高中英语语法填空解题技巧.doc

高中英语语法填空解题技巧【本讲教育信息】一、教学内容：高考语法填空专项复习二. 具体过程 （一）命题特点 1. 所选短文大约 180 多词，难度适中，基本适合高中生阅读。2. 挖出10个空格。有的空格后有提示有的没有提示，挖空一般较均匀，不过密也不过疏。所缺的地方一般不会影响学生的理解。 3. 出题更多的是从词汇搭配和语言知识的运用上着手，上下文的理解放在相对次要的位置。 4. 出题一般涉及到以下几个方面：1）动词与介词或副词搭配构成的固定词、短语；2）冠词的用法；3）连词的用法，包括从属连词和并列连词、生词的用法；4）动词的适当形式；5）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级；6）情态动词的用法；7）从句的引导词等。语法填空考哪些语法项目？1、名词； 2、代词；3、数词；4、介词和介词短语；5、连词；6、形容词；7、副词；8、冠词；9、动词；10、时态；11、被动语态；12、非谓语动词；13、构词法；14、句子种类；15、句子成分；16、简单句基本句型；17、主谓一致；18、并列复合句；19、主从复合句；20、间接引语；21、省略；22、倒装；23、强调；24、虚拟语气。 总结：(1)短文来源：(2)短文长度：170-200词。(3)短文难度：没有超出课标的生词，但有课标单词的派生词。(4)短文题材：或体现文化内涵，或给人心灵以启迪等。(5)考点设置：1)纯空格题：设6-7个小题。2)用括号中所给词填空：设3-4个小题。(6)答案特点： 纯空格题：试题要求中已明文规定死了“在空格处填入一个适当的词”，即一个小题或者一个空格只能填一个单词。两年高考题的答案印证了这一点。用括号中所给词填空：试题中要求“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”，这个词的正确形式究竟由几个单词组成？两年高考题的答案填一个或两个单词。所填词(答案)都是一些拼写简单的单词。2007年高考所填词均长4.1个字母，其中，纯空格的答案只有2.4个字母；2008年所填词均长4.45个字母，其中纯空格的答案只有3.8个字母。有所填词位于句首，此时第一个字母要注意大写。特别提醒：尽管高考中“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”的答案只填一个或两个单词，但是我们在平时的训练中应当不局限于此，要训练填一个、两个或多个单词的情况。非谓语动词中，带to的不定式、现在分词的完成式都可能填两个单词；谓语动词的将来时、进行时和完成时等也都可能填两个单词，而现在完成进行时等就可能填三个单词，被动语态至少都要填两个单词。（二）考查能力 1、阅读/理解语篇的能力; 2、分析句子结构的能力; 3、熟练运用语法的能力。（3） 考查方式 语法填空题的考查方式，主要有两类：自由填空类和提示性填空类，这两类考查的语言项目有所不同： 自由填空类。考查的语言项目主要有：行文逻辑、连词、介词、关系代词等。在复习这些语法要点的时候，可采取自由填空的练习进行训练。 提示性填空类。考查的语言项目主要有：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词、副词、名词、情态动词、冠词等。（4） 解题方向 重在基础语法和句子结构分析：从语法角度去考虑，填的是语法词，包括功能词和词形变换两个方面。不限定一个词。句子方面，要学会正确分析句子的结构，如主谓宾等；还要会区分主从句的层次。特别是动词的成分，是否谓语动词。（五）解题方法及技巧 1. 通读全文，把握大意。通读全文的目的是为了把握全文的大意，为下一步填空做好语义上的准备。因为语义决定着空白处应填一个什么样的词语并采用什么样的语法形式。在通读全文的过程中，为了准确地把握其大意，很有必要弄清文章的题材中心思想，写作线索，篇章结构，段落层次，逻辑关系，词句理解。考生真正读懂文章大意，有利于填空时进行必要的逻辑推理。 2. 仔细阅读，尝试填空。在通读全文，基本把握文章大意之后，就可以着手尝试填空了。这题的关键，是一个对每个段落层次以及整个语篇中的词汇、句子、语义结构和上下文语境进行综合分析并做出判断的复杂的思维过程，也是对英语语法基本功，英语语篇的感觉能力，和运用英语思维的检验过程。做题时，要求考生对空白处的词性能作出迅速的判断，对文章句子作出准确的分析。然后才能准确无误地填出答案。 3. 复读全文，检查答案。所有的空白处都填好了。这时，我们有必要把整篇文章从头至尾反复从语义和逻辑的角度审视全文，从词义辨析，词语搭配，和习惯用语仔细推敲，看其语法是否正确，行文是否通顺流畅，条理是否清晰，是否符合语感。还要特别注意单词的拼写，千万不能犯由于单词写错而导致失分的低级错误。要仔细揣摩，准确定夺。【备考策略】1. 不断记忆，积累词汇。2. 夯实基础，学好语法。 3. 大声朗读，培养语感。 4. 坚持不懈，多做练习。5. 总结规律，找准方向。（一） 如何分析句子结构分析句子结构是答题过程中很关键的一步。一个句子最关键的是它的主要谓语动词及其相应主语，这一套主谓结构就是该句的主句。其他成分，例如宾语、表语、补语、状语、定语等都是附加成分。做题时，首先要弄清楚句子的基本结构，确定“主谓宾”成分，看看句子缺不缺谓语动词，然后再考虑非谓语动词或者其他扩展成分。此外，我们可以用其他方法去分析句子结构，确定填什么词。（1）翻译提示法有时候，对句子的翻译会大大提高我们正确答题率。例如：Jumping out of _ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite _ exciting experience.该题题意是：“从1万英尺高的一架飞机上跳下来是一次非常令人兴奋的经历。”注意该句的正确翻译是“一架”而不是“那架”，是一次而不是“那次”，都泛指，所以答案为: an ; an （2）意群切分法意群是句子中根据逻辑关系和语法结构，有一定独立性的，可以切割开的更小的部分。解题时，将句子的意群分离清楚并理顺其逻辑关系，有助于确定正确答案。例如：Which do you enjoy _(spend) your spare time, playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park?对于enjoy后接-ing动词记得很熟，所以，此句可以根据意群分成Which do you enjoy以及_ your spare time和playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park三块，从逻辑关系上看enjoy的宾语是playing cards at home or taking a walk in the park，而_ your sparing time 部分应该是一个表示目的的不定式，故正确答案为to spend。（3）结构还原法由于汉英结构的差别，英语句子中的定语、状语的位置往往与其修饰部分发生分离现象，结果理不清结构。因此，如果将位置发生了变化的结构还其原来面目，将使解题变得容易得多。例如：The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _(carry out) the next year.本题中心词是see,that从句修饰plan,如果将定语从句还原成其本来面目they would like to see the plan _ the next year再从see的用法see sth. done考虑，正确答案为carried out.（4）结构补全法No matter how frequently _(perform), the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.如果将从句中被省略的部分还原，使其还原为No matter how frequently they are _,然后就不难确定正确答案为performed.（5）简化结构法去掉插入语、修饰语、附加结构、某些从句等，将原来比较复杂的句子简化，有助于我们看清句子结构。例如：The country life he was used to _(change) greatly since 1992.如果我们去掉country life的定语从句he was used to,将原句简化为The country life _ greatly since 1992.那么可以确定答案为：has changed.又如：Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _ of course, made the others unhappy.of course若去掉，很明显，这是一个非限制性从句，which指代Dorothy夸大自己在剧中角色作用这件事。正确答案为which。（6）结构对比法The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _(not make) it more difficult.本句考查互相比较的两个动词不定式作表语的用法。正确答案为:not to make（7）后空确认法Many people agree that _ knowledge of English is a must in _ international trade today.该题的时间状语today并不是修饰international trade,而是修饰整个句子，所以international trade并非特指，其前边不需要冠词，因此，可以确定第一格答案为a,第二格可不填。（2） 分项解题冠词或(物主)代词：无提示词、可数名词单数之前2. There once were a goat and a donkey. So the farmer killed 40_ goat and gave the donkey medicine made from its heart. (07惠州一模)5.When I see a child subject to this kind of pressure, I think of Donnie. He was 35_ shy , nervous perfectionist. (08深圳二模) 6.The little boy pulled 33_ right hand out of the pocket (07深圳一模) 考查语法点: 定冠词,不定冠词, 物主代词的用法Key：the；a；his连词或从句引导词：无提示词、两个主谓结构连接1. It was not long 39_ the waitress came back and then she began to wipe down the table and suddenly was surprised at what she saw. (07深圳一模) 6. But nothing changed until midterm, 39_ Mary Anne, a student teacher, was appointed to our classroom. (08深圳二模) 考查语法点: 各类复合句中连词,引导词的用法Key：before；when介词：无提示词、与名词相连构成介宾短语担任状语,补语等、与不及物动词构成动词短语接宾语3. In short, I believe that it is 39_ great use to keep a dairy in English (07深二模) 5. When I took the money from her grandparents, I looked back 34_the girl, who was giving me the most optimistic, largest smile I had ever seen. (08深圳一模) 考查语法点: 介词的基本用法及惯用搭配Key：of；at谓语动词：有提示词、与主语构成主谓结构1. I was certain she would like it because I 39 _ (tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food. (07广州一模) 6. His fear of failure 36_ (keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon. (08深圳二模) 考查语法点: 谓语动词的时态及语态, 及主谓一致Key：was told；kept非谓语动词：有提示词、除谓语动词以外的动词形式2. We must also consider the reaction of the person 32_ (receive) the gift. (07广州一模)3. I then noticed that I had just 10 minutes left _ (complete) the rest! (07广二模) 6. My pupils, Donnie 40_ (include), adored her. (08深圳二模) 考查语法点: 非谓语动词及变形的使用Key：receiving；to complete；included词性转换：有提示词、介词,冠词,所有格后接名词,形容词修饰名词,副词修饰形容词动词或整个句子1. “Thirty-five cents,” she said 36_ (rude). (07深圳一模)2. One of the 33_ (bad) gift choices I ever made was for my high school English teacher (07广州一模) 5. As far as I am concerned, my 37 _ (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English within easy reach. (08惠二模) 考查语法点: 各类词性的正确使用及转化Key：rudely；worst；suggestion分项训练1、动词及其时态和语态1) Why did you leave your old job? I _(offer) a better position at IBM.2) When the old man _(start) to look for the door key, he discovered that his wife _(hide) it in a different place.3) My brother is an actor. He _(appear) in several film so far.2、情态动词1) Helen _ go on the trip with us, but she isnt quite sure yet.2) Johnny, you _(not play) with knife, you _ hurt yourself.3) You _(not) be tired Youve only been working for an hour.3、动词的非谓语形式1) _(dress) in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.2) Is Bob still performing? Im afraid not. He is said _(leave) the stage already as he has become an official.3) The manager, after _(make) it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room.4) Cleaning women in big cities usually get _(pay) by the hour.5) When first _ (introduce) in the market, these products enjoyed greatly success. 4、名词和主谓一致1) Life in the country _(change) greatly since 1992.2) Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _(work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline.3) Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _(work) in the clothing industry.4) Two fifths of the land in that district _(cover) with trees and grass.5、冠词1) If you grow up in _large family, you are more likely to develop _ ability to get on well with others.2) It is often said that _teachers have _ very hard life.3) After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson _ ride to _ airport.6、代词1) Weve been looking at houses for sale but havent found _we like yet.2) I prefer a flat in Inverness to _ in Perth, because I Want to live near my mum.3) Dr Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember _.4) I dont think weve meet before. Youre taking me for _ Else.7、形容词与副词1) What a table! Ive never seen such a thing before. It is not haft _ wide _ it is long.2) The football final was _(little) interesting game Played all seasons as all the players were very nervous.3) Professor White has written some stories, but he is _ (good) known for his plays.4) What he said sounds _(friend).8、介词1) They had a party _ Christmas Eve.2) _ most students, she was always well prepared and never came to class late.3) The number of the employees has grown from 1000 to 1200. This means it has risen _ 20%.4) Should I sign this paper _ pencil or ink?5) The athlete was killed _ a sharp knife last night.9、It的用法1) I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.2) Do you like _ here?Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.3) Was it in 1969 _ an American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon?4) It is what you do rather than what you say _ matters.10、简单句及并列句1) The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ (not make) it more difficult.2) Excuse me for breaking in, _ I have some news for you.3) He seldom has lunch at school, _ he?4) If I knew the answer, I wouldnt be asking, _ I?11、复合句1) It was some time _ we realized the truth.2) The shopkeeper did not want to sell for _ he thought was too low a price.3) The place _ the bridge is to be built is _ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.4) The way he did it was different _ we were used to.5) Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office.6) It is known to all that _ you exercise regularly, you wont keep good health.7) He tired to solve every problem, _ difficult it was.12、倒装1) Father, you promised! Well, _ I _. But it was you who didnt keep your word first.2) Not only _ the air polluted but the street _ crowded.3) Not a single song _she _ (sing) at yesterdays party.13、虚拟语气1).You didnt let me drive. If we _(drive) in turn, you _(not get) so tired.2) The two strangers talked as if they _(be) friends for years.3) _ it rain tomorrow we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.（3） 解题高招一、纯空格试题的解题技巧。首先，分析句子结构，确定填哪类词。然后，再根据句子的意思，确定具体填什么词；或根据两句间的逻辑关系确定具体用哪个连词。确定填哪类词有以下7个技巧：技巧1：缺主语或宾语，一定是填代词或名词(多考代词)。例1I can send a message to Kenya whenever I want to, and _38_ gets there almost in a second. (2007年茂名一模) 解析：and连接前后两个句子，and后面的句子缺主语，应填名词或代词；结合前一分句，不难推知，“马上可到达那里”的是the message，替代the message用代词it。技巧2：名词前面，若没有限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词)，很可能是填限定词。如：例2It is said that a short-tempered man in the Song Dynasty (9601279) was very anxious to help _33_rice crop grow up quickly. (2008年广东高考)解析：名词rice crop前还没有限定词，应当填限定词；根据句意，这个急性子人当然是急于使“他的”禾苗长得快，故填形容词性物主代词his。例3the head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to_35_small town some 20 kilometers away where there was a garage. (2007年广东高考)解析：因单数可数名词town前还没有限定词，应填限定词；根据句意，是指将车拉到离那里大约有20公里远的一个小镇上去修理，表示“一个”，用不定冠词，故填a。技巧3：句子不缺主语、表语、动词后不缺宾语的情况下，名词或代词前面，一定是填介词。例4 who should have the honour of receiving me _33_a guest in their house. (2007年广东高考)解析：因a guest在句中不作主语、表语、动词的宾语，前面一定是填介词，使其成为该介词的宾语；又由句意可知，他们“把我当作客人”来接待，表示“当作”，用介词as。技巧4：若两个或几个单词或短语之间没有连词，可能是填连词。例5two world-famous artists, Pablo Picasso 34 Candido Portinari, which are worth millions of dollars.解析：因与Pablo Picasso (毕加索)与Candido Portinari (坎迪多波尔蒂纳里)这两个名词之间没有连词，一定是填连词；两者是并列关系，应填and。例6all I saw was this beautiful girl, whose smile just melted me 36 almost instantly gave me a completely new sense of what life is all about. (2008年深圳一模)解析：因melted me和gave me两个动宾短语之间没有连词，一定是填连词；两者是并列关系，故填and。技巧5：若两句(一个主谓关系算一个句子)之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填并列连词或从属连词。例7 I wanted to see as much of the city as possible in the two days 32 I was to return to Guangzhou. (2008年广州一模)解析：因I wanted to是一个句子，I was to return也是一个句子，这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间的逻辑关系，可知“参观这个城市的尽可能多的地方”应是在“返回广州”之前，故填before。例8 He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, _37_he felt very happy (2008年广东高考)解析：因He was very tired是一个句子，he felt very happy也是一个句子，这两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一定是填连词；根据句意和两句之间逻辑关系，可知“干了一整天活累极了”与“感到非常高兴”是转折关系，故填but。技巧6：若结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，特别是与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能是填情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词(do, does, did等)。例9What is acceptable in one country 31 be considered extremely rude in another. (2007珠三角五校联考)解析：句中What is acceptable in one country是主语从句，空格后的be considered是谓语；因其中的be是原形，故空格处必定是填情态动词或助动词does(由语境可知是一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数)；由句意及作者的语气可知，需填表示“可能”的情态动词may。例10 He had no time or energy to play with his children or talk with his wife, but he _ bring home a regular salary.解析：这是一个由but连接的并列句，由前一分句的谓语动词had是一般过去时可知，后一分句的谓语动词bring也应用一般过去时；可是，bring却用的是原形，既与语境的时态不符，也与主语he不一致，该句不是倒装句，因此，此处必定是填情态动词或表示强调的助动词did；由句意和作者的语气推测，应当填对谓语动词表示强调的助动词did(的确) 技巧7：由特殊的句式结构来判断空格应填的词。 (1)由it isthat强调结构的形式，判断填it还是that。例11 and 40 was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG (味精)! (2007年广州一模)解析：由句式结构可知，本句为强调句，应填it。 (2)由倒装句式判断，是填构成倒装的条件的only, so, neither, nor, never, hardly, seldom, not, until, had等，还是填do, does, did等。例12 _with hard work can you expect to get pay rise.解析：由can you expect to可知，这是倒装句，根据构成倒装的条件可知，应填副词only，因为“only +状语(with hard work)”放在句首，句子要用倒装。 (3)由it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式判断，空格处是否填it。例13 as 32 took them just three minutes to steal paintings by two world-famous artists (2008年佛山二模)解析：由句式结构可知，这是it takes sb. some time to do sth.句型，本句的不定式to steal paintings是真正的主语，空格处填形式主语it。例14Dating sites also make 36 easy to avoid someone whom you are not interested in. (2008年惠州二模)解析：由句式结构可知，to avoid是真正的宾语，easy是宾补，空格处应填作形式宾语的it。 (4)so /suchthat句型。如：例15 This made the goat so jealous_34_it began plotting against (谋划对付) the donkey. (2007年惠州二模)解析：由句式结构可知，这是sothat句型，应填that。 (5)morethan (与其说不如说，比更)句型。如：例16Cynthias story shows vividly that people remember more how much a manager cares _40_ how much he pays. (2007深圳宝安期末)解析：由句式结构可知，这是morethan句型，故填that。句意是与经理所给的报酬相比，雇员更铭记于心的是他的关心。二、给出了动词的试题的解题技巧首先，判断要填的动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。然后按以下两点进行思考。技巧8：若句中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已有谓语动词，但需填的动词与之是并列关系时，所给动词就是谓语动词；若是谓语动词，就要考虑时态语态。例17His fear of failure _36_(keep) him from classroom games that other children played with joyous abandon. (2008年深圳一模)解析：因主语His fear of failure后没有别的谓语动词，需填的动词应为谓语动词；因主语与keep是主动关系，应用主动语态；由从句谓语动词played可知，要用一般过去时，故填kept。例18 That was definitely not an attractive idea so I politely declined her invitation, 40 (close) my book and walked away. (2008年广州一模)解析：虽然句中已有谓语动词declined，但由and walked可知，所填词与declined和walked是并列关系，所以也用一般过去式closed。例19 In Logan, three people _38_ (take)to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic. (2007梅州二模)解析：因主语three people与take是被动关系，即三个人被送进医院，故用被动语态；由were treated可知，要用一般过去时，故填were taken。技巧9：若句中已有谓语动词，又不是并列谓语时，所给动词就是非谓语动词。若是非谓语动词就要确定用ing形式、ed形式，还是用不定式形式，确定的方法主要有： (1)作主语或宾语，通常用ing形式表示习惯或一般情况，用不定式表示具体的情况。如：例20 but it is not enough only 35 (memorize) rules from a grammar book. (2007年佛山一模)解析：因it是形式主语，后面用不定式作真正的主语，故填to memorize。例21_ (speak) out your inner feeling wont make you feel ashamed, on the contrary解析：句中已有谓语wont make，所以speak应为非谓语动词；谓语前面应为主语，作主语，表示一般情况，要用动名词短语，故填Speaking。 (2)作目的状语或者在形容词后作状语，一般用不定式。例22 _ (complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. 解析：因句中已有谓语will have to work，所以complete应为非谓语动词；因“(为了)按计划完成这项工程”是“我们每天不得不额外多工作两小时”的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式，故填To complete。例23 Some people say that oldest children, who are smart and strong-willed, are very likely _33 (succeed). (2008年佛山一模)解析：因在形容词likely后作状语，要用动词不定式，故填to succeed。 (3)作伴随状语，常用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词，是被动关系，用过去分词。如：例24 He saw the stone, 37 (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark.” (2008年东莞一模)解析：句中已有谓语saw，所给动词与saw不是并列关系，应当是非谓语动词；又因He与say是主动关系，故填saying作伴随状语。例25 The headmaster went into the lab, _ (follow) by the foreign guests.解析：句中已有谓语went，而follow又不是与之并列的，故为非谓语动词；又因the headmaster与follow是被动关系，故用过去分词作伴随状语。 (4)不论非谓语动词在句中作何种成分，若判断需要用分词，与逻辑主语是主动关系用ing形式，是被动关系用ed形式。如：例26 There will be a meeting, _40_ (start) later this year to review the film. (2008年广州二模)解析：因a meeting与start是主动关系，用现在分词短语作定语，补充说明a meeting，故填starting。例27 Lessons 39 (learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people. (广东考试说明)解析：因句中已有谓语can help，所以learn应为非谓语动词；又因lesson与learn是被动关系，要用过去分词短语作定语，故填learned。三、词类转换题的解题技巧根据该词在句子所作句子成分确定用哪种形式。具体方法有：技巧10：作表语、定语或补语，通常用形容词形式。例28 The youngster immediately fell _ (silence) as tears flew down from his big blue eyes.解析：因在系动词felt后作表语，用形容词，故填silent。例29 In a _ (danger) part of the sea off the coast of New Zealand, they learnt to解析：在冠词与名词之间，要用形容词，作定语，故填dangerous。例30 Teachers must try their best to make most of their students _ (interest) in the subject解析：因所填词在句中作宾语most of their students的补足语，用形容词；表示“感