关的文献材料。2.进行一些理论性的试验：在物理试验室里面对测试三极管的一些特性3.数理统计法：对获得的材料进行整理。 第一章.三极管的种类和结构 三极管的结构是由两个结区和三个引脚所组成：发射区和基区之间构成的PN结被称之为发射结,而集电区和基区构成的PN结被称之为集电结,三条引线分别被称之为发射极e、基极b和集电极。1.1三极管的种类1.按材质分类: Si管、Ge管2.按结构分类: NPN 、 PNP。3.按功能分类: 开关管、功率管、达林顿管、光敏管等. 4. 按功率分类：小功率管、中功率管、大功率管5.按工作频率分类：低频管、高频管、超频管6.按结构工艺分类：合金管、平面管7.按安装方式分类:插件三极管、贴片三极管 图1.1.1晶体三极管 由于在我们现实生活中，NPN三极管所使用的频率大大的超过了PNP三极管，所以，在本文中，我们所探讨的三极管类型主要是按照NPN来研究的。后文所出现的三极管，如果没有特别说明，均认为是NPN型。1.2三极管的内部结构1.三极管的结构特点(1) 基区十分的薄，且掺杂浓度低；(2) 发射区掺杂浓度要比基区以及集电区高得多；(3) 集电结的结面积比发射结大。2三极管的内部结构示意图 图1.2.1三极管的内部机构以及符号（左边为NPN型，右边卫PNP型） 第二章.晶体管的制造工艺2.1扩散型晶体管 在高温的P型杂质气体中，而加热N型Ge或者Si的单晶片，从而使得单晶片的一面变成P型，应用此种方法制成的PN结。因为PN结正向电压的压降比较小，所以应用于大电流整流。最近一段的时候间内，使用大电流整流器的主流已由Si合金型转移到Si扩散型。2.2合金型晶体管 在N型Ge或Si的单晶片上，通过合金铟、铝等金属的方法制作PN结而构成的。正向电压的压降小，适于大电流整流。因为其PN结反向的时候静电容量大，所以不适于高频检波和高频整流。2.3平面型晶体管在半导体单晶片（主要地是N型Si单晶片）上，扩散P型杂质，利用Si片表面氧化膜的屏蔽作用，在N型Si单晶片上仅选择性地扩散一部分而构成的PN结。因为此，不需要为调整PN结面积的药品腐蚀作用。由于半导体表面被制作得平整，所以得名。并且，PN结合的表面，因为被氧化膜覆盖，所以公认为是稳定性好和寿命长的类型。最初，对于被使用的半导体材料是采用外延法构成的，所以又把平面型称为外延平面型。对平面型二极管而言，似乎使用于大电流整流用的型号很少，而作小电流开关用的型号则很多。 第三章. 三极管内部载流子的运动3.1工作区域 三个工作区域分别为：截止区，放大区，饱和区1 截止区：三极管工作在截止状态，当发射结电压Ube小于0.60.7V的导通电压，发射结没有导通集电结处于反向偏置，没有放大作用。2 放大区：三极管的发射极加正向电压（Ge管约为0.3V，Si管约为0.7V），集电极加反向电压导通后，Ib控制Ic，Ic和Ib近似于线性关系，在基极加上一个小信号电流，引起集电极大的信号电流输出。3 饱和区：当三极管的集电结电流IC增大到一定程度的时候，再增大Ib，Ic也不会增大，超出了放大区，进入了饱和区。饱和的时候，Ic最大，集电极和发射之间的内阻最小，电压Uce只有0.1V0.3V，UceILmax2.击穿电压的选取当电网电压波动10%的时候，稳压电路输入电压UI到最大值UImax，同的时候输出电压又最低的时候，调整管承受的管压降最大，所以要求调整管击穿电压：U（BR）CEOUImax-UOmin3.功率PCM的选取调整管可能承受的最大集电极功耗：PCmax=UCEmaxICmax=（UImax-UOmin）ICmax其中UImax是考虑到电网电压波动10%的时候，稳压电路输入电压的最大值，UOmin是输出电压的最小额定值。所以要求：PCM(UImax-UOmin)Ilmax5.2特别三极管 5.2.1光敏三极管 一）光敏三极管和普通三极管的差异：光敏三极管和普通三极管相比起来，也有电流放大作用，区别只是它的集电极电流不只是受基极电路和电流控制，同的时候也受光辐射的控制。 二）光敏三极管的优越性：当具有光敏特性的PN结受光辐射的时候，构成光电流，由此产生的光生电流会由基极进入发射极，从而在集电极回路中可以得到一个放大了相当于倍的信号电流。由不同材料制成的光敏三极管是具有不同的光谱特性，和光敏二极管相比，具有很大的光电流放大作用，即很高的灵敏度。 三）光敏三极管的作用： 1.测量光的亮度：例如安装一个控制电路，当太阳升起的时候，由于亮度达到一定程度的时候，所有日光灯管当无法正常启动，这即要利用到光敏三极管。 2.光电隔离：光敏三极管也起到传输信号的作用，光电隔离器以光为媒介传输电信号。他对于输入和输出信号具有优良的隔离性。而且其还能够完成电-光-电的转换。 3.非接触测量转速：转矩传感器在旋转轴上需要安装着60条齿缝的测速轮，在传感器的外壳上安装一只由发光二极管以及光敏三极管所组成的槽型光电开关架，测速轮的每一个齿将发光二极管的光线所遮挡住的时候，光敏三极管即可以输出一个高电平，当光线经过齿缝而射到光敏管的窗口的时候，光敏管即给输出一个低电平，旋转轴每转一圈可得到60个脉冲，由此，每秒钟检测到的脉冲数恰好等于每分钟的转速值。5.2.2贴片三极管作用：贴片三极管的基本作用是放大，它也可以把微弱的电信号变成一定强度的信号，并且这种转化是遵循能量守恒的。而且贴片三极管在非放大区工作的时候还可以当做开关来使用。5.3三极管的特别用途 5.3.1扩流把一只小功率可控Si和一只大功率三极管组合，即可得到一只大功率可控Si，其最大输出电流由大功率三极管的特性决定。 图5.3.1扩流方法5.3.2代换 两只三极管串联可直接替代调光台灯中的双向触发二极管；三极管可替代8V左右的稳压管。三极管可替代30V左右的稳压管。以上应用的时候，三极管的基极均不使用。5.3.3模拟 用三极管够成的电路还可以模拟其它元器件。大功率可变电阻价贵难觅，用下图中电路可作模拟品，调节510电阻的阻值，即可调节三极管C、E两极之间的阻抗，此阻抗变化即可代替可变电阻使用。 图5.3.2模拟方法 结 语 二极管本已是一项崭新的发明,但是在二极管的灯丝和板极之间巧妙地加入了一个栅板，从而发明了第一只真空三极管然而这一小小的改动，竟然带来了意想不到的结果集检波、放大和振荡三种功能于一体,这个发明绝对是电子工业真正的诞生起点，推动了“固态革命”，同的时候也是推动了无线电电子学的蓬勃发展，从电话放大器、海上和空中通讯外，也广泛渗透到家庭娱乐领域。三极管的发明对于整个人类来说，影响都是极其的深远的。 参考文献1，模拟电路分析计算和应用设计-张浩风编著-化学工业出版社20122，模拟电路和数字电路-林捷，杨绪业，郭小娟主编-人民邮电出版社20113，电子技术基础模拟部分（第五版）-康华光主编-高等教育出版社4，电子技术基础数字部分（第五版）-康华光主编-高等教育出版社5，模拟电路应用设计-胡圣尧，关静编著-科学出版社20096，模拟电路分析和设计基础-刘祖刚编著-机械工业出版社20087，电子线路实验，模拟电路实验-沈小丰主编-清华大学出版社20088，晶体管电路设计-铃木雅臣9，数字电路设计-（瑞士) Niklaus Wirth -高等教育出版社200210,数字电路-（日）伊藤恭史-科学出版社1997 致 谢光阴飞逝，回顾在江汉大学物理和信息工程学院走过的4年大学历程，感激之情油然而生。 首先我要感谢我们的班主任周优化老师，虽然在4年的大学生活见面不多，但是对我们的大学生活、学习甚至工作上都起到了非常大的帮助。 其次我要向兰红霞老师致以我深深的谢意！由于我的社会经验尚浅，对于本文的写作我遇到了各种各样的困难和问题，承蒙兰老师的耐心指导方能使我顺利的完成我的毕业论文。在我从一开始到完成论文期间，尽管兰老师工作非常之忙，但是仍然能够耐心的指导我，给了我许多启示。 最后要感谢10级光信息科学和技术的所有同学。是你们陪我度过了4年的大学光阴。这么多年来，风雨无阻，有欢笑有打闹，给我的大学生活增添了丰富的色彩，没有你们的存在我的4年生活将会黯淡无光。 在此，深深地感谢你们，在以后的学习和工作中我将会更加努力，用自己的成果来感谢你们！为你提供优秀的毕业论文参考资料，请您删除以下内容，O(_)O谢谢！A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest Chinas Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansus Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2015. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horse-drawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2014. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as Alma-Ata, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to complete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2016. Then they will come back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54-year-old was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in 1975.He says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldnt help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didnt have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isnt just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and todays performers of the troupe still tour the regions villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijings Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupes president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast Chinas Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has combined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25-year-old khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a six-member band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writesall while playing the horse-head fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sale rate showed a downturn this year. In the “Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight” session at China Guardian 2015 spring auctions, Pan Tianshous representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Kerans masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched 126.5 million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to 1.87 billion yuan from 2.22 billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2015 Spring Auctions, which recorded 42.5 million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from 12 compared to last year. According to expert Shao Jianwu, the art market did not attract much excitement this year due to the booming stock market and the persistent problems of forgery and fake deals. The two pieces of Chinese painting notched up high price this spring due to their own value not due to a revival in the market. The successful transaction of two works with a hammer price of more than 100 million yuan once again confirms that valuable and rare works of high quality always earn the long-lasting high price. Chinese painting and calligraphy is still the pillar of the market. However, the overall sales rate has dropped slightly, which reflects the demand for the ordinary auction goods has weakened,” said the president of China Guardians Hu Yanyan. Besides, the entry of new buyers also makes certain changes to the direction of purchasing. In a word, the overall market trend is very unpredictable. Although China Guardian 2015 Spring Auctions has achieved remarkable results, it does not mean that the market has walked out of the predicament. We still have to wait for the big economic boom to invigorate the art market.” Even so, the hot pursuit of some special items appeared this spring. A special session of China Guardian Spring Auctions titled “Fine GiltBronze Buddhist Images” achieved a great deal with total sales volume of 41.89 million yuan and 92 percent sale rate. The 5th Shamar Rinpoche Statue from 16-17th century of Tibet was sold for 5.06 million yuan. The Beijing Chengxuan Auctions featured almost 2,800 items of coins and stamps in three sessions with good sale rate. The Huachen Auctions also set a special session of photographs under the condition of large-scale decline of auction sessions. There was a palpable dull thud of disappointment that accompanied the return of the imperial entourage of Zhen Huan to her homeland. It followed a couple years of hushed excitement as Chinese fans were fed tidbits about their proud concubine who was supposed to conquer the high ground of the North American market. Zhen Huan is, of course, the title character of The Legend of Zhen Huan, a 2011 television series that swept China off its feet and later took other Asian countries by storm. Two years ago, it was reported that HBO, a premium cable service headquartered in the United States, was going to air it in North America after some modification. Now, a condensed version that provides English subtitles but no dubbing has finally been made available on Netflix for online streaming. This version, highly anticipated as a milestone in Chinas cultural foray overseas, has been widely panned by its home audience. Retitled Empresses in the Palace, the American version has been shortened from its original 76 episodes at 45 minutes each, to six 90-minute episodes. The quick pacing threw off many native viewers, who are accustomed to a more leisurely daytime-soap-style narrative rhythm. (Chinese TV stations would run two or three episodes every day.) I did not finish the full-length version and found the truncated one not difficult to follow. Whats lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that