定语从句(简化).doc

定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。定语从句及相关术语定语定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 定语从句定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词叫做定语从句。 关系词引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用： 连接作用，引导定语从句。 代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 在定语从句中充当一句子成分。 注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。代替人的时候一般用whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。 先行词被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 E.g. The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. （刚才和你说话的那个人是我们的英语老师）划线部分是一个定语从句，修饰名词the man, 在这里，the man是被修饰的词，称为“先行词”， whom 引导定语从句，在从句里代替先行词，称为“关系代词”。限制性定语从句一、关系代词引导的定语从句1) who指人在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人. 2) whom指人在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以，whom前可以加介词如to whom，但是who不可以） (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人. 3）which指物 在定语从句中做主语，表语，定语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.4）whose通常指人也可指物在定语从句中做定语，翻译成汉语相当于“的”。 (只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换，指人的时候也可以用of whom 代替） (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个朋友的父亲是医生. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在一座现在已经倒塌的房子中. (3) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 (4) Please pass me the book whose (of which) color is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。5）that 既可以代替人也可以代替物，指人时相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。 它在定语从句中做主语,表语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. (6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪里？关系代词用法总结主格宾格所有格人who/thatwhom/thatwhoseof whom物which/thatwhich/thatWhose/of which关系代词使用的注意事项1. 关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略关系代词e.g. This is the pen (which/that) he bought yesterday. 括号中的关系代词可以省略2. 如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置关系代词。that 可用在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语。 e.g. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 3. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 4. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。5. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 e.g. I, who am your friend, will try my best to help 6. 以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。 e.g. The way (in which/ that ) he answered the question was surprising.二、关系副词引导的定语从句1）when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 (1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came. 【注】值得一提的是，表示时间“time一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。e.g.By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 到你到达伦敦的时候，我们在那里已经待了两个星期。Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。 每一次他去出差，他都会带很多生活必需品，如毛巾，肥皂，牙刷等。2）where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 (1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 3) why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是reason (1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. 4) 关系副词用法总结 关系副词：在句中作状语 关系副词=介词+关系代词which why =for which where=in/ at/ on which（介词同先行词搭配） when=during/ on/ in/ which（介词同先行词搭配） Is this the reason for which they came? He left the day on which I came. This is the city in which I was born.类型在定语从句中作用等同于where作地点状语介词+whichwhen作时间状语介词+whichwhy作原因状语for which三、定语从句的特殊用法：关系代词as as 可以在从句中作主语、宾语和表语，作宾语时一般不省略，指人或者物。常与such as, the same as等短语连用。the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 （1）先行词被such和the same修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句都用as 引导。Such books as you bought are useful.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.I have never heard such a story as he tells. He is not such a fool as he looks. This is the same book as I lost last week. 注意：1）区别such that 引导的结果状语从句。He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one. the same that 引导定语从句。He has such a good laptop as I want to buy. 定语从句suchas 与结果状语从句such that的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分 2）当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同 She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。（同一条裙子） She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。（不是同一条，但是是另一条一模一样的裙子） 四、 介词和关系代词1）介词后面的关系代词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。当介词放在关系代词前面时，关系代词只能用which/whom即“介词+which/whom关系代词不能省略。但当介词位于末尾时可用that/which/who/whom，作介词的宾语，这时关系代词可以省略。例如： (1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.that/which可以省略 = The school in which he once studied is very famous. which”不可省略 (2) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. = Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (3) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about. = Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 注意： 1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T=正确) F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F=错误) 2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose (1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F) (2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F) 3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词、数词或者名词。 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. (4) The boat, the name of which is Topsail, is famous. (5) I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun. 3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late. 五、判断使用关系代词或关系副词的方法方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错 （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. （因为这句话中visit 是及物动词，village 作为visit 的宾语） （对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.（因为这句话中spend 是及物动词，后面可以直接跟时间，the days 作为spent 的宾语） 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。 例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A 例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago. 例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从句 (省略了关系代词that)。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。 六、区分定语从句和同位语从句 1、定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系； 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句 (2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句 2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略； 同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分； 句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分 (1) The news he told me is true. 定语从句(2) The news that he has just died is true. 同位语从句(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语从句(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. 3、 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以发展成一个完整的句子， (1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语 (2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. (3) The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all. 同位语 (4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth. 七、定语从句与其它名词性从句的关系1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) 但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。 九、难点分析（一）限制性定语从句不能用that的几种情况 (1)不用that的情况 (a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 （二）限制性定语从句只能用that做关系代词的几种情况 在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which1、当先行词是不定代词如anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), 或few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时，只用that，不用which。 (1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is litt