工程硕士英语考试资料.ppt

英译汉 将一篇120150 词的一般性题材的英语段落 在30分钟内翻译成汉语 三个阶段 正确理解表达的基础 词汇意义 句子结构 表达方法 直译 意译 直译意译 音译 形译 翻译技巧 省略法 增词法 转译法 重复法 分译法 正反译法 语序调整 语态调整 一般来说，尽可能用 直译，保持原文内容 ，保证语句通顺， No addition of information No miss of information No distortion of information 确切表达 准确 恰当 得体 校对Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1 省 略 法 由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方法、修辞手段等方面的不同， 为了使译文更加精炼，更符合汉语的表达习惯，有时需要省略部分词 语。省略的部分应是一些可有可无的或译出后显得累赘的词。 冠词、连词、代词(尤其是人称代词、关系代词、指示代词)、关系副 词等在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时几乎很少出现。 They have compiled a great mass of statistical data on which they can draw to answer all sorts of inquiries. 他们编辑了大量的统计资料，可供用来回答各种咨询。 Perhaps you have overlooked the fact that your account for July purchases has not yet been settled. 也许你忘记了七月份的购货帐还没有结算呢。 These developing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources. 这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。 When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. 东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2 增 词 法 为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文更通 顺完整，更符合汉语的表达习惯，必须按语义、修辞或 句法上的需要增加一些词语。 All preparation must be done well before you sign a contract. 在签合同之前必须做好一切准备工作。 Speed and reliability are the chief advantages of the electric computers. 速度快、可靠性高是电子计算机的主要优点。 The virus may survive weeks and months. 这病毒可存活数星期至数月。 We wont retreat, we never have and never will. 我们不后退，我们从来没后退过，将来也决不后退。 The journey which has brought me to Peking has been a very long one. Long when measured in miles. Long when measured in time. 我来北京的旅途是漫长的。用里程衡量，它是漫长的。 用时间衡量，它也是漫长的。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3 转 译 法 由于英汉两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异，在保证原文意思不 变的情况下，必须对原文中的某些词语进行词性转换。 Independent observers have commented favourably on the achievements you have made in this direction. 有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很好的评 价。 We also realize the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of our country. 我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门实行工业化。 People in enterprises must be mathematically informed if they are to make wise decisions. 企业管理人员要作出明智的决策就必须懂得数学。 The computers are chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation. 计算机的主要特点是准确性高，运算速度快。 Are you for or against his plan? 你是赞成还是反对他的计划？ His advisers were reported as recommending lower taxes and higher governmental spending. 据说他的顾问们建议降低税收，扩大政府开支。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 4 重 复 法 为了加强语气或表达明确、生动，使句子平衡对称或其 他修辞效果，往往要在一个句子或相连的句群中重复使 用同一词语或同一结构。 I had experienced oxygen and /or engine trouble. 我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障， 或两者都出故障。 We should learn how to analyze and solve problems. 我们应该学会如何分析问题解决问题。 This requires care and, for difficult problems, great experience. 这需要细心，对一些难题来说，还需要丰富的经验。 Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 大国有大国的策略，小国也有小国的办法。 They were starting from scratch and needed men, equipment, and training. 他们白手起家，需要人手，需要设备，需要培训。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 5 分 译 法 由于英汉两种语言在语法结构和表达习惯等方面存在较 大的差异，在翻译时既要忠实于原文的意思，又要保留 原文的结构，这往往会有一定的困难。因此需要改变原 文的结构以保留原文的意思，这就需要把原文的某个成 分从原来的结构中分离开来，译成另一种成分。 1.分译单词一个独立成分、从句或并列成分 He unnecessarily spent a lot of time introducing this book, which the students are quite familiar with. 他花了很多时间介绍这本书，其实没有必要，因为学生 对它很熟悉。 The proposal was surprisingly criticized by all walks of people. 这条建议受到各阶层人民的反对，真是令人吃惊。 He had seen the dictionary fly over the desk and fall at length at the feet of the astonished teacher. 他眼看字典飞过讲台，最后落在老师的脚边，吓了老师 一跳。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 6 分 译 法 2. 分译短语一个独立成分、从句或并列成分 The foreign visitors watched in a fascinated manner the tournament held in Beijing, which exhibited a superb performance and ended in a draw. 外宾们观看了在北京举行的这场锦标赛。这场比赛展示了 精湛的技艺，最后打成平局。他们都看得入迷了。 With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. 由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信 ，但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。 The great speed of light explains why we think we see things happen at the exact moment they are happening. 光速极快，这就是为什么我们认为事情正在发生的一霎那 我们就看到它们发生。 He, a much respected mayor, has devoted his whole life to the betterment of peoples life. 作为一位深受尊敬的市长，他把一生都献给了为人民谋福 利的事业。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 7 分 译 法 3. 分译从句一个独立单句、壮语从句或并列分句 He told me of his experiences such as I had never heard before. 他给我讲了他的经历，这些经历我以前从未听说过。 The university has enrolled 40 students from the poverty- stricken areas who they hope will make contributions to their hometown. 这所大学从贫困地区招收了40名学生，希望他们将来为家 乡作贡献。 That you have had words with the manager is no reason to damage the property of the company. 你和经理吵了架，但这并不能成为损坏公司财产的理由。 Our final decision is that Mr. Wang goes to the headquarters to give a detailed report. 我们最后作出决定，派王先生去总部作详细的汇报。 We will adopt his suggestion that the leading body be reorganized as soon as possible. 我们将采纳他的建议，尽快改组领导班子。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 8 正说反译 反说正译 从语法角度讲，否定包括：完全否定、部分否定、双重 否定、含否定意义的词或短语。 从翻译角度讲，为了使译文忠实于原文且又符合表达习 惯，有时必须把原文中的肯定说法译成否定说法，或把 原文中的否定说法译成肯定说法。 英语词句中含有否定词never, not, no，否定前后缀如in-, - less等；汉语词句中含有否定词“不、未、别、莫、勿等 成分的为反说，不含这些成分的为正说。 1、肯定译否定 The above facts insist on the following conclusions. 上述事实使人们不能不得出以下结论。 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相 同，对待动物无需考虑道德问题。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 9 2、否定译肯定 She wont go away until you promise to help her. 她要等你答应帮助以后才肯走。 He never spared himself and so he made me work hard. 他总是拼命干，所以我也只好拼命干。 Dont make your conclusion before the end of the year. 到年底再下结论吧！ 3、双重否定译肯定 There can be no sunshine without shadow. 有阳光就有阴影。 There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。 4、部分否定 All that flatter you too much are not faithful friend. 吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。 Both children are not clever. 并非两个孩子都聪明。 正说反译 反说正译 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 10 词序调整 在翻译时，对词序作必要或必不可少的改变，并不只是 纯粹的 颠倒词序或倒装。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people 我参观了一些地方，遇到了一些人，要谈起来，奇妙的 事可多着呢。 He drinks half a bottle of beer with each of his meals. 每餐饭他都要喝半瓶啤酒。 He is not happy, though he is rich. 他虽富有，但不幸福。 He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time. 要不是他那时没有钱，他会帮助我们的。 Our whole physical universe, when reduced to the simplest terms, is made up of two things, energy and matter. 如果用最简单的话来说，整个物质世界是由两样东西组 成的，即能量和物质。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 11 英语大量使用被动语态，而汉语则很少使用，即便使用 ，也不像英语那样有固定或比较统一的构成形式。 因此在英汉翻译时，要经常变换语态，以使译文符合习 惯用法，显得地道而自然。 The structure of an atom can be accurately described though we cannot see it. 虽然我们看不见原子结构，但能准确地描述它。 A national link-up of computers could mean that a large amount of information will be supplied to anyone who uses the system. 把全国的电脑连接起来意味着可以向任何使用该系统的 人提供大量的信息。 The coming physics examination is said to be rather difficult, so we must get well prepared for it. 即将举行的物理考试据说相当难，所以我们必须做好充 分准备。 语态变换 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 12 In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 13 总的说来，我们的社会正在逐步变成一个官僚 主义管理体制下的大型企业，其中人成为机器 上的一个润滑良好的小齿轮，需要靠不断增加 工资、改善厂房的通风状况及播放轻音乐，以 及通过心理疏导和人际关系指导，才能正常运 转。但所有这些润滑作用却不能改变人的软弱 无力。他们没有全心全意地投入工作，并对工 作感到厌倦了。事实上，蓝领和白领工人已变 成了由自动机器和官僚主义管理体系操纵着的 经济木偶。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 14 短 文 写 作 在规定的时间内能够根据所给的提纲、情景或图、表按 要求写出一篇120词以上的短文。 所写短文要求主题明确，条理清楚，语言比较规范。 评分标准 切题，能正确表达思想 语意连贯，文章基本通顺 无重大语言错误 内容 语言 短文写作是一种综合能力很强的语言技能，涉及到: 1）对语言知识的掌握程度 2）使用语言知识的熟练程度 3）基本的写作技巧 4）个人的阅历和知识面 为了在有限的时间内使写作能力有所提高，需要注意： 1）掌握一定量的常用词汇 2）掌握一定量的常用句型 3）多读范文，多实践 构成短文的主要成分 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 15 三类句子 简单句 并列句 复合句 五种句型 主语+不及物动词 主语+及物动词+宾语 主语+系动词+表语 主语+及物动词+宾语+补语 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 常见错误 1. 主谓数的不一致 2. 时态使用错误或相互照应不一致 3. 代词指代不一致 4. 结构不一致 5. 不能正确使用语态或被动语态结构错误 6. 非谓语动词使用不当 7. 连词误用或缺少连词 8. 非连接成分错误（独立分词结构与主句的主语不 一致） 9. 非完整句 10. 词性或词义误用 11. 搭配错误 12. 修饰语错位 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 16 常见错误举例 1. The manager, rather than the employees, are responsible for it. 2. a) College graduates take a good position, a handsome salary and a satisfactory working condition into consideration when they chose a job. b) When he arrived, the play already started twenty minutes before. 3. Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually you may get a serious disease from its effect. 4. In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students take notes. 5. The idea that learning is a lifelong process has expressed by philosophers and educationalists throughout the centuries. 6. When I returned home I found the window open and something stealing. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 17 常见错误举例 7. a) Although Professor Greens lectures usually ran over the fifty-minute period, but none of his students ever objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting. b) The air in the countryside is fresh, many people like to live there. 8. admitted, his tuition will cost him five hundred dollars a semester. 9. Second, because people rely heavily on the computer to do their routine work. 10. With the rapid development of national economic, the peoples living conditions have been greatly improved. 11. Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us. 12. People who write letters frequently recount the same experience to different people. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 18 三原则 一致性 连贯性 使用词、词组连接上下文 使用句子连接上下文 使用过渡词连接上下文 条理性 句与句之间 段与段之间 使用过渡词衔接上下段 使用语义呼应连接上下段 依重要次重要或依次重要重要的顺序 按时间或空间的顺序 按归纳法（总分法）或演绎法（分总法） 说明文 常用技巧 定义法 分类法 举例法 议论文 常用技巧 因果法 类比法 列举法 比较与对比法 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 19 1. Competition a. Competition makes people original and creative. b. Meanwhile, competition produces better things. c. Society, through competition, has developed a lot. 2. Limited Source of Forest a. 过去人们以为木材是用之不尽的。 b. 实际上森林是非常有限的。 c. 应该采取积极有效的措施保护有限的森林资源。 3. Work and Recreation a. 工作与娱乐的关系 b. 你工作后的娱乐 c. 娱乐对你的工作所起的作用 4. Good Health Write a composition of no less than 150 words and your composition should start with the given sentence “The desire for good health is universal.” 提纲、情景作文 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 20 短 文 的 结 构 短文 开头段 (introduction) 中间段 (body) 结尾段 (conclusion) 主题句 (topic sentence) 扩展句 (supporting sentences) 结尾句 (concluding sentence) Topic sentence = topic + controlling idea Independence is very important in our lives 话题统领全段，限定主题对全段的内容进行限定 主题句不但可以凝炼段落的中心内容，还可以确定段 落的展开方式。 topic controlling idea 陈述主题，提出观点 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 21 introduction present situation background information thesis statement body topic sentence supporting details (concluding sentence) conclusion short summary prediction opinion suggestion preference solution recommendation significance call for action comments practice Examples Facts Evidence Statistics Physical description Personal experience 写作模式 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 22 主题句Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. 扩展句(1)First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. 扩展句 (2)Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was minted twenty-three centuries ago. 扩展句(3)Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications. 扩展句(4)The most recent use of gold is in astronauts suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection outside the spaceship. 结尾句In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty, but also for its utility. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 23 1. 首先陈述人们对所要讨论的问题的不同 看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或 偏向的那个看法。这种方式多用于有争议 性的主题。如 Some persons say that love makes the world go round. Others of a less romantic and more practical turn of mind say that it isnt love; its money. But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round. Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy, which in turn is used to seek more food to grow, to reproduce and to survive. On this cycle all life depends. 如何开头 万事开头难。 Well begun, half done. Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 24 2. 首先陈述某种社会现象、倾向或社会问 题，然后对此加以评论。这种方式多用于 对某种社会现象、倾向或问题进行剖析的 文章。如 Here and there across the country are coming reports that government officials, even senior officials, have been punished for corruption. Some were sentenced for taking bribes, others executed for embezzling funds. In Beijing alone nearly 60,000 civil servants were found guilty of corruption in 1993. Official corruption has increased greatly in the past five years not only in scope but also in magnitude. Evaluation only.Evaluati