学生版：备战2010届高考英语复习第九章——时态与语态(学案).doc

专题九 时态与语态【考纲解读】在高考中，时态一直是考查的热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。在大纲中，要求考生具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态。高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分吋态题答案的选择取决于题干语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。1高考考查的八种动词时态是：一般现在时；一般过去时；一般将来时；现在进行时；过去进行时；现在完成时；过去完成时；过去将来时。2容易混淆的三组动词时态是：一般过去时和现在完成时；一般过去时和过去完成时；过去完成时与现在完成时。3各种时态及含情态动词的被动形式和应用。【知识要点】一、动词的时态 The bus leaves at 5:30. 汽车在5:30出发。 When do you start on the tour? 你什么时候动身去旅行? G常用的时间状语有tomorrow,next year, next month, in the future等。 4.现在进行时 A. 现在进行时主要表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。 Be quiet Im answering the phone请安静。我正在打电话。 B现在进行时还可以表示“按计划、安排将要发生的动作”，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。 I was thinking you were not very well我原以为你的身体不太好。 E. 常用的时间状语。 常用的有yesterday，at that moment，at that time，when+从句，while+从句，this moment。 6.现在完成时 现在完成时由“have+过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况： A.现在完成时所表示的动作在说话之前已完成，而对现在有影响；句中没有具体时间状语。 He has gone to Beijing.(说话人认为他不在该地) He has been to Beijing.(说话人认为他在该地) 7.过去完成时 过去完成时表示过去动作发生之前已经完成的动作，只有在与过去时间(动作)相比较时，才能使用过去完成时，它常用在下列句型中： A.过去完成时+before/when/by the time+一般过去时 When we arrived at the theatre，the play had already started 我们到达剧院时，戏已经开演了。 B.一般过去时+after/until+过去完成时 I enjoy the play very much, although I had seen it once before. 我很喜欢这个戏，尽管在此之前已经看过一次。 C.主语+had+过去分词+by/up to/till+过去时间 By the end of last year，the hunters had killed l2 tigers. 到去年年底为止，这些猎人已经杀死12只老虎了。 D.No sooner+had+主语+过去分词+than+主语+一般过去时 No sooner had she come than the maid knocked她一来女佣就敲门了。 E.Hardly/scarcely+had+主语+过去分词+when主语一般过去时 Scarcely had we gathered in the grain when it began to rain. 我们一收完庄稼，天就下起雨来。 二、动词的语态 1.动词语态的分类 动词的语态主要分为两种：即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态即指主语是谓语动作的执行者，二者为主动关系。被动语态即指主语是谓语动作的承受者，二者为被动关系。 I have done the job.(主动关系) The job has been done(被动关系) 2.动词语态的使用 E.be+过去分词可以是被动语态形式，也可以是系表结构形式。区别是系表结构表明主 语状态或特征，不带by短语，而被动语态是表明主语的一个被动动作，可以带by短语。 The job was well done 这工作做得好。(系表结构) The job was well done by a skilled worker 工作是由一个熟悉的工人做好。(被动语态) The composition is well written 这篇作文写得很好。(系表结构) The composition is written with great care. 这篇作文通过仔细斟酌写成。(被动语态) F.原来主动语态中的宾语如果是从句，变被动时，要用形式主语it. It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him. K有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义，如：clean,sell,look,lock,open,write,read, wash,feel等。 This kind of cloth washes easily这种布好洗。 These books sell well这本书畅销。 The door doesnt lock. 门没锁。 The door cant open门开不了。 This pen writes very well这支笔好写。 L 除助动词be可以构成被动语态外，get,become等词亦可以与过去分词构成被动意 义。如： She was unhappy because she didnt get invited to the party。 她不高兴，因为她没被邀请参加晚会。三、一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别四、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别1一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成时来说，这一个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。2过去完成时的时间状语常用by 和before 引导的短语表示，如by that time, by the end of, before 2000, by the time +句子等。高.考.资.源.网五、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别1两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作（句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语），而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的劝作（句中有表示过去特定时间的状语）。2比较下面的说法 would 之后要接表示动作的动词，不接表示认识或状态的动词，而used to 则无此限制。如：I used to like football when I was at middle school. He used to be nervous in the exam. would 表示反复发生的动作。如果某一动作没有反复性，就不能用would, 只能用used to。如：And from that day on, as soon as the table was cleared and the dishes were gone, Mother would disappear into he sewing room to practice. 从那天起，只要碗盘撤掉、饭桌清理干净，妈妈就马上躲进做针线活的房间练习起来。（具有反复性）I used to live in Beijing. 我过去住在北京。（没有反复性）If we are to be there before ten, well have to go now. 如果我们想在十点前到，我们现在就得走。 用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。例如：Am I to go on with the work ? 要我继续这项工作吗？What are we to do next ? 我们下一步该怎么办？6表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean, intend, want, think, suppose, want 等，其过去完成时表示过去未增实现的愿望或意图。如：I had hoped to see more of ShangHai. 我本希望在上海多看看。（但未能如愿）I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at the moment. 我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。I had thought you would come tomorrow. 8高考对于进行体的常考点 一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体。如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she had left in the office. Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking. As she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep. The reporter said that the UFO was traveling east to west when he saw it. 表示动作的未完性、暂时性。如： Have you moved into the new house ? Not yet. The rooms are being painted. I dont really work here; I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives. Shirley was writing a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it. Selecting a mobile phone for a personal use is no easy task because technology is changing so rapidly. 表示计划、安排要做的事。如：Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. I am taking my mum. What were you doing when Tony phoned you ? I had just finished my work and was starting to take a shower. 表示现在或当时发展中的或正在进行的情况。如：I dont think Jim saw me; he was just starting into space. I first met Lisa 3 years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. Is this raincoat yours ? No, mine is hanging there behind the door. Hey, look where you are going ! Oh, Im terribly sorry, I wasnt noticing. 【考点诠释】 (3)现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等 三仔细体会语境 近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化实际化因此,仔细体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题例：Do you think we should accept that offer? Yes，we should，for we_ such bad luck up till now，and time_ out. A. have had；is running B. had；is running C. have；has been run D. have had；has been run 【答案解析】 A。由时间标志词up till now知道，动作是从过去延续到现在，所以第一空要用现在完成时；而根据语境可知时间快要耗光了，所以第二空要用进行时表将来。 Can you tell me the timetable of the_school bus? Well, the bus_here for the _campus at 7:00 Am. Awill leave Bleft Cis leaving Dleaves 【答案解析】 D。考查时态，“校班车的时间表”是规定好的事情，表示一般性动作用一般现在时。 【高考链接】1.（09安徽）23. Daniels family their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.A. are enjoying B. are to enjoyC. will enjoy D. will be enjoying【答案】D.本题关键点最后四个单词”this time next week”是将来进行时的标志.2.（09北京）23. Scientists have many theories about how the universe _ into being.A. came B. was comingC. had come D. would come【答案】A。【解析】考查时态的用法。宇宙是如何形成的，因为宇宙的形成这个动作已经发生，所以用一般过去时来表示已经发生的动作。3.（09北京）27. The way the guests _ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.A. treatedB. were treatedC. would treatD. would be treated【答案】B.【解析】考查时态和语态的用法。The guests 与treat之间是被动的关系，并且动作已经发生，所以用一般过去时的被动形式。4.（09北京）30. When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we _ up, her voice had been full of life. A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang 【答案】C. 【解析】考查时态。By the time 后的从句中多用一般现在时和一般过去时。根据该题的语境可以断定答案为:C. 5.（09福建）22. -Why does the Lake smell terrible? -Because large quantities of water . A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted【答案】D【解析】考查动词时态，语态和主谓语一致。根据前一分句可知所填动词表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响，时态用现在完成时，动词与主语是被动关系，用被动语态。主语是large quantities of water，其中心词是quantities，是复数，谓语动词用复数，选D。6. (09全国卷1)26. His sister left home in 1998, and _since. A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of C. had not heard of D. has not heard of 【答案】B 【解析】C、D是主动语态，hear of表示“听说”，后面应该有宾语。前句意思是“他妹妹1998年离开的家”，说明1998年前有音信，由此可判断下句意思是“她妹妹从1998年到现在以来才没有音信的（被听说过）”，因此是现在完成时态。 7. (09山东卷)25. The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since1990. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 【答案】C 【解析】句意：到中国上大学的外国学生的