人教版新课标高一英语必修一第四单元教学设计.doc

高中定语从句总结及练习欣赏谚语：1He who knows nothing but pretends to know everything is indeed a good-for nothing.不懂装懂，一事无成. 2. Its the first step that counts.千里之行，始于足下3. He who makes himself a sheep shall be eaten by the wolf. 甘当小绵羊，迟早要喂狼.4.He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。5.God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。. 概念：(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词)后面。(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。(3) 引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词的作用：1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（关系代词：主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词：状语）常用的关系代词: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as 、 常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 whereThe student who answered the question was John. I know the reason why he was so angry.The boy (whom) you are talking to is my brother. Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 定语从句三步：第一找出先行词；第二看引导词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；如果除引导词外的部分是完整的句子（五种简单句的任何一种及there be 句型）就用关系副词；否则用关系代词第三选择合适的关系词。I. 关系代词/副词关系代词/副词在从句中的成分所指代的先行词例 句who /whom主语/宾语（可省）注：作介宾时介词前置时不可省，介词不前置可省指人He who laughs last laughs best.This is the boy (whom /who) you saw yesterday.The man to whom you talked just now is a famous singer.which主语/宾语（可省）作介宾时介词前置时不可省，介词不前置可省指物/事A thing which was bitter to endure may be sweet to remember.This is the college from which I graduated three years ago.that主语/宾语（可省）； 不可位于介词后面指物/事The panda that is chosen Dragon Warrior is big and fat.指人They that know nothing fear nothing.whose定语（。 的）指人Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.指物/事The book whose cover is blue is mine.when时间状语时间Ill never forget the day when the earthquake happened.where地点状语地点This is the place where we first met.why原因状语原因The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus. 几个关系代词的基本用法：1.that: 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语。(指人时，相当于who或 whom；指物时，相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句; 不可置于介词后作宾语) 如：A letter that/which is written in pencil is difficult to read. (主语). Do you know the gentleman that/who spoke just now?. You can take anything ( that) you like. （宾语） . Here is the man ( who/whom/that ) you want to see.Shes no longer the girl ( that) she used to be before.（表语）2. which: 指物；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。如：. The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.（主语） The book (which/that) I bought yesterday is very interesting.（宾语）that 和 which:的比较：在定语从句中，which 和that 在指代事物时，一般可以互换使用，但并非在任何情况下都是这样，这里介绍只用that, 而不宜用which 的情况.先行词为不定代词,all,much,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等, .We should do all that is useful to the people .Theres nothing that can be said about it .Do you mean the one that was bought yesterday?先行词被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等词修饰时。1The only thing that we could do was to wait.Thats the very word that is wrongly used.The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works.You can take any seat that is free.I hope the little that I can will be of some help to them.比较 *This is one of the best novels that were published last year.*This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.*This is only one of the best novels that were published last year.先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时。When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake.This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时。.This is the best that can be done now.2The most important thing that should be done right now is to stop him from going on.先行词既有人又有物，用which和who都不适合，这时宜用that. 如：.I didnt know much about the writer and his novel that you have just talked about . The rider and his bike that had run over an old woman were held up by the police.被修饰词为数词时. 1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .如果有两个从句，其中一个关系代词已用which ,另一个关系代词宜用that，以避免语言的单调或重复。Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.疑问词是who或which，关系代词宜用that，以避免重复。 Which is the book that you like best?. Who is the man that is standing at the gate?主句是There be 结构，修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词. 如： There is still a seat in the corner that is still free.被修饰成分为表语时，或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that . Thats a good book that will help you a lot. My home village is no longer the place ( that ) it used to be .定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情况:当关系代词的前面有介词时. .A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?在非限制性定语从句中. Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which . Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 当关系代词后面带有插入语时. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.先行词本身是that, 宜用which . Whats that which she is looking at? Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns (which / that). 1. This is the only book _ I got last year. 2. Is this the book in _ you are interested? 3. This is the largest animal _ Tom saw in the zoo. 4. Rose still remembers the trees and teachers_ exist (存在)in the mother school. 5. All the desks _ are bought look really wonderful. 6. Do you have any money _is used to build the factory? 7. Tom has a toy, _ was given by his father. 8. This is the second watch _ my father bought for me. who, whom, whose:who: 主格, 在从句中作主语，在口语或非正式用法中作宾语; 只可指人whom: 宾格，在从句中作宾语; 只可指人whose: 属格，在从句中作定语，可指人也可指物。I like the students who/that work hard. （主语）All who heard the story were amazed. (代词如he, they, any, those, all, one等后多用who.)Chaplin, for whom life had once been very hard, was a success as an actor. （宾语）Hes a man from whom we should learn. = Hes a man (whom/who/that) we should learn from.比较：*He is the student whom you think to be worthy of your praise.He is the student who you think is worth praising.whose +n =the +n +of + which/whom = of + which/whom +the +nA child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.（指人）Id like a room whose window faces south. （指物）=Id like a room of which the window faces south. =Id like a room the window of which faces south. 比较：修饰人时关系代词that 和who, whom的区分。1.先行词是one, ones, anyone, those时，宜用whoThose who dare to break the law will be punished .2.在There be开头的句字中，宜用 who； There are many people who are against him.3.先行词指人，且关系代词前有介词时，只用whom; She is the girl with whom I went there.4.当先行词是人称代词如 he,they,you ，I 常用于谚语中；He who plays with fire gets burned. 玩火者必自焚。Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns (who / that).1. Look at that lady _ name is Polly. A. who B. whose C. that2. The girl _ could sing well went to Europe. A. who B. whose C. whom3. Tom is the first boy _ left the room. A. who B. that C. which4. Those _ want to go to the Great Wall sign your name here. A. that B. whose C. who5. There is an old man _ wants to see you. A. who B. that C. whomIII：介词+关系代词的情况关系代词作介词宾语:关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.）介词关系代词引导的定语从句, 关键是判断介词的选择.方法一:根据从句中动词与先行词习惯搭配 方法二:根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系注意：关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。此时关系代词只能用which 或 whom; 不可用that 或who 代替。This is the book for which you asked. =This is the book (that/which) you asked for.Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with? In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week?Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week?This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。一般是两个词或者三个词构成的短语动词，不宜将介词与动词分开如look at, look for, look after, take care of等) 介词+关系代词的使用1. Do you like the book she spent $10? 2. Do you like the book she paid $10?3. Do you like the book she learned a lot? 4. Do you like the book she often talks? 5. He dug a hole he could got water from the lake.6. There is a tall tree outside, stands our teacher.7. China has a lot of rivers, the second longest _is the Yellow River.8. The man _ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at swimming.9. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.*注：（1）*注：whose 也可在从句中与它修饰的名次放在介词后作介词宾语，which 也可以：(which 通常代替前面整个句子)The boss in whose company my father worked is a very kind person.He may be late ,in which case we should wait for him. His son insisted on joining the army ,in which case he had to give in .Jane spent four years in college ,during whch time she studied medicine .（2）介词+which /whom to do 做后置定语，相当于一个定语从句He has a knife with which to defend himself.(=with which he can defend himself )The poor man has no house in which to live .(=in which he can live )四：as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)如为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等结构中。如：I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.)I have never seen such a talented young man as he is .(表语)我从未见过像他这样才华横溢的年轻人。Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.(as 作主语).-Why didnt you mention that in face of the police just now?- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning. We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.Dont do such things as you are not sure about. 注:the same .that 与 the same .as 结构相同但意义不同，前者表示同一个，而后者表示相似； 比较：This is the same book as I read last week.(相似)This is the same book that I read last week.(同一个)但是如果先行词是抽象名词则无区别：She told me the same story as /that you told me.比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句as在从句中作宾语） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句，that 不做句子成分，作连词）如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as 作宾语)=As is known to us all, smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作主语）=Its known to us all that smoking is harmful to ones health .=What is known to us all is that smoking is harmful to ones health .=Smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)（3）as & which 引导非限制性定语从句的区别：位置的不同：which 引导的定语从句只置于所限制的 句子后，在意义上相当于and this 意思是“这件事”；as 的从句主要是起到连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并且指出主句内容的根据或出处等；其位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.（指代前面整个句子)2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know. 或As you know, Jack is an honest man.先行词的不同：as引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；which引导非限制性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词） She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was. He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）He is an honest man, as is known to all. He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.as 一般译为正如就像，这一点as we all know/see/imagine正如我们所知的、所见的、所想象的； as （is ）known to all 正如被所有人所知的； as has been expected 正如所预料的As has been said before 正如前面所说的 注：as 后若为is/was + done 时，（4）在从句中作主语时，which既可以作系动词be 的主语，也可以作实义动词的主语，而as 只作系动词be 的主语；从句是否定句时用which,He married her, which/as was natural .He saw the girl ,which delighted him.(不用as ) The Chinese Women Volleyball Team finally turned the tables on their rivals ,which we hadnt expected. 中国女排最后翻盘了，这一点我们没有想到。. 关系副词引导的定语从句:When 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。其先行词是表时间的名词（如：time, day, week, tear, month, etc.）He came last night when I was out.We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather would be better.(1)注意：先行词为时间名词，可用when引导定语从句，when在定语从句中作状语；还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较: I still remember the day when /on which my brother joined the army.（作状语）Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.I still remember the days which/that we spent together. （作宾语） Next winter which/that youll spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be exciting.I shall never forget the day when Shen Zhou was launched, which has a great effect on my life.There are occasions when joking is not permissible.(2)it is the first time that 句型中用that 不用when ,这是习惯用法；It is the first time that I have been to the Great Wall.(3).当先行词是by the time,any time ,each time ,every time ,the moment,all the time ,the day ,the week,the year, 后面由when 引导的定语从句关系副词when 常省去By the time (when ) he was 13,he had already built a lab for himself .注：since when中的when 为代词，可以引导定语从句，为了更好、更清晰表达句意；He graduated from Peking University in 2004 ,since when he has worked as a teacher.Where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。其先行词是表示地点的名词，如：place, school, factory, room, etc. This is the place where I was born. I live in the room where /in which he used to live. 注意：先行词是地点名词，定语从句可用where引导，还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。 比较: This is the factory where /in which he worked last year. （作状语）This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语）Not having been there before, he simply had no idea about the place, which everyone says is worth visiting. The small mountain village where we spent our holiday last month lies in what /the place which is now part of Hubei. 注：(1)其他表示抽象概念的“情况、方面”如:case,point,condition,job,后加where 引导的定语从句，相当于in/under which :The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. I think you have got to the point where a change is needed, or you would fail.Government reports, legal papers and most business letters are the main situations where English is used. Hes got himself into a dangerous situation where hes likely to lose control of the plane. This is a good job where we can learn something.We are just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.( 05年山东卷)I work in a business where almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.(04年天津)I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions ,but can not write a good essay.(98年高考)Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick ?(高二必修五p26)(2).from where 中的where 为代词，可以引导定语从句，为了更好、更清晰表达句意；She stood the window ,form where she could see the whole garden.We climbed to the top of the hill ,form where we could see the beautiful sea.Why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。先行词为reason 时，可用for which指代；当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如：The reason why / for which / (that) he didnt attend the meeting was that he was ill.I dont believe the reason (that/which) he gave me. （作宾语） Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语）(1) He was late .Thats because he got up late.He got up late. Thats why he was late.(表语从句)The reason why he was late was that he got up late.(the reason) why/for which he was late. (定语从句)(2)当先行词为way时，定语从句常用that, in which,，that常可以省略。way后的定语从句 的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如:This is the way (that) /in which I do such things.比较:the way that /which/不填 he explained to was quite simple .(作宾语)The way that /in which /不填 he explained the sentence to us was quite simple.(作状语). 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。比较：He has two sisters who are working in this city .(限制性，他有两个在城市里工作的妹妹，言外之意：他可能还有别的不在这个城市工作的妹妹。)He has two sisters ,who are working in this city(非限制性，他有两个妹妹，都在这个城市工作)由以上可见：限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为的字结构）；非限制性定语从句表达的含义具有“唯一性”，翻译时常译成一个并列句，其形式往往可用and.this 替换。This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。Beijing, which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词，指人时用who, whom, whose , 指物时用which , whose; 关系副词when，where, why, etc.1. He studied hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life.2. Toms father, who arrived just now, is a famous scientist.3. They set up a separate state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.补充：（一） 定语从句的分隔现象：我们在学习中常常会遇到这样的情况；定语从句被其他成份隔开，没有直接位于被修饰的中心词即先行词之后，这种现象被称为分隔现象，这种从句叫做分隔式定语从句。出现这种现象有的是由于后置成份较长，为了使句子结构保持平衡，将定语或者同位语移至其他成份之后，有的是出于修辞上的需要，以避免那种千篇一律的语言模式。因此，我们在使用关系词时，要找准中心词，在翻译这类复杂的句子时要正确地理解和分析句子的各种成份，现将分隔式定语从句的主要用法归纳为以下几个方面： 1.被副词或副词性短语隔开。例如： Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou.楼下有人要见你。 Helookedroundtheroomagain,whereallthosebooksgavehimafeelingofsomethingincomprehensibleandhostile.他再度环顾室内，但是那些书给他一种不可思议和颇不友善的感觉。 Iboughtabooktoday,whichIwillgivetoyou.我昨天买了一本书，我会把它给你。 Therewasafellowherelastyear, whowasthebestbridgeplayerImet. ，去年这