国际公法(最终版).doc

Chapter 1 11近代国际法的产生: The modern system of international law is a product of the last 400 years and generally traces its origin (begin) to the Peace of Westphalia 1648(国际法的近代体系是最近400年的产物，一般认为，1648年的威斯特伐利亚和约是近代国际法的起源)一些代表人物及其著作: Bodin 博丹 Hobbes 霍布斯 Machavelli 马基雅弗利 Gretilis 真提利 Grotius 格老秀斯 De Jure Belli et Pacis Is international Law really law?Yes:No :The enforcement of international law 实施手段1. The United Nations 联合国安理会2. judicial enforcement 国际仲裁机构3. Loss of Legal rights and privileges 特权4. self-help 自卫Chapter 2Introduction: what the law is and where it can be found:分类: 1. material sources:实质上的渊源（区别） 2. formal sources: 形式上的渊源1. The formal sources are those legal procedures and methods for the creations of rules of general application which are legally binding on the addressees.（形式渊源是为了制定具有一般适用性并对特定对象具有法律红束力的那些法律程序和方法） The formal sources will usually refer to constitutional mechanisms for law making(形式渊源通常是指制定法律的宪法体制。)2. The material sources provide evidence of the existence of rules which when proved, have status of legally binding rules of general application（实际渊源是指为规则的存在提供依据，即一旦被证实，就具有一般适用的法律约束力规则的地位） The material sources are the status and precedents where the specific rules of law are to be found.（实际渊源是指成文法及先例，在这些成文法及先例中能找到法的具体规则）This chapter discusses the sources of international law in the sense both of the mechanisms for law creation and of the methods by which rules of law may be identified as such. In other words, we are concerned here with finding out how new rules of international law may be created and with the process of identifying existing rules.（本章是在法律形式的机制及识别法律规则的方法这一意义上对国际法的渊源展开讨论的。换句话说，本章我们关注的是获知国际法的新规则是怎样被创制的，以及识别既存规则的方法） Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice1 The court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:（a）international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting States.（b）International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;（c）The general principle of law recognized by civilized nations;(d) Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teaching of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.（自己找书）Treaties : Law making treaties & treaty contracts(创法性条约与契约性条约)考点:两者之间的区别,下面那一部法律是创法性条约,or 契约性条约?)_1. the essence of the distinction ties in the fact that treaty contracts, being agreement relatively few States, can only create a particular obligation between the signatories, an obligation which is capable of fulfillment, for example, an agreement between France, Germany and the UK to development and build a new fight jet.（二者之间的本质区别在于契约性条约是相对少数国家间的协议，它仅仅能在条约缔约国间设定特定的义务，该义务是能履行的。例如法国、德国和英国三国之间订立的开发及制造新型喷气式战斗机的协议就是契约性条约。）2. Law making treaties create obligation which can continue as law. For example, an agreement between 90 States to outlaw the use of torture.（造法性条约创立的义务能被视为法。例如，90个国家间缔结的关于使用酷刑是非法的协议）Customary law and treaty law have equal authority. However, if there is a conflict between the two, its normally the treaty that prevails.（习惯法和条约法具有同样的权威性。当习惯法与条约发生冲突时,条约优先,例外:强制法与条约发生冲突,条约无效）Treaty provisions which conflict with peremptory norms of international law, jus cogens, will be void. （当条约与国际强行法规范冲突时，条约无效。）国家习惯的概念: Custom in international law is a practice followed by those involved because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way.（这段没有抄，自己译吧。或者问安仔） Custom must be distinguished from mere usage, such as acts done out of courtesy, friendship, or convenience, rather than out of obligation or a feeling that non-compliance would produce legal consequences.（习惯必须与通例相区分，如一国的行为是出于礼貌，友爱或方便，而不是出于义务或感到如不遵循该做法将产生法律后果而为的行为是通例） The traditional view is that a rule of customary international law derives its validity from the possession of two elements: a material element and a psychological element. （传统观点认为，具有以下两个因素，习惯国际法规才有效：物质因素和心理因素）The material element refers to the behavior and practice of States,（物质因素是指国家的行为和实践） whereas the psychological element, usually referred to as the opinio juris sive necessitatis or simply opinio juris, is the subjective conviction held by State that the behavior in question is compulsory and not discretionary.（而心理因素指的是法律及必要的信念，或简言之，法律确信。即国家主观上确信有关的行为是强制性的，而非国家可自由决定的。） Any alleged rule of customary law must therefore be checked as to its material and its psychological element.（因此，任何所谓的习惯法规则必须由物质因素和心理因素来验证它是不是真正的习惯法规则。）opinio juris sive necessitatis： 必须遵守的信念opinio juris： 法的确信The material elementThe psychological element: opinio juris sive necessitatis (心理确信)Evidence of Customary International law: 习惯国际法的依据：a. Treaties（条约）b. decisions of national and international courts（国内法院和国际法院的裁决）c. national legislation（国家立法）d. diplomatic correspondence（外交文书）e. opinions of national legal adviser（国家法律顾问的意见）f. practice of international organizations（国际组织的实践）Chapter 3 Treaty三大条约:1. VTC1969 维也纳条约法公约2. VCS1978关于国家在条约方面的继承的维也纳公约3. VCIO1986 关于国家和国际组织间或国际组织相互间条约法的维也纳公约各条约对“条约”的定义：1. Article 2(1) of the VTC 1969treaty means an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law. Whether embodied in a single instruments or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation(“条约”是指国家间所缔结而以国际法为准的国际书面协议，不论其载于一项单独文书或两项以上相互有关的文书内，而不论其特定名称如何。)2. Article 2(1) of the VCIO 1986:(a): treaty means an international agreement governed by international law and concluded in written form: 1. between one or more States and one or more international organizations; or 2.between international organizationwhether that agreement is embodied n a single instrument or in two or more related instrument and whatever its particular designation.（“条约指一个或一个以上国家和一个或一个以上国际组织间或国际组织之间以书面缔结并接受国际法支配的协议，不论其记载于一项单独文书或两项或更多有关的文书内，亦不论其特定名称如何）3Paul Reuter: A treaty is an expression of concurring will attributable to two or more subjects of international law and intended to have legal effects under the rules if international law（条约是两个或两个以上国际法主体依国际法规则为准，据以产生法律效力的一致的意思表示）条约的五大要素:1. an expression of concurring wills 意思表示一致2. concurring wills attributable to two or more subjects由两方或多方表示一致3. subjects of international law 国际法的主体缔结的4. an intended to have legal effects有产生法律效力的意愿5. legal effects under the rules if international law 在国际公法上产生法律效力Conclusion and entry into force of treaties 签约的过程1. Accrediting of negotiations 授权It is necessary that such representatives should be fully accredited and given sufficient authority to conduct negotiations and conclude and sign the final treaty. As a general rule, such authority is contained in a formal document known as full powers or often pleins pouvoirs（国家必然对代表进行全权委托并授予其充分的权力去进行谈判、缔结及签署最后条约。作为一个一般规则，这种权力包含在“全权证书”，即经常所说的“完全委托书”这类正式文件中。）具有全权代理的主体: Article 7 of the VCT 1969:(a) heads of States, heads of the government and ministers for foreign affairs have full powers for the purpose of performing all acts relating to the conclusion of a treaty.(国家元首、政府首长、外交部长，可以全权代理实施关于缔结条约的一切行为(b) Heads of diplomatic missions have powers for the purpose of adopting the text of treaty between the accrediting State and the State to which they are accredited; and （使馆馆长，为议定派遣国与驻在国间条约约文）(c) Representative accredited by States to an international conference or to an international organization or one of its organs, have powers to act for the purpose of adopting the text in that conference, organization or organ.（国家派往国际会议或派驻国际组织一机关的代表，为议定在该会议、组织或机关内议定这条约约文）（非常拗口，自己慢慢理解啦）2. Negotiation and adoption 谈判,商判3. Authentication, signature and exchange 认证,签署,变更4. Effect of signature 5. Registration and publication 条约的登记与公布Accession(加入) indicates that a State is to become a party to the whole treaty, whereas adhesion（加附） only involves acceptance of part of a treaty.（加入表明该国将成为整个条约的缔约方，而加附表明该国只接受条约的一部分）Reservations 保留Validity of reservation 保留的效力:保留国与非保留国的效力不得保留的情况:(a) when the treaty explicitly forbids reservations; 该保留为条约所禁止(b) when the treaty dose nor permit the type of reservation being made; and 通行条约仅准许特定保留而有关保留不在其内者(c) when the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.与条约目的及宗旨不合Application of treaties:1. non-retroactivity 无溯及力2. territorial application3. successive treaties 4. treaties and third partiesTreaty interpretation 解释4个解释原则: 1 good faith 善意 2 ordinary meaning 3 special meaning 4 the context, object and purpose 符合目的和宗旨Article 31 States: treaties shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of their object purpose。（第31条指出：“条约应依其用语按上下文并参照条约的目的及宗旨所具有的通常意义善意地进行解释）解释的辅助手段: Article 32 of the VCT 1969 : Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of Article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to Article 31: 1 to determine the meaning ambiguous or obscure; （1 当应用条约解释含义仍然模糊）or 2 leads to a results which is manifestly absurd of unreasonable （2 会导致荒谬或不合理的结果）（上面一整段的翻译：为证实由于适用第31条所得到的意义起见，或者按照第31条作出的解释：（1）、所遇到的意义不明或难解时；或，（2）、导致显然荒谬或不合理的结果时。为确定该用语的意义，得使用补充的解释资料，所括该条约的准备资料及缔结的情况在内。）validity of treaties 效力 A state cannot plead a breach of its constitutional provision to the making of treaties as a reason for invalidating an agreement（一个国家不可因其国内法规定不同而违反国际法的规定）可因下列原因不接受国际法规定: 1 error 错误 Article 48: a State may only invoke an error in a treaty as invalidating its consent to be bound if the error to a fact or situation which was assured by that State to exist at the time when the treaty was concluded and formed an essential basis of its consent to be found（一国得援引条约中的错误会以主张其承受条约拘束的同意无效，但以此项错误关涉该国在缔结条约里假定为存在且构成其同意受该条约拘束的必要基础的事实或情势为限） 2 Fraud and corruption 欺诈和腐败 Where a State consents to be found by a treaty as a result of the fraudulent conduct of another negotiating State, that State may, under Article 49 of the VCT1969, invoke the fraud as invalidating its consent to be bound.（倘若一国因另一谈判国的欺诈行为而同意受条约约束，那么该国可以按照VCT1969第49条的规定，援引欺诈作为其受约束的同意无效的理由） If a States consent to a treaty has been procured through the corruption of its representative, directly or indirectly by another negotiating State the former State is entitled to claim that the treaty is invalid, under article 50 of the VTC 1969.（如果一国对条约的同意是经过另一谈判国直接或间接地贿赂其代表而取得的，那么前一国有权按照1969年维也纳条约法公约第50条的规定，主张条约无效）3 Coercion 威胁 Use of coercion in the concluding of treaties will invalidate the treaty and may occur in one of two ways: (a) coercion of State representatives 对代表的威胁 (b) coercion of a State 对国家的威胁4 Unequal treaties 不平等条约5 jus cogens强行法The effect of invalidity 无效的后果 Article 69 of the VTC1969 provides that: where the invalidity of a treaty is established, the treaty is void and its provisions have no legal effect.(倘若依该公约经确定为无效的条约是无效的。无效的条约无法律效力。) If acts have been performed in reliance on a void treaty, then State may require other parties to establish, as far as possible, the position with regard to their mutual relations that would have existed if the acts had not been performed. (但是台果因信赖此种条约而实施了一些行为，则每一当事国得要求任何其他当事国在其相互关系上尽可能恢复如果这些行为并未实施原应存在的情况。)Acts performed in good faith in reliance on a treaty before its invalidity was invoked are not rendered unlawful by reason only of the invalidity of the treaty.（在援引条约无效前善意实施的一些行为并不因条约的无效而成为非法。） Article 71:deals with the specific consequences arising where a treaty conflicts with jus cogens. In such a situation, the parties to the void treaty are under an obligation to bring their mutual relations into conformity with the peremptory norm.(第71条涉及了条约与一般国际法强行规则相抵触的后果。在这类情况下，当事方有义务使彼关系符合一般国际法强行规则) Where the treaty becomes void and terminates as a result of the development of a new rule of jus cogens under Article 64, the parties are released from any obligations father to perform the treaty, but rights and obligations created through the treaty prior to its termination are unaffected, provided that such rights or obligations do not themselves conflict with the new peremptory norm.（遇有条约依第64条成为无效而终止的情形，解除当事国继续履行条约的义务；但不影响该条约当事国在该条约终止前由于实施该条约所产生的任何权利、义务与一般国际法新的强行规则不相抵触为限。） Termination of suspension of and withdrawal from treaties 条约的终止/暂停施行与退出 1. By consent 同意 :Article 54 to 59 of the VTC1969 provide for various situations where a treaty may be terminated or suspended, or where a party may withdraw from a treaty by consent.(VCT1969第54条至59条规定了基于同意条约可以被终止或暂停施行或者当事方可以退出的各种情况。)2. Material breach 他方违约 It has always been a rule of customary law that the breach of an important provision of a treaty by one party entitles the other parties to regard that agreement as at an end.（一方当事方违反了条约的重要规定使对方当事方有权认为协定已终止，这一直是个习惯法规则。为引起的一个主要问题是证明应是多么重大的违约才使条约的终止正当。） The VTC1969 refer to a material breach as consisting in:（VCT1969彿的“重大违约”是指：） (a) a repudiation of the treaty not sanctioned by the present Convention, or（废弃该条约，而此种废弃非本公约所批准） (b) the violation of a provision essential to the accomplishment of the object or purpose of the treaty.（违反条约规定，而此项条约规定为达成该条约目的或宗旨所必要）3. Supervening impossibility of performance（嗣后履行不能） (Article 61 of the VTC1969 ) If a treaty becomes impossible to perform as a result of the permanent disappearance or destruction of an object indispensable for the execution of the treaty, that impossibility may be invoked as a reason for terminating or suspending the treaty.（该条规定如因实施条约所必不可少的标的物永乐消失或毁坏以致不可能履行条约时，条约当事方得援引履行不能作为终止或退出该条约的理由） 4 Fundamental change of circumstances 情势根本变迁 By Article 62, are that the change of circumstances must not have been foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the treaty.（第62条指出该原则的适用条件及例外是：情事的改变是订立条约时当事方未预见的。）Chapter 4 The subjects of international law and their recognition In order to be a subject of international law, an entity must have international personality; it must be capable of possessing international rights and duties and, as a consequence, must have the capacity to maintain such rights by bringing international claims.(一个实体要成为国际法的主体，必须具有国际人格；它必须能够享有国际权利和义务，同时，该实体必须有资格提起国际求偿来维护其权利。) The State as a person of international law should possess the following qualification:(国家作为国际法的主体应具有以下条件)(a) a permanent population;（常住的人口）(b) a defined territory（确定的领土）(c) a government; and （政府）(d) a capacity to enter into relations with other States.（与其他国家建立关系的能力）Four subjects of international law : 1 Independent States: 独立国家 2 International Organizations 国际组织 3 Non-Self-governing territories 非自治领土 4 Individual 个人Non-Self-governing territories include: (非自治领土包括) 1 Colonies 殖民地 2 Protectorates 被保护国 3 Mandates and trust territories 委任和托管领土The United Nations: 联合国 1 The purpose of the UN (四个目的) 1 to maintain international peace and security(维持国际和平与安全) 2 to develop friendly relating among nations （促进发展国家间的友好关系） 3 to achieve international co-operation（促成国际合作） 4 to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations（构成一协调各国行动的中心）2 The organs of the UN ( how many :six ) (1 )The General Assembly 联合国大会 (2) The Security Council 安理会(3) The Economic and Social council (ECOSOC) 经社理事会 (4 )The Trusteeship Council 托管理事会 (5 )The Secretarial 秘书处 (6)The International Court of Justice (ICJ) 国际法院注: the Security Council-parimatily resonsible for peace and security and consisting of five permanent members (China,Russia, France,US and Uk) and 10 other elected members.ECOSOC- comprising 54 elected members.Recognition 承认(概念P95)Chapter 5 Territorial rightsTerritorial is a tangible attribute of statehood and, within that particular geographic area which it occupies, a State enjoys and exercises sovereignty.（领土是构成国家地位的明确的属性，在一国占据的特定的地理范围内，国家享有及行使着主权） Territory sovereignty(领土主权) may be defined as the right to exercise therein, to the exclusion of any other State, the functions of a State.（领土主权可以被定义为一国在领土范围的排他行使国家职责的权利） Terra nullius(无主地) consists of territory which is capable of being acquired by a single State but which is not yet under territorial sovereignty.（无主地是能由单独的国家取得但还不处于领土主权控制下的领土） Terra nullius may be contracted with res communis, with denotes territory not capable being claimed by any single State.（无主地可以与共有地相对比，共有地表示的是不能由任何单独的国家主张权利的领土。）Intertemporal law （时际法） Both parties are also agreed that a juridical fact must be appreciated in the light of the law contemporary with it, and not of the law in force at the time when a dispute in regard to it arises or falls to be settled. （ 当事方双方也同意争端必须按照与该争端属于同一时期的法正确评价，而不是按照争端产生或得以解决时有效的法律进行评价。） The effect of discovery by Spain is therefore to be determined by the rule of international law in force in the first half of the 16th country.Critical date: The date on which a dispute over territory crystallizes is known as the critical date.（使领土的争端变得明确的日期被称为关键性的日期，即关键日）Title to territory: 获得领土的方法： 1 occupation of terra nullius 先占:continuous and peaceful 2 prescription时效 : open continuous effective peaceful no prescribed time 3 conquest 征服 4 accretion添附 5 cession割让Prescription There are many similarities between claims based on prescription and those based on occupation. Both require peaceful continuous effective control of territory. However, the modes of acquisition are distinguished by the fact that occupation will open arise in respect of terra nullius(基于时效提出的权利与基于先占而提出的那些权利主张有很多相似之处。二者都要求对领土和平、持续和有效的控制。然而先占只能针对无主地提出，由于这一事实，两种取得方式不同). Protest by other States can defeat a claim base on prescription. Principles of continuity and contiguity 连续性和毗连性原则 The sector pri