《汽车电路分析》PPT课件.ppt

第七章 汽车电路分析 n本章学习要点： n从这个开关控制哪些电器、被控制电器的作用、工 作条件和特点出发，理解并掌握汽车电路开关等基 础元件的作用、种类和工作方式。 n从被保护对象的工作条件和特点入手，理解汽车电 路保护装置的工作模式，掌握其工作特点。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 本章学习要点 n充分认识中央配线盒的作用,了解线路配线原 则。 n从三种电路图的特点出发，充分理解汽车电路 的接线规律和读识电路图的要点。 n明确汽车电路故障诊断与检修注意事项，掌握 汽车电器与电子系统故障诊断的一般程序和方 法，特别注意理论联系实际，在实践中积累工 作经验。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 第一节 汽车电器基础元件 n一、点火开关 n点火开关是汽车电路中最重要的开关，是各条电路分 支的控制枢纽。 n其主要功能是：锁住转向盘转轴（Lock）,接通点火仪 表指示等（ON或IG），起动(ST或Start)挡，附件挡（ Acc主要是收放机专用），如果用于柴油车则增加 (HEAT)挡。 n其中起动、预热挡因为工作电流很大，开关不易接通 过久，所以这两挡在操作时必须用手克服弹簧力，扳 住钥匙，一松手就弹回点火挡，不能自行定位，其他 挡均可自行定位。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 点火开关结构功能 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 二、多功能组合开关 n多功能组合开关将照 明开关（前照灯开关 、变光开关）、信号 （转向、危险警告、 超车）开关、刮水器 清洗器开关等组合 为一体 n安装在便于驾驶员操 纵的转向柱上。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三、继电器 n继电器是利用电磁或其他方法（如热电或电子 ），实现自动接通或切断一对或多对触点，以 完成用小电流控制大电流以减小控制开关触点 的电流负荷。 n如进气预热继电器、空调继电器、喇叭继电器 、雾灯继电器、中间继电器、风窗刮水器清 洗器继电器、危险报警与转向闪光继电器等。 n继电器通常分为：常开）继电器，常闭继电器 和常开、常闭混合型继电器。其外形与内部原 理如图所示 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三、继电器 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 四、熔断器（熔丝） n熔断器用于对局部电路进行保护，能长 时间承受压额定电流负载，但在超过额 定负载25%的情况下,约3min熔断，而在 超过额定负载100%时，则不到1s即会熔 断。结构一定时，流过熔断器电流越大 ，熔断时间越短。熔断器为一次性器件 ，使用须注意： n熔断器熔断后，必须先查找故障原因， 并彻底排除。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 四、熔断器（熔丝） n更换熔断器时，一定要与原规格相同， 特别不能使用比规定容量大的熔断器， 否则将失去保护作用。 n熔断器支架与熔断器接触不良会产生电 压降和发热现象。因此，特别要注意检 查有无氧化现象和脏污。若有脏污和氧 化物，须用细砂纸打磨光，使其接触良 好。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 五、易熔线 n易熔线是一种界面一 定的，可长时间通过 额定电流的铜芯或合 金导线。用于保护总 体线路或较重要电路 n如北京切诺基设有五 条易熔线，分别保护 充电电路、预热加热 器、雾灯、灯光及辅 助电路 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 六、断路器 n断路器用于正常工作时容易过载的电路中，其 原理是利用双金属片受热变形使触点分离。按 作用形式分两类如图84所示 n 断续作用式：过载变形自动自动切断，冷 却后自动复位，如此往复直到电路不过载。 n 按钮复位式：排除故障后，须按下按钮手 动复位 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 六、断路器 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 七、 线束 n1、导线 n分类：低压导线和高压导线。 n选线因素：绝缘、通过电流的大小和机械强度。 且应用条件不同，三个因素各有侧重，例如: n高压电路: 根据耐上千至上万伏高压的绝缘要求 选用,采用线芯截面积小，但绝缘包层很厚的电线 。 n低压电路电路：根据工作电流大小和机械强度选 择。随着汽车上使用的电器增多，导线数量增多 ，为便于安装和检修，采用双色线，主色为基础 色，辅色为环布导线的条色带或螺旋色带，且标 注时主色在前，辅色在后 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 线束 n2、线束 n为使全车线路规整，安装方便及保护导线的绝缘 ，汽车上的全车线路出高压线、蓄电池电缆和起 动机电缆外，一般将同区域的不同规格的导线用 棉纱或薄聚氯乙烯带缠绕包扎成束，称为线束。 n 线束的包扎： n 电缆半叠包扎法，涂绝缘漆，烘干，以增加电缆 的强度和绝缘性能。 n 新型线束，局部塑料包扎后放入侧切口的塑料波 纹管内，使其强度更高，保护性能更好，查找线 路故障方便。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 线束 n3. 线束的安装： n 同一种车型的线束在制造厂里按车型设 计制造好后，用卡簧或绊钉固定在车上 的既定位置，其抽头恰好在各电器设备 接线柱附近位置，安装时按线号装在其 对应的接线柱上。各种车型的线束各不 相同，同一车型线束按发动机、底盘和 车身分多个线束。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 第二节 汽车电路图读识 n一、由集中到分散 n将局部电路从全车电路中分离出来 n汽车电路的基本特点是： n单线制、负极搭铁和各电器相互并联 n电器相互并联意味着局部电路和局部电 路之间相互独立（各系独立） n汽车电路是读图的第一步将局部电路从 全车电路中分离出来 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 二、汽车电路配线的基本规律 n汽车电器线束连接三大中心 n中央配线盒、仪表接线盒和开关 n中央配线盒（保险与继电器盒）是所有电器的 电源来源。 n仪表接线盒是几乎所有电器的电源目的。 n开关不但是线束的中心还是各局部电路的控制 核心，开关的功能反映了局部电路的主要功能 。 n因此电路分析要抓住开关的核心作用。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三、正确寻找控制对象的回路 n电路读图的目的是找出正确回路，确定 回路中的导线、插座、保险、继电器及 各种元件，从而分析故障点。 n控制对象的回路电流回路由正极到负极 由电源到搭铁点。 n规范的汽车电路原理图自上而下。 n继电器电路要分别分析控制回路和开关 回路。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三种电路图 n1布线图 n布线图识按照汽车电器在车身上的大体位置来进行 布线的 n布线图是厂家提供，反映全车电器信息的电路图 n其特点是：全车的电器（即电器设备）数量明显且 准确，电线的走向清楚，有始有终，便于循线跟踪 ，查找起来比较方便。 n布线图的缺点：图上电线纵横交错，印制版面小则 不易分辨,版面过大印装受限制；读图、画图费时 费力，不易抓住电路重点、难点；不易表达电路内 部结构与工作原理。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 1布线图 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2原理图 n为了生产与教学的需要，常常需要尽快找到某条 电路的始末，以便确定故障分析的路线。在分析 故障原因时，不能孤立地仅局限于某一部分，而 要将这一部分电路在整车电路中的位置及与相关 电路的联系都表达出来。 n整车电路图的优点在于： n对全车电路有完整的概念，它既是一幅完整的全 车电路图，又是一幅互相联系的局部电路图。重 点难点突出、繁简适当。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 2原理图 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3线束图 n整车电路线束图常用于汽车厂总装线和修理厂 的连接、检修与配线。 n线束图主要表明电线束各用电器的连接部位、 接线柱的标记、线头、插接器（连接器）的形 状及位置等，它是人们在汽车上能够实际接触 到的汽车电路图。 n这种图一般不去详细描绘线束内部的电线走向 ，只将露在线束外面的线头与插接器详细编号 或用字母标记。它是一种突出装配记号的电路 表现形式，非常便于安装、配线、检测与维修 。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 3线束图 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 进 口 汽 车 电 路 图 的 图 形 符 号 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 本 田 汽 车 电 路 图 符 号 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三菱车图形与符号对照 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三菱车图形与符号对照 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三菱车图形与符号对照 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 三 菱 车 电 路 图 形 符 号 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 其 它 进 口 车 电 路 图 符 号 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 汽车电源系电路 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 汽车电源系电路 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 带起动保护控制的电路 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 带起动保护控制的电路 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 带加热的起动系电路 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 点火系统的接线规律 n有触点点火 n无触点电子点火 n微机控制电子点火 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 有触点点火 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 磁电式无触点电子点火 特点： 磁电式触点 信号发生 器 点火控制器 只有通断 功能 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 磁电式无触点电子点火 n特点 n霍耳式信号 发生器 n点火控制器 有通断、恒 流控制、闭 合角控制等 多种控制功 能 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 微机控制有分电器点火 n特点 nECU控制点 火控制器 nIGT控制信 号IGF反馈 信号 n曲轴位置和 转速传感器 G信号和Ne 信号 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 微机控制无分电器点火 n特点 nECU控制点火控制器 nIGT控制信号;IGdA、 IGdB气缸判别信号 ;IGF反馈信号 n两个气缸用一个点火线圈，一个做功一 个排气一个实际点火，另一个虚点火 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 微机控制无分电器点火 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 微机控制无分电器点火 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 微机控制独立点火 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 照明系统接线规律 n汽车照明与信号灯 n前面：大灯、小灯（示宽灯）、转向灯、雾灯 等。 n后面：尾灯（夜行灯）、刹车灯、倒车灯、牌 照灯、转向灯等。 n仪表灯、门灯 n开关设置：大灯（带变光）；小灯（仪表灯、 尾灯、牌照灯）；转向灯（报警信号）；刹车 灯、倒车灯自动开关。有些车设计大灯亮时将 前小灯（示宽灯）关掉。 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 照明系统接线规律 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 照 明 系 统 接 线 规 律 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 信 号 系 统 接 线 规 律 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 仪表系统接线规律 n基本规律：仪表正极接15号线，负极接 相应传感器的正极，经传感器搭铁。 n传感器正极接仪表负极接地。 n燃油表和水温表加仪表稳压器，适应12V 和14V的变化 n车速表用电子表或机械表，机械表利用 磁涡流原理指示，不在电路图中 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 仪表系统接线规律 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd. 刮水器接线规律 n刮水器是汽车重要的辅助电器 n刮水器有电机带动 n刮水器电路核心：电机调速、复位、间歇和制 动。 n刮水器调速：改变结构的两档或三档调速，用 磁电机改变电枢绕组个数或改变磁场大小 n复位开关复位和继电器复位 n制动用开关实现 n间歇用间歇继电器 Evaluation only.Evaluation only. Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile .Created with Aspose.Slides for .NET 3.5 Client Profile . Copyright 2004