国际贸易学(英)术语.doc

国际贸易学（英）术语和理论The supply curve(供给曲线) shows the lowest possible price at which some producer would be willing to supply each unit.The relative price（相对价格）-the ratio of one product price to another product price.An indifference curve(无差异曲线) shows the various combinations of consumption quantities（消费量） that lead to the same level of well-being or happiness.Term of Trade(TOT贸易条件)For each country, the gains from trade depend on the countrys international term of trade, which are the price the country receives from foreign buys for its export products , relative to（相对于） the price that the country pays foreign sellers for its import products.The H-O theory predicts that a country exports the products that use its abundant factors(充裕要素) intensively and imports the products using its scarce factors（稀缺要素） intensively.A country is relatively labor-abundant（劳动力充裕） if it has a higher ratio of labor to other factors than does the rest of the world.A product is relatively labor-intensive（劳动力密集） if labor costs are a greater share of its value than they are of the value of other products. H-O theory Trade arises from(来自) differences in the availability of factor inputs（要素投入） in different countries and differences in the proportions（比例） in which these factors are used in producing different products.l There is expansion in the export-oriented sector出口导向行业 (the one using the countrys abundant factor intensively in production).l There is contraction in the import-competing sector进口竞争行业 ( the one using the countrys scarce factor intensively).l The changes in production have one set of effects on incomes in the short run, but another in the long run.The Stolper-Samuelson theorem（斯托尔珀-萨缪尔森定理）v It raises the real return to the factor used intensively in the rising-price industry.v It lowers the real return to the factor used intensively in the falling price industry.The factor-price equalization theorem（要素价格均等化定理） This theorem states that, given certain conditions and assumptions , free trade equalizes not only product prices but also the prices of individual factors between the two countries. Laborers( of the same skill level) earn the same wage rate in both countries. Unit of land ( of comparative quality) earn the same rental return in both countries. With no trade, workers in the U.S., the labor-scarce country, earn a high wage rate, and workers in the rest of the world (labor-abundant) earn a low wage rate. The opening of trade results in a lowering of the wage rate in the U.S and a rise of the wage rate in the rest of the world. If product prices are the same in the two countries with free trade, if production technologies are the same, and if both countries produce both products, then the wage rate is also the same for the two countries with free trade.v Scale economies(规模经济) ：in which large size leads to lower per-unit costs of production.v Intra-industry（产业内贸易） two way in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products.scale economies Internal scale economies(内部规模经济): Scale economies can be internal to individual firm.External scale economies（外部规模经济）: external scale economies are based on the size of an entire industry within a specific geographicWhat are the sources of external scale economies? (1) Greater local supplies of specialized services (2) New knowledge (3) Technology diffuses(技术扩散) quickly among firms in the area (4) Clustering of some industries（产业集群）1Inter-industry trade(产业间贸易)：in which a country export some products in trade for imports of other, quite different products. Intra-industry trade(产业内贸易):two-way trade in which a country both exports and imports the same or very similar products.Net trade is the value of the difference between exports and imports for the product. Net trade is positive( net exports净出口) if the country s exports of the product are larger; it is negative ( net imports净进口) if imports of the product are larger.Balanced growth(平衡型增长) could be the result of increase in the countrys endowment of all factors by the same proportion. Or it could be the result of technology improvement of a similar magnitude in both industries.Immiserizing growth(贫困化增长)Basic Tariff(1) A tariff is a tax on importing a good or service into a country, usually collected by customs officials(海关部门) at the place of entry.(2) Specific tariff（从量税）is stipulated as a money amount per physical unit of import, such as dollars per ton of steel bars.(3) Ad valorem tariff（从价税）is a percentage of the estimated market value of the goods when they reach the importing country.(4) A compound duty (tariff) （复合税）is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff. (5) Modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriers（非关税壁垒）, such as:Import quotas（进口配合）: Limit the quantity of importsExport restraints（出口限制）:Limit the quantity of exportsThe terms of trade（贸易条件） is the relative price of the exportable good expressed in units of the importable good.A small country（小国） is a country that cannot affect its terms of trade no matter how much it trades with the rest of the world. non-tariff barriers(非关税壁垒)Types of non-tariff barriers to importsv Non-tariff barriers(NTB) to imports is any policy used by the government to reduce imports, other than a simple tariff on imports.v Non-tariff barriers can take many forms, including import quotas（进口配额）, discriminatory product standards（歧视性产品标准）, by-at- home rules for government purchases（购买国货）, and administrative red tape to harass importers of foreign products.Ways to Allocate Import LicensesHere are some ways to allocate import licenses（进口许可证）:l （1）The government allocates the license for free to importers using a rule or process that involves (almost) no resource costs.l （2）The government auctions(拍卖) off the licenses to the highest bidders.l （3）The government allocate the licenses through application and selection producers that require the use of substantial resources.A voluntary export restraint (VER)自愿出口限制 is an odd-looking trade barrier in which the import country government coerces the foreign exporting country to agree “voluntarily” to restrict its exports to this country.externalities（外部性）spillover effects（挤出效应）government subsidy（政府补贴）distortions （扭曲）The infant industry argument：幼稚产业理论：A temporary tariff is justified because it cuts down on imports while the infant domestic industry learns h