药学英语翻译讲义passage.docx

Passage 1 and 2Overview of the Digestive System-translation OverviewoftheDigestiveSystem ConsiderforamomentaBigMac.ThepurposeinyoureatingaBigMac,otherthansimplehedonism,istoassimilatethenutrientsitrepresentsandmakethemavailabletobuild,repairandmaintainyourowntissues,aswellasprovideenergyforstudyingandocca-sionalotherpursuits. Youmayhaveaskedyourself-ExactlywhatnutientsarepresentinaBigMacthatIcanassimilate?MacDonaldscomesclosetofulldisclosureinthisregard,butwhattheydonttellyouisthatinordertotakeadvantageofthesenutrients,youhavetoprovidethemeanstocarefullybreakthemdownintomuchsmallermoleculesthatcanbeimportedintoblood.Luckily,yourdigestivesystemtakescareofthisverycomplexprocesssoefficientlythatmostofthetimeyoudontevenneedtothinkaboutit. Atitssimplest,thedigestivesystemitisatuberunningfrommouthtoanus.Thistubeislikeanassemblyline,ormoreproperly,adissemblyline.Itschiefgoalistobreakdownhugemacromolecules(proteins,fatsandstarch),whichcannotbeabsorbedintact,intosmallermolecules(aminoacids,fattyacidsandglucose)thatcanbeabsorbedacrossthewallofthetube,andintothecirculatorysystemfordisseminationaroundyourbody. ConsiderforamomentaBigMac.ThepurposeinyoureatingaBigMac,otherthansimplehedonism,istoassimlatethenutrientsitrepresentsandmakethemavailabletobuild,repairandmaintainyourowntissues,aswellasprovideenergyforstudyingandoccasio-nalotherpursuits. ThebreakdownoffoodstuffslikeaBigMacisaccomplishedthroughacombinationofmechanicalandenzymaticprocesses.Toaccomplishthisbreakdown,thedigestivetuberequiresconsiderableassistancefromaccessorydigestiveorganssuchasthesalivaryglands,liverandpancreas,whichdumptheirsecretionsintothetube.Thenameaccessoryshouldnotbetakentomeandispensible;indeed,withoutpancreaticenzymesyouwouldstarvetodeathinshortorder. Inmanyways,thedigestivesystemcanbethoughtofasawell-runfactoryinwhichalargenumberofcomplextasksareperformed. Thethreefundamentalprocessesthattakeplaceare: Secretion:Deliveryofenzymes,mucus,ionsandthelikeintothelumen,andhormonesintoblood Absorption:Transportofwater,ionsandnutrientsfromthelumen,acrosstheepitheliumandintoblood Motility:Contractionsofsmoothmuscleinthewallofthetubethatcrush,mixandpropelitscontents Eachpartofthedigestivetubeperformsatleastsomeofthesetasks,anddifferentregionsofthetubehaveuniqueandimportantspecializations. Likeanywell-runfactory,properfunctionofthedigestivesystemrequiresrobustcontrolsystems.Controlsystemsmustfacilitatecommunicationamongdifferentsectionsofthedigestivetract(i.e.controlonthefactoryfloor),andbetweenthedigestivetractandthebrain(i.e.betweenworkersandmanagment).Controlofdigestivefunctionisachievedthroughacombinationofelectricalandhormonalmessageswhichoriginateeitherwithinthedigestivesystemsownnervousandendocrinesystems,aswellasfromthecentralnervoussytemandfromendocrineorganssuchastheadrenalgland.Differentpartsofthesesystemsareconstantlytalkingtooneanother.ThebasicmessagesarealongthelinesofIjustreceivedanextraordinaryloadoffood,soIsuggestyougetprepared(stomachtolargeintestine)orForgoodnesssake,pleaseslowdownuntilIcancatchupwithwhatyouvealreadygivenme(smallintestinetostomach). Finally,anoteaboutdifferencesindigestiveanatomyandphysiologyamonganimals.Thedigestivesystemsofhumans,dogs,mice,horses,kangaroosandgreatwhitesharksare,toafirstapproximation,virtuallyidentical.Ifyoulookmorecarefullyhowever,itbecomesapparentthateachofthesespecieshasevolvedcertaindigestivespecializationsthathaveallowedittoadapttoaparticulardiet. Thesedifferencesbecomeparticularlyapparentwhenyoucompareacarnivorelikeacatwithaherbivorelikeagoatorahorse.Goatsandhorsesevolvedfromancestorsthatsubsistedonplantsandadaptedpartsoftheirdigestivetractsintomassivefermentationvatswhichenabledthemefficientlyutilizecellulose,themajorcarbohydrateofplants. Incontrast,catsevolvedfromanimalsthatlivedonthecarcassesofotheranimals,andhavedigestivesystemsthatreflectthishistory-extremelysmallfermentationvatsandessentiallynoabilitytoutilizecellulose.Bridgingthegapbetweencarnivoresandherbivoresareomnivoreslikehumansandpigs,whosedigestivetractsattesttoahistoricaldietthatincludedbothplantsandanimals.Theimageaboveshowsayoungomnivoreinthecompanyofherbivoreandcarnivorefriends.翻译Passage 1消化系统概述（1）考虑一下麦当劳的汉堡。你吃汉堡的目的不只是简单的享受，而是吸取它提供的营养以便增强、修补并维持你自己的机体组织，同时为你的学习和其他活动提供能量。你可能会想，“我能从汉堡中吸取什么营养呢？”麦当劳在这方面几乎揭示全部秘密。但是，他们不可能告诉你的是，为了利用这些营养，你必须想方设法地将它们分解成很小的分子以便进入血液。幸运的是，消化系统能如此有效地处理这个复杂过程，以致于大部分的时间你不需要去考虑这个问题。简单的说，消化系统是从口到肛门的一条管道。这条管道像一条装配线。更准确地说，像一条分解线。它的主要目的是将不能完全消化吸收的高分子物质（如蛋白、脂肪和淀粉）分解成可被吸收的小分子（如氨基酸、脂肪酸和葡萄糖），再将它们运送到血液循环系统分发到机体各部。通过机械过程和酶解过程的结合，完成分级像汉堡一样的食物。为完成这样的分解，消化道需要附属消化器官的大量支援。这些附属器官，如唾液腺、肝脏和胰腺，将分泌液注入消化道。所谓“附属器官”绝不是意味着可有可无。没有胰腺酶，你肯定会饿死的。从许多方面看，消化系统被认为是一家经营很好的工厂，大量复杂的工作都可以在这里完成。三种基本程序：分泌：把酶、黏液、离子等输送到机体内，把激素输送到血液。吸收：穿过上皮细胞，将水、离子和营养从体内送入血液。运动：通过消化道平滑肌的收缩，把消化道内的东西粉碎、搅拌并向前推动。消化道的每一部分至少完成其中一些项目，其不同区域都有独特的重要特征。Passage 2消化系统概述（2）像任何一家善于经营的工厂一样，正常的消化系统功能需要精力充沛的控制系统。控制系统必须便于消化道不同部位的信息交流（即控制劳方），便于消化道与大脑的信息交流（即劳资之间）。通过电信息和荷尔蒙信息的结合控制消化功能。这两种信息不是来源于消化系统本身的神经和内分泌系统，就是来源于中枢神经系统和内分泌器官，如肾上腺。这些系统的不同部位经常相互对话。最基本的信息是这样一句，“我刚收到一大块食物，我建议你做好准备”（胃对大肠说）或者“看在上帝的份上，请慢一点，我才能完成你交给我的任务”（小肠对胃说）。最后，谈谈动物中消化解剖学和生理学的不同之处。人、狗、鼠、马、袋鼠和大白鲨基本上一致。如果你更仔细地观察，很明显这些物种各有某些消化特征，即允许各个物种可以适应一种独特的饮食。如果你将食肉动物（如猫）与食草动物（如羊或马）比较一下，这些不同点就变得特别明显。羊和马的祖先靠植物生存，使其消化道进化成为肥厚的发酵囊，它能有效地利用植物的纤维素和大部分碳水化合物，与之形成对比的是，猫的祖先猎食其他动物的尸体，他们的消化系统可以验证这段历史-发酵囊极小，不能利用纤维素；处在食肉动物和草食动物之间的是杂食动物，如人和猪，其消化道证明他们的饮食历来就包括动植物，以上所述形象地表明新一代杂食动物是以草食动物和食肉动物为友的。Passage 3AIDS Vaccine Candidate Trials 2005-Early 2006: A Review-translation AIDSVaccineCandidateTrials2005-Early2006:AReviewAsofApril2006,therearemorethan30preventiveAIDSvaccinecandidatesinearlystagesofhumanclinicaltrialsinapproximatelytwodozencountriesaroundtheworld.InternationalAIDSVaccineInitiative(IAVI)partnershipshavesupportedthedevelopmentandplacementoftwonovelcandidatevaccinesininternationaltrialsinthepast14months,IAVIhasenteredintoamulti-partner,mulit-countytrialofaprime-boostcombinationoftwovaccine,IAVIV001.IAVIandcollaboratorsarecurrentlyconductingtrialsinIndia,Kenya,Rwanda,Uganda,SouthAfrica,andtheUnitedStatestoevaluatethesafetyandimmunogenicityofvaccinecandidates.AtrialinPune,India-conductedbytheIndiaCouncilofMedicalResearch(ICMR),theNationalAIDSControlOrganization(NACO),andIAVI-marksthecountysfirstAIDSvaccinetrial.InitiatedinFebruary2005,thepartnershaverecentlycompletedtherecruitmentandvaccinationstagesofthestudy.Internationalvaccineorganizationsandprivatesectorcompanies,suchasHIVVaccineTrialsNetwork,NationInstituteofAllergyandInfectionsDisease,andGuangxiCenterforDiseaseControlhavealsobegunPhaseIstudiesinPure,Kenya,Thailand,Brazil,andChina.Thedifferenttrailsinvolve45to104healthyvolunteerswhodemonstratefullunderstandingofstudy.Inadditiontomonitoringtrailparticipantstodeterminethesafetyofthevaccineproduct,duringthisstageifanyofresearch,investigatorsalsohaveanalyzebloodsamplestoseeifanyimmuneresponsetothevaccinecanbedetected.TheIAVIcandidatesaredesignedaspreventivevaccines,intendedtoprotectpeopleuninfectedwithHIVfromacquireHIVinfectionordevelopingAIDS,Thefieldsscientistsarecurrentlyworkingondevelopingvaccinestotriggertheproductionofinfection-fightingwhilebloodcellsinfectedwithHIVorfacilitatethecreationofneutralizingantibodiesthatpreventthevirusfromreplicating.SomeHIVvaccinetrialshaveinvolvedprime-boostregimens.Duringthesestudies,twovaccinecandidatesareadministeredseparately-thefirsttoprimetheimmunesystemandthesecondtoboostit,inanefforttoimprovetheimmuneresponses.Inbothoftheseapproaches,thescienceofdesigningaffectivecandidateAIDSvaccinesremainsdaunting.ToaddressmajorobstaclesinAIDSvaccinedevelopment,IAVIbroughttogetherleadingscientistsandresearchersfromaroundtheglobetofromtwoscientificconsortia.TheNeutralizingAnti-bodyConsortium(NAC)iscurrentlyexploringcandidatevaccinethatcaninduceantibodiestoneutralizeabroadrangeofHIVstrains.TheLiveAttenuatedConsortium(LAZ)seekstoinformandaccelerateAIDSvaccinedesignbystudyingsuccessfulvaccinationstrategiesagainstSIA,avirusthatcausesanAIDS-likediseaseinsomenon-humanprimates.Foradditionalinformationonnewly-initiatedAIDSvaccinetrailsgotoIAVIPressReleaseorIAVIReport.TheJanuaryissueofVAX,amonthlybulletinofIAVIReport-anewsletteronAIDSvaccineresearch-alsofeaturesamapandadetailedreviewofallAIDSvaccinetrailslaunchedaroundtheworldsincethebeginningof2005.翻译Passage 3综述2005年至2006年早期艾滋病疫苗试验截至2006年4月，已有30多种预防艾滋病的疫苗在20多个国家用于人类临床早期试验。国际艾滋病疫苗研发机构（IAVI）的合伙企业在过去的14个月里一直支持广泛试用其中2种新疫苗。IAVI联合多个合作伙伴在多个国家对2种组合疫苗进行了试验。IAVI和合伙企业最近在印度、肯尼亚、卢旺达、乌干达、南非和美国进行了试验来评估疫苗的安全性和免疫性。由印度医疗研究委员会（ICMR）、国家艾滋病控制组织（NACO）和IAVI在印度普纳市进行的试验标志着这个国家的首次艾滋病疫苗试验。试验始于2005年2月，最近合作伙伴已经完成了研究志愿者招募和疫苗接种研究阶段。国际疫苗组织和私营公司，如HIV疫苗试验网、国家过敏和传染病研究院、中国广西疾病控制中心，已经开始在秘鲁、肯尼亚、泰国、巴西、和中国进行第一阶段研究。不同的试验设计包含45104名身体健康的志愿者，他们完全了解整个研究程序。在这个阶段的研究过程中，除了要检测试验参与者以确定疫苗产品的安全性外，研究人员还要分析血样以了解是否可以检测到免疫对疫苗的反应。安排IAVI志愿者用预防性疫苗，拟保护未受HIV感染的人免于感染HIV或艾滋病。目前，这个领域的科学家正在研制一些疫苗，它们可以激活抗感染的白细胞以消灭受HIV感染的细胞，或者促进产生中立抗体以防止病毒复制再生。有些HIV疫苗试验涉及激活-推进摄生法。在研究过程中，疫苗志愿者分两步实施第一步“激活”免疫系统，第二步“推进”免疫系统，目的是改善免疫反应。在这两个步骤中，设计有效的候选艾滋病疫苗是最令人望而生畏的。为了攻克艾滋病疫苗研制中的主要障碍，IAVI召集了世界各地的顶尖科学家和研究人员组建两支科研团体。中立抗体协会（NAC）目前正在研究一些能诱导抗体中立广范围的HIV菌株的候选疫苗。减毒活疫苗协会（LAC）正寻求加速艾滋病疫苗设计，通过研制出抗SIV有效的接种疫苗SIV是导致一些灵长类动物患艾滋病样疾病的病毒。要索取更多的有关新开发的艾滋病疫苗试验的信息资料，请登陆IAVI Press Releases 或IAVI Report网站。VAX一月刊，IAVI报告月刊艾滋病疫苗研究通讯也提供了一些有特点的信息线索和所有2005年以来世界各地的有关艾滋病疫苗试验的详细文献综述。Passage 4Breast cancer-translation Breastcanceristhemostcommontypeofcanceramongwomen,expectfornon-melanomaskincancer.Approximately3millionwomenintheUnitedStatesarelivingwithbreastcancer.Olderwomenaremuchmorelikelytogetbreastcancerareaged50yearsandolder.Severalstudieshaveshownthatbreastcancerisadiseasethatcausegreatturmoilfortheolderwomenandherfamilyandoftencreatesfeelingsofdespair.Thesewomenandtheirfamilieswillrequireassistanceincopingwiththisdiseaseastheymovealongacontinuumofillness.Therearemanychallengesthatanolderwomanandherfamilyfacewhendiagnosedwithbreastcancer.Thesechallengesmayincludeneedingassistancewithexistingmedicalconditions,physicalcare,socialsupport,accessingresources,andnavigatingthehealthcaresystem.Itwasreportedthatolderwomenwithbreastcancerhadmoreexistingmedicalconditionsthantheiryoungercounterparts.Severalsevereillnesseswerefoundtohaveaharmfuleffectonsurvivalforolderwomenwithbreastcancer.Olderwomenwithbreastcancerhaddiabetes,kidneyfailure,stroke,liverdamage,andpreviouscancerwerealllikelytodieearlierthanthosewhodidnothavesuchconditions.Similarly,inadditiontothephysicalandpsycho-socialproblemsassociatedwithbreastcancerforolderwomen.theseissuesmaybecompoundedbycoexistingmedicalconditions,decreasedsocialsupport,andphysicalfactorsthathavethepotentialtoaggravateadjustmenttorecovery.Asclientsarebeingdischargedearlierandtreatmentisprovidedonanambulatorybasis,challengesfacesbytheolderclientandherfamilywillbeinthehomeandcommunitysetting.Thus,utilizingcommunity-basednursecasemanagersmayinfluencetheolderclientandherfamilytoadapttothemanychallengesassociatedwiththediagnosisandtreatmentofbreastcancer.Thegoalofcommunity-basednursecasemanagementistoprovidecomprehensiveassessment,careplanning,information