(上课用)增译、减译法.ppt

第四讲 增词译法和省词译 法 Amplification Omission 1 1 前提做法目的动因 增词词 译译法 暗含 v.s. 明示 准确 理解 原文 加词忠实、流畅、准确、 地道、通顺、有表现 力和清楚地再现原文 信息 语系、历史、文 化背景差异 省词词 译译法 形合 v.s. 意合 同上减词忠实、顺畅、简洁、 精炼、印象深刻地再 现原文信息 同上 2 2 增词： A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper. 一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。 一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。 一本书，如果紧紧合上而不读，只是一叠废 纸。 ( 闲置之书只是一叠废纸。) 3 3 增词：名词词形与使用 A) Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院 B) The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王 C) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影 。 4 4 省词： John got up vary early in the morning. He put on his jacket, (his) trousers and (his) shoes, sat down at (his) desk and began to do his homework. 清晨约翰起得很早。他穿上夹克、裤子和鞋子 ，就在书桌那里坐下来开始做家庭作业。 试比较：清晨约翰起得很早。他穿上他的夹克 、裤子和鞋子，就在书桌那里坐下来开始做他 的家庭作业。 5 5 省词：e.g. I drank some ice tea, but it made me more thirsty. Version A: 我喝了一些冰茶，但它 却使我更渴了。 Version B: 我喝了一些冰茶，却更 渴了。 6 6 A) Success is often just an idea away. B) Away flies the arrow! C) We are looking forward with interest to your reply. D) A gentleman will die for one who appreciates his worth while a woman will beautify herself for one who attracts her. 课堂思考与练习1 试将下列英语句子译成汉语，注意词量的 增减。 7 7 A) Success is often just an idea away. 成功往往只是一个念头的距离。 成功往往只是一念之差。 成功与否往往只是一念之差。 成败往往在于一念之间。 课堂思考与练习1 参考译文 试将下列英语句子译成汉语，注意词 量的增减。 8 8 B) Away flies the arrow! 箭飞走了！ 箭嗖的一声飞走了！ 嗖，箭飞走了！ 9 9 C) We are looking forward with interest to your reply. 我们带着极大的兴趣盼望贵方的答复 。 盼复。 D) A gentleman will die for one who appreciates his worth while a woman will beautify herself for one who attracts her. 士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。 1010 增词译法与省词译法 在准确理解原文的基础上在译文 中添加必要词语或省略一些词语 以便忠实再现原文信息和在译文 中进行通顺表达的翻译方法。 原则：增词不能蛇足，减词不能 损意（王宏印，2002：174） 1111 课堂思考与练习2 1、判断以下说法的正误并改正。 1）增词译法就是在译文中随意添加词语的翻译 技巧。 2）减省译法省略的词语都是原文中不重要的词 语。 3）增译法和省译法都是目的语友善的归化译法 。 4）增译即是增加原文中虽无其词却有其意的一 些部分；省译即是要确保在译文中虽无其词但有 其意。 2、判断以下译文是否属于增译或省译法并说明 理由和改进。 1212 Ladies Room LadiesLadies Room Ladies Cf. Mens Room MenCf. Mens Room Men 1313 Automatic Flush 1414 来也匆匆，去也冲冲 Come in Hurry, Go in Hurry Flush after Use Come in a Rush, Leave with a Flush 1515 One small step forward, one giant leap for civilian Step Closer 1616 Specialist ClinicSpecialist Clinic 1717 AmplificationAmplification 增词译法增词译法 SemanticSemantic 语义语义 (Clearer, smoother,(Clearer, smoother, Idiomatic)Idiomatic) Structural/Syntactic 句法句法 Rhetoric 修辞 1818 A.语义性增补 Semantic amplification 1. Amplification by supplying verbs, nouns, adj, adv, numerals, plural forms of nouns, unit words, category words, etc. For example: *增加名词 Wash before meal. 饭前洗手 . He never smokes or drinks. 他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。 He has greater interest in novels than in poetry. 他对小说的兴趣比对诗的兴趣大。 1919 *增加动词 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表 演以后，他还得起草最后公报。 2020 The wealth of students talent, application and industry are currently being wasted on diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about（卢红梅， 2006，p36). 学生们的天赋、专心和勤奋现在正被 浪费在攻读一些无人感兴趣的文凭和 学位课程上。 2121 *增加范畴词 In E-C，we usually translate abstract nouns into concrete nouns by adding category words, such as “化”、“性”、“论”、“品”、“度” 等。如： abstraction抽象化 necessity必要性 relativity相对论 intensity强度 preparation准备工作 tension紧张状态 2222 administration 管理部门 application 使用场合 computation 计算技术 damage 破坏情况 imagination 想象力 jealousy 嫉妒心理 2323 * *增加概括词 Amplification by supplying words of generalization. They talked about inflation, unemployment, financial investment and environmental protection. 他们谈到了通货膨胀、失业、金融投资以及环 境保护等问题。 China and Great Britain arrived at an agreement on exchange students. 中英双方就两国之间交换留学生问题达成了一 项协议。 2424 *增加量词 A）Shakespeare was a well-known playwright in the history of English literature. 莎士比亚是英国文学史上一位著名的剧作家 。 2525 *增加副词 The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 He poured out his tale of misfortunes. 他滔滔不绝地诉说/一古脑地讲诉/倾诉了自己 的不幸遭遇。 2626 *增加表达复数概念的词：重叠词、数词 等 The judge let him off with warnings not to cause trouble. 法官对他再三提出警告不得重新作案，然后把 他释放。 Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause. 货物保险会使贸易商免受许多风险所可能造 成的种种损失。 2727 2. Amplification by supplying words in the TL text that can indicate the verb tenses in the SL text 增加因汉语语法无法 表达的时态虚词（如正、在、着、了、过） 或 时间短语（如过去、现在、将来、那天、当时 、到目前、一直） Cotton is falling in price, and the buyers hold off. 棉花正在跌价，买主们都在持币观望。 Inflation was and still is the No. 1 problem of that country. 通货膨胀过去是，现在仍然是该国的首要问题。 We can learn what we did not learn. 我们能够学会我们过去/原来/以往不懂的东西。 2828 3. Amplification by supplying background information Le Monde, the BBC, the New York Times, the entire Arab press all quote Heikal at length. 法国的世界报，英国广播公司，美国的纽约时 报，以及整个阿拉伯报界都大篇幅地引用海克 尔的话。 The blond boy quickly crossed himself. 那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字祈求上帝保 佑。 Nixon learned that Ceausescu would welcome a presidential visit. 尼克松了解到，齐奥塞斯库欢迎美国总统访罗 。 2929 Not all mergers, however, are the result of global economic trends, political change or technological innovation. BMWs takeover of the Rover Group injected much needed investment into the struggling UK car manufacturer whilst extending BMWs product range. 然而，并非所有的合并都是经济全球化趋势、 政治变化或者技术革新所带来的结果。德国宝 马汽车公司接管了罗福汽车集团，给这个在挣 扎中求生存的英国汽车制造公司注入了急需的 资金，同时又拓展了宝马汽车公司本身的产品 范围。 3030 三个臭皮匠，顶个三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮诸葛亮。 Three cobblers with their wits combined Three cobblers with their wits combined equal equal ZhugeZhuge Liang, Liang, the master mindthe master mind. . 班门班门弄斧弄斧 Showing off ones proficiency with the Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, axe before Lu Ban, the master the master carpentercarpenter. . 3131 Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard. 俗话说，壁橱里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家 有。 Advice and correction roll off him like water off a ducks back. 规劝对他好象水过鸭背不起作用。 3232 B. 结构性增补 Syntactic Amplification 1 Amplification by supplying words omitted in the source language text. We dont retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不 会后退。 A government of and by and for the exploiting class cannot possibly survive. 一个由剥削阶级所占有，由剥削阶级所组成， 并为剥削阶级服务的政府是不可能存在下去的 。 3333 Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化成能量，能量也可以转化成物质 。 Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice. 勇敢过度即成蛮勇，感情过度即成溺爱，节俭 过度即成贪婪。 Dont you want Mr. Smith to be your tutor? Yes, of course. 你不想让史密斯先生当你的导师吗？我当然想 。 3434 B. 句法性增补 Syntactic Amplification 2. Amplification by supplying what is implied structurally in the SL text The strongest man can not alter the law of nature. 即使最强壮的人也不能改变自然法则。 More thorough testing might have caught the failure initially. 如果测试更为彻底，也许一开始就能找出故障 。 3535 Suppose the preparatory work should not be completed. 准备工作完成不了，那可怎么办？ The financing of the sale often involves bills of exchange and documentary credits. 商品买卖的货款收付情况体现在汇票或跟单信 用证中。 3636 Since air has weight , it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物 体都会受到空气的作用力。 At the time of Kennedys assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or disaster. 在肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为假如肯尼迪再任 一届总统的话，大概不是立大功就是闯大祸。 3737 C. 修辞性增补Rhetorical Amplification 1）增加语气词 Dont take it seriously. Its only a joke. 不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。 Their host carved, poured, server, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health. 他们的主人又是割呀，又是倒呀，又是布菜呀，又 是切面包呀，又是谈呀，又是笑呀，又是敬酒呀， 忙个不停。 You are only young once. At the time it seems endless, and is gone in a flash; and then for a long time you are old. 人的一生只能年轻一次，年轻时总觉得时间无限， 而失去就在瞬间，而后呢，就要在漫长的岁月中度 过晚年。 3838 We think we have freed our slaves, but we have not. We just call them by a different name. 我们自以为奴隶已经解放了，实际上并没有。我们 不过用一种不同的名字来称呼他们罢了。 He adored that girl who had just gone out. 他一心恋着刚走出去的那个女孩。 Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. (Francis Bacon) 有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，惟明智之士 用读书，然而并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中 ，而在书外，全凭观察得之。 3939 2）增加四字对偶词组或叠词 But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事那时已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆 知了。 The manager was a nervous anxious little man, always ready to cry wolf if the shop takings went down a pound or two. 经理是个身材矮小、神经过敏、焦虑不安 的人。只要商店营业收入下降一两镑，他 就要大喊大叫。 4040 How do you translate the following? Even the most complicated computer man has yet built cant compare in intricacy（复杂）with the brain. Computer switches and components number in the thousands rather than in the billions. Whats more, the computer switch is just an on-off device, whereas the brain cell is itself possessed of a tremendously complex structure. 4141 即便人类现今研制出的最复杂的电脑 ，其复杂程度也无法与人脑相比。电 脑的转换器和元件只是成千上万，而 不是上百亿、上千亿。更重要的是， 电脑的转换器仅是一种开关装置，而 人脑细胞本身却有着极其复杂的内部 结构。 4242 Omission 省词译法 Structural/Syntactic 结构性减省 Rhetorical 修辞性减省 4343 Two Types of Omission 1. Syntactic Omission 句法性减省 differences at both word and sentence level 2. Rhetorical Omission 修辞性减省 differences in the way of expressing, e.g.: the source language - more indispensable, natural while the target language superfluous, unnatural, redundant, wordy. 4444 They had ground him beneath their heel, they had taken the best of him, they had murdered his father, they had broken and wrecked his wife, they had crushed his whole family. 他们把他踩在脚下，压得粉碎，他们榨干了他 的精髓，害死了他的父亲，摧残了他的妻子， 毁灭了他的全家。 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。 When the students finished all the books they had brought, they opened the lunch and ate it. 学生们看完了随身带的书，就打开饭盒吃起来 。 4545 Structural Omission： 1. 冠词省译 1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 太阳东边升起西边落。 2. The policeman asked the driver to describe the accident in greater detail. 警察要求司机把事故经过讲得更详细些 。 3. The little boy pretended like a man. 小男孩假装大人。 4646 Syntactic Omission ：2. 介词 省译 1. The students from Guangzhou live at home while the others live in the dormitory. 广州的同学住家里，其他同学住宿舍。 2. Now complaints are heard in all parts of that country. 该国各地目前怨声载道。 3. The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 1949年中华人民共和国成立。 4747 Syntactic Omission ：3.代词省 译 人称代词、反身代词、关系代词 1. In Japan it is rude to blow your nose and as in China, rude to leave your chopsticks standing up in a bowl of rice. 在日本，擤鼻子很不文雅。而在中国，将筷 子竖直插在饭碗里是很不恰当的。 2. All the fellows gathered around, stretching their necks like geese. 所有的小伙子都聚拢来，像鹅一样伸长脖子 。 4848 3. “You must finish your homework before you go out to play,” said Mum to Tom. 母亲对汤姆说：“你必须做完家庭作 业后，才可以出去玩。 4. How do atoms arrange themselves in solid? 原子在固体中是如何排列的？ 4949 5. When deeply absorbed in work, which he often was, he would forget all about eating and sleeping. 他经常聚精会神地工作,往往废寝忘 食. 6.If you want to kill a snake you must hit it first on the head and if you want to catch a band of robbers you must first catch their leader. 打蛇先打头，擒贼先擒王。 5050 Syntactic Omission： 4.非人称代词“It”的省译 形式主语、形式宾语、时空和天气概 念 1. It is only shallow people who judge by appearances. 只有浅薄的人才以貌取人。 2. He took it upon himself to pay off the debt. 他自愿负责还清债务。 5151 3. It was just growing dark, as she shut the garden gate. 她关院子门时，天黑了。 4. It looks like rain. Youd better go home now. 好象要下雨了。 你回去吧。 5252 Syntactic Omission： 5.连词省译 并列连词、从属连词(因果连词、条件连 词、时间连词等) 1. He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧郁不安。 2. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 5353 3. Just like the ever-changing weather, peoples life is unpredictable. 天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。 4. Lets think of a situation where this idiom can be used. 我们来想一个可以使用这个习语的 场合。 5454 5. As it was already rather dark, we decided to stop at the temple for the night. 天已经很黑了，我们决定在庙里 过夜。 6. When the masses are of one heart, everything becomes easy. 群众齐心协力了，一切事情就好 办了。 众人一条心，其力可断金。 5555 Syntactic Omission： 6.动词 省译 1. When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low. 气压低，沸点就低。 2. Thirty years ago, concern for environmental issues was restricted to small groups of scientists. 三十年前只有少数科学家关注环境问题 。 5656 3. The representatives of the two sides have now agreed on the proposals put forward by the coordinator. 双方代表（已）一致同意协调人的方案 。 4.These developing countries cover vast territories, comprise a large population and abound in natural resources. 这些发展中国家土地辽阔，人口众多 ，资源丰富。 5757 Rhetoric Omission： 1.原文重复词语或意义的省译 University postgraduate applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学硕士生的人，有工作经验的优先录 取。 The crowd was pushing harder. Those in the middle were squeezed against each other so tightly they could not move in any direction. 人群越挤越厉害，夹在当中的人被挤得动弹 不得。 5858 Bacteria capable of causing disease are known as pathogenic, or disease- producing. 能引起疾病的细菌称为致病菌。 The late Mrs Achson had passed to her Maker somewhere about 1930. 亚马逊太太大约是在1930年升天的。 5959 “Remember: you are not any old Tom, Dick or Harry giving his opinion. Youre a man who was went as a representative of the British Government.” “你要记住，你不是一个普普通通的老百姓，可 以随便发表意见。你是英国政府派出的代表。” Its essential that the mechanic or technician understands well the characteristics of battery circuits and the proper methods for connecting batteries or cells. 重要的是，技术人员要深入了解电池电路的特 性和连接电池的正确方法。 6060 Rhetoric Omission： 2.不言而喻的词语的省略 For our part, we fully realized that to avoid the possibility of any further ceasefire violations, the troops must be withdrawn. 我们充分认识到，要避免可能再一次违反停火 协议，就必须撤军。 Could you help me in any way? 你能帮帮我吗？ We should never take advantage of someone who is in trouble. 我们不能乘人之危。 6161 The agreement in question calls for your working out business to the amount of $500000. 该协议书要求你们做成50万美元的业务。 Every time people reach a status in life , they seem to take pride in the fact that they now have a secretary. 每当人们上升到一定的地位时，他们似乎以有 一名秘书而感到自豪。 There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 天未下雪，但