世纪研究生英语综合教程2答案.doc

Unit 14. Background information4. Language points5. Key to the exercises8Unit 212. Background information12. Language points15. Key to the exercises18Unit 322. Background information22. Language points24. Key to the exercises26unit 430. Background information30. Language points37. Key to the exercises38Unit 542. Background information42. Language points45. Key to the exercises48Unit 651. Background information51. Language points57. Reference materials59. Key to the exercises61Unit 767. Background information67. Language points68. Key to the exercises70Unit 872. Background information72. Language points77. Key to the exercises78Unit 982. Background information82. Language points85. Key to the exercises86Unit 1089. Language points89. Key to the exercises91Unit 1195. Background information95. Language points97. Key to the exercises99Unit 12103I. Background information104. Language points104. Key to the exercises107Unit 1Text A Putting in a Good Word for Guilt. Background information 1Ellen Goodman A syndicated columnist whose writing appears in over four hundred newspapers, Ellen Goodman began her working career in 1963. Goodman began newspaper writing at the Detroit Free Press, where she worked as a general reporter and news feature writer on the city desk. In 1980, Goodman was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Distinguished Commentary. Goodmans work has won many other awards, including the American Society of Newspaper Editors Distinguished Writing Award in 1980. She received the Hubert H. Humphrey Civil Rights Award from the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights in 1988. In 1993, at its Seventh Annual Exceptional Merit Media Award Ceremony, the National Womens Political Caucus gave her the Presidents Award. In 1994, the Womens Research & Education Institute presented her with their American Woman Award. 2Freud Freud may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age. His creation of psychoanalysis was at once a theory of the human psyche, a therapy for the relief of its ills, and an optic for the interpretation of culture and society. Despite repeated criticisms, attempted refutations, and qualifications of Freuds work, its spell remained powerful well after his death and in fields far removed from psychology as it is narrowly defined. If, as the American sociologist Philip Rieff once contended, “psychological man” replaced such earlier notions as political, religious, or economic man as the 20th centurys dominant self image, it is in no small measure due to the power of Freuds vision and the seeming inexhaustibility of the intellectual legacy he left behind.3Karl Menninger (18931990) founder of the Menninger Foundation for Psychiatric Education and Research. As director of education of the foundation, besides training other theapists, he wrote many works, among which are The Human Mind (1930), Man Against Himself (1938), and Whatever Became Of Sin? (1973)4Reverend TillotsonJohn Tillotson (16301694), chaplain to Charles and a prominant preacher of his age. He supported the Revolution of 1688 and was apointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1691.5David Riesman American sociologist and author most noted for The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glazer, 1950), a work dealing primarily with the social character of the urban middle class. “The lonely crowd” became a catchphrase denoting modern urban society in which the individual feels alienated. Also entering common speech were the labels he applied to two of the three character types that he identified in the book: “innerdirected” and “other directed.”According to Riesmans theory, in preindustrial societies having a high potential for population growth (e.g., medieval Europe), the typical individual is “traditiondirected,” his personal values being determined by the traditions of a highly structured society or by power relations within its major divisions, such as classes, professions, castes, or clans. These values are characteristically passed intact from one generation to another. When the population is growing but has not reached the stage of crowding (e.g., western Europe from the Renaissance to the early 20th century), the “innerdirected” individual predominates. His personal values are determined early by his immediate family, are not necessarily related to any wider social forces, and are also likely to remain unchanged. In heavily industrialized societies, where the population is dense and perhaps beginning to decline, the “otherdirected” individual emerges. His life is in large part shaped by “peer groups” of persons whom he resembles in age, social class, or otherwise, and he adjusts his values to conform to those of his group in a constant process of change. Language points1. Feeling guilty is nothing to feel guilty about. (para.1) You dont have to be consciously uncomfortable if you have the sense of guilt. 2. Yes, guilt can be the excess baggage that keeps us paralyzed unless we dump it. (para.1)Sure, guilt can be the overloaded burden that tortures us if we dont get rid of it. paralyze v. to make unable to move or acte.g. The child was paralyzed by fear when the thunder came. 打雷的时候，这孩子被吓得不能动弹。3. I give up guilt for Lent. (para.2) I give up guilt in order to be a better person.give up sth. for Lent to get rid of sth. (usually a bad habit) for the sake of better morality4. But then it occurred to me that this particular Lent has been too lengthy. (para.3) But then it came to my mind that people have given up guilt for too long a time.occur to come to (mind)闪现this particular Lent Here it refers to the practice of giving up guilt as mentioned above. 5. For the past decade or more, the pop psychologists who use book jackets rather than couches all were busy telling us that I am okay, you are okay and whatever we do is okay. (para.3) During the past ten years or more, those welcome psychologists solve peoples mental problems by writing books instead of clinical treatment. And they are trying to advocate the concept that nobody should feel guilty for anything.在过去这十年或更久的一段时间里，通过出书而非实际诊查给人治疗的心理医生很受欢迎，他们忙不迭地告诉大家，说什么我好，你好，大家做什么都没关系。book jackets 皮书套 Here it refers to the method of writing books in psychological therapy.couch A sofa on which a patient lies while undergoing psychoanalysis or psychiatric treatment. Here it represents the treating method that the psychologists talk to the patients in a very relaxed condition, which was widely used in traditional mental therapy. 6. There was a popular notion, in fact, that selflove began by slaying ones guilt. (para.5) In past, it was commonly thought that to love oneself, everyone should first give up his guilt. 其实以前就有个比较流行的看法，认为欲爱己需先消灭内疚感。7. People all around us spent a great portion of the last decade trying to tune out guilt instead of decoding its message and learning what it was trying to tell us. (para.5) For the most part of the past ten years, people deliberately ignore the sense of guilt without understanding its meaning and significance.我们周围的人过去十年大部分时间一直想把内疚感抛在脑后，而不去探究内疚的含意，不去从中悟出些什么。8. With that sort of success, guilt was ripe for revival. (para.6) When guilt is successfully eliminated, its also the time for it to be brought back.9. Furthermore, we did not want to join the legions who conquered their guilt en route to new depths of narcissistic rottenness. (para.6) Whats more, we would never be one of those who give up their guilt while becoming more and more deteriorated in their excessive admiration of themselves.再说了，有很多征服内疚感的人在自我陶醉的深渊中越陷越深，我们是不愿与之为伍的。10. It is, as Lady Macbeth obsessively knew, the spot that no one else may see. (para.7) In Macbeth, the famous Shakespeare tragedy, Lady Macbeth killed the King Duncan and always had the idea that there were blood spot in her hands.11. The last thing we need more of is less conscience. (para.8) 我们什么不要都可以，唯独不能不要良知。We should by no means abandon conscience.last a.least likely or expectede.g. He is the last person we would have suspected. 我们是绝不会怀疑他的。12. As regards conscience, God has done an uneven and careless piece of work. (para.9) In the aspect of conscience, not everyone has been given the same amount of it when being born as if God is careless and unfair. as regards ad.as to 在方面13. there has to be some line between. (para.10) there should be some difference between；we should separate.from.14. the oppressed have “chosen” their lot in life. (para.10) The people who suffer in their life are determined to be so at the very beginning.15. those who offer no guidance, nogulpmoral or ethical point of view. (para.11)gulp v. to choke back by or as if by swallowingHere the author is choked as if the following words are difficult to utter.16. feel guilty just for being alive (para.13) feel guilty only because they are alive；feel guilty for nothing17. the trick isnt to become flaccidly nonjudgmental (para.14) The important thing we should do is not to be afraid of making judgment.18.nothing else but trouble arising in our mind from our consciousness of having done contrary to what we are verily persuaded was our Duty. (para.15) . simply the discomfort appearing in our inner heart when we have done something that is not right according our responsibility19. We are also particularly vulnerable to feelings of duty in a time of change. Today an older and ingrained sense of what we should do may conflict with a new one. In the gaps that open between what we once were taught and what we now believe grows a rich crop of guilt. (para.17) In such a changeable world, our sense of duty is very likely to change our feeling. Now old concept may conflict with the new one on what we should do. There is great difference between our belief and the education we got, and that difference results in the sense of guilt. 在这个瞬息万变的时代我们固有的责任感格外容易被推翻。什么该做什么不该做，今天一个新观念就可能和根深蒂固的老观念相冲突。过去所受的教育和今天的认识之间有很大差距，由此也生出各种内疚感。20. If guilt is a struggle between our acceptance of shoulds and shouldnots, it is a powerful and intensely human one. (para.20) If guilt represents the contradiction of our standard of behaviors, it is a good thing full of strength and humanness. 如果说责任感是我们接受什么该做、什么不该做之间的斗争，这个斗争是强大的、充满人性的斗争。21. This worst emotion, in a sense, helps bring out the best in us. The desire to avoid feeling guilty makes us avoid the worst sort of behavior.(para.21) In some aspect, the socalled bad feeling reflects the best nature of human being. Just because we dont want to feel guilty, we will not do bad things.从某个角度讲，这种最糟糕的情感烘托出人类最美好的一面。为避免内疚于心，我们便不去做坏事。22. In that sense guilt is the great civilizer, the internal commandment that helps us choose to be kind to each other rather than to join in a stampede of mefirsts. (para.22) In that aspect, guilt can make us civilized and force us by conscience to be good people instead of putting ourselves in the first place urgently.这样说来，内疚感对促进人类文明有巨大作用，它是人类内心的戒律，帮助我们与人为善而非一股脑地你争我抢。23. a tremendous surge of young people overpowered the adults in the sixties (para.22) the effect of a drastic boom of young people overcame the values of adults in 1960s24the barbarians took Rome (para.22) the savage people took the controlThis idiom comes from the historical fact that the great Roman Empire was overthrown by the socalled barbarians whom Roman people thought were less civilized than them, so this idiom is often used in literature to refer to a shame or degradation of civilization. 25We may resolve one by changing our view of it and another by changing our behavior. (para.25) To solve the problem of guilt, we can either change our definition of it so that we may feel better, or change what we will do to avoid sense of guilt.26live with myself (para.28) to be comfortable with my conscience; to be unashamed27Striving to follow their lead is like accepting a catatonic as your role model. (para.30) To remain guiltless are not proper to the same degree. 28. Guilt is one of the most human of dilemmas. (para.31)the most human ofHere the phrase altogether functions as an adjective. 29. It is the claim of others on the self. (para.31) It means to satisfy othersneeds at the cost of ones own interest.这意味着舍己为人。. Key to the exercises1. Reading comprehension(1) They think guilt is a bad thing for ones psychology, and if you want to live with true liberation, you should get rid of the sense of guilt and try to believe everything and everybody is OK, no matter what you have done.(2) Under this kind of conception, people try to ignore the sense of guilt without finding out its real meaning in life. And its somewhat like selfdeceiving to say everything is ok because in deeper conscience, people will still feel uneasy if sense of guilt is not dealt with properly.(3) Because Lady Macbeth was driven mad by her sense of guilt after she conspired to kill King Duncan, so she was used here to portray the “horrible, pitofthestomach sense” of the guilt.(5) These two friends both felt guilty for neglecting their mothers, but as to the real fact of the neglecting, one just didnt call home everyday; while the other hadnt chatted with her mother since Christmas. This best illustrates that people may have “wildly different” sense of duty and guilt. / Some people can go through their lives without a moment of guilt, while the other group of people may feel guilty just for being alive.(6) A sense of guilt, as well as a sense of duty, can urge us to do the right thing when we may not feel like doing it. In that way, a sense of guilt is the great civilizer of our basic conscience and the maintainer of our behavior. (7) Because the young people in the sixties in America, also known as the baby boomers and the Beat Generation, were the generation born after the World War , who were very rebellious to the old traditional moral system by calling for living at their own will and who outnumbered their father generation, so there was a declination in traditional morality (“the barbarians took Rome”) in that period of time. But in the 1980s, when the article was written, the number of adults grew bigger, and they were trying to restore some old mores. Thats the exact reason why “guilt is coming back.”(8) You can either change the opinion of a perfect image so that youll feel less guilty when failing to achieve something, or to change the behavior in a way that is more accordant to your right conscience.2. Vocabulary(1) assortment(2) narcissistic(3) obsessively(4) slaying(5) legion(6) instilled(7) ingrained(8) hustled(9) stampede(10) qualms3. Paraphrase(1) But then it came to my mind that people have given up guilt for too long a time. During that period of time of about ten years or more, those welcome psychologists solved peoples mental problems by writing books instead of giving clinical treatment. And they are trying to advocate the concept that nobody should feel guilty for anything.(2) In the past, it was commonly thought that to love himself, everyone should first give up his guilt. For the most part of the past ten years, people deliberately ignored the sense of guilt without understanding its meaning and significance.(3) Whats more, we would never be one of those who give up their guilt while becoming more and more deteriorated in excessive admiration of themselves.(4) There are people who are tortured by unreasonable guilt. Of course we are not willing to be one of them or guide our children to be one of them.(5) In such a changeable world, our sense of duty is very likely to change our feeling. Now an old concept may conflict with a new one on what we should do. There is a great difference between our belief and the education we got, and that difference results in the sense of guilt. (6) If guilt represents the contradiction of our standards of behavior, it is a good thing full of strength and humanness. (7) In some aspect, the socalled bad feeling reflects the best nature of human being. Because we dont want to feel guilty, we will not do bad things.(8) In that aspect, guilt can make us civilized and force us by conscience to be good people instead of putting ourselves in the first place urgently.4. Cloze(2) responsibility(3) reason(4) triggered(5) anxiety(6) committed(7) criticism(8) empathy(9) develop(10) violates(11) value(12) against(13) fulfill(14) generally(15) failing(16) intended(17) biochemical (18) judged(19) since(20) nature5. TranslationA. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.(1) 人要想快乐，首先必须感到自由，其次，必须感到自己重要。假如迫于社会压力做自己不乐意做的事，或者乐于做的事被认为一文不值，毫不重要，得不到社会的承认，那么这样的人是不可能真正快乐的。倘若一个人对社会给予他的差事不感兴趣，干下去只是出于谋生和养家糊口的需要，那么此人就只是个雇佣劳动者。倘若一个人打心眼里对社会掏钱让他干的差事感兴趣，那么他就是一个工作者。一件差事究竟是劳动还是工作并不取决于差事本身，而是取决于干这个差事的人的喜好。这种差异并不等同于体力和脑力劳动之间的区别。从一个人对休闲的态度可以看出他属于哪类人。对工作者而言，休闲不过是放松休息几个小时，为的是工作起来效率更高。所以他很可能花很少的时间休息，而不是很多。对劳动者而言恰恰相反，休闲意味着摆脱了羁绊，他总盼着少干多玩，工作时间越短越好，这种想法也在情理之中。 究其最深层最彻底的含义，内疚感是我们心中一个渴望被捕获的罪犯。做错了事就产生这种可怕的、发自内心的感觉。这正如麦克白夫人满脑子想的那个别人看不到的血点一样而且我们还不能四处张望。 没有内疚就等于没有良知。感觉不到内疚的人给他人造成痛苦后心情照样不错，结果他们就心安理得地接着给别人制造痛苦。我们什么不要都可以，唯独不能不要良知。弗洛伊德曾说过：“上帝在良知方面处理不当，有些粗心，大多数人生来良知就不算多，或者说少的不值一提。”这里说明一点，我并不是建议每个人报名参加寻找内疚之旅。然而，我们必须对以下两种观点加以区分：一种认为我们所有人都应该为诸如贫困或种族主义感到内疚；另一种则断言受压迫者是“命里注定”。 B. Translate the following sentences into English.(1) People appealed to the government to put in a good word for the real hero after the truth came out.(2) On the coming of the New Year, it occurred to Sam that he should put aside his work for a while and call his parents.(3) In a time of change, young people often put selfinterest in the first place and tune out social commitment