北京学位英语试题语法分析.doc

师资最强，课时最长，价格最低，最专业的学位英语辅导机构北京学位英语试题:语法分析（三） 第五节 非谓语动词非谓语动词分三种，即：不定式，动名词和分词。下面分三部分进行介绍。动词不定式 动词不定式有两种，一种是带to的不定式，一种是不带to的不定式。不带to的不定式和动词原形相同，但在大多数情况下不定式都是带to的。不定式可以在句中作谓语，主语，宾语，复合宾语，定语，状语以及表语等成分。基本形式：主动形式被动形式一般式（not） to make（not） to be made完成式（not） to have made（not） to have been made进行式（not） to be making一、动词不定式的基本结构和用法动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式， 由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。例：To talk to him is to talk to the wall. 和他讲话是对牛弹琴。往年试题：例（1）Good-bye , Mr. Wang. Im pleased _ you.A. to meet B .meeting C. to have been meetingD. to be met答案：A（1998年57题）例（2）Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people _ their best.A. do B. to do C. doing D. done答案：B（1996年44题）二、动词不定式的被动式当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的对象时（或动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。往年试题：例（1）. The question _ at the meeting tomorrow is very important. A. to discuss B. being discussed C. to be discussed D. will be discussed 答案：C（2004年11月34题）例（2）We shall ask for samples _ and then we can make our decision.A. to be sent B. being sent C. to sent D. to have been sent答案：A（2003年4月17题）例（3）The ability _ is very important for any speaker.A. to hear clearly B. to be clearly heardC. to hearing clearly D. to being clearly heard答案：B（1999年39题）例（4）Mr. and Mrs. Smith didnt expect the house _ so well.A. to be decoratedB. to decorateC. be decoratedD. decorating答案：A（1995年22题）三、动词不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在句子谓语所表示的动作之前。因此考生不但要熟练掌握动词的不定式，还要理解好句意。例：He is said to have left Shanghai. 据说他已经离开了上海。（大家讨论时他已离开）The president was reported to have been flying across the Atlantic.报道说总统已经飞越了大西洋。往年试题：例（1）Judging from his manners at the party, he doesnt seem _ much education.A. to receive B. to be receiving C. to have received D. to have been received答案：C（1997年45题）例（2）The book is said _ into several foreign languages up to now.A. to translate B. to have translateC. to have been translatedD. to be translated答案：C四 动词不定式的复合结构当一个句子如需指出不定式动作的发出者时（即逻辑主语时），要在不定式前用for加名词（或代词）表示。往年试题：例（1）It was very difficult _ me to learn Spanish.A. of B. to C. with D. for答案：D2、It is necessary _ the papers immediately.A. for you to hand in B. that you hand out C. your hand inD. for your hand in答案：A五、have sth done 和have sb do sth的用法have sth done:表示这个动作由别人来做。have sb do sth表示让某人做某事，相当于let sb. do sth.往年试题：例（1）Excuse me, but it is time to have your temperature_.A. taking B. taken C. took D. take 答案：B（2003年11月38题）例（2）Ill _ that Im a qualified engineer.A. have you know B. have known you C. have you knowingD. have you know答案：A（2003年4月25题）例（3）We are going to have our office _ to make room for a new engineer.A. to rearrange B. rearrange C. rearranged D. rearranging答案：C（2002年50题）动名词 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，称为动名词。动名词在句中可以用作主语、表语、宾语。其基本形式为：主动形式被动形式一般时doingbeing done完成时having donehaving been done一、动名词的基本用法：动名词可以在句中作主语、表语和宾语。例：Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。（作主语） One of her duties is tying letters. 她的指责之一是打信。（作表语） I suggest doing it a diffenret way. 我建议以另外一种方式作这事。往年试题：例（1）I am considering _ my job as Im not getting on well with my boss.A. changing B. to change C. changed D. to be changed 答案：A（2004年4月31题）例（2）John suggested _ anything about it until they found out more facts.A. not to say B. saying not C. to say not D. not saying答案：D（1995年53题）二、动名词的完成时或被动式：表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生时，用动名词的完成时。例：He reported having met only one panda. 他报告说他只碰到一只熊猫。动名词也可以用在被动式里。例：He hated being laughed at. 他不喜欢被人笑话。He doesnt like being taken seriously. 他不喜欢对他这样认真。往年试题：例（1）I dont remember _.A. ever to be sayingB. to have ever said C. having ever said thatD. ever said that答案：C例（2）No one avoid _ by advertisements.A. influenced B. influencing C. to influenceD. being influenced答案：D例（3）Susan was very unhappy for not _ to the party.A. to be invitedB. having been invitedC. invitingD. to have been invited答案：B三、动名词的逻辑主语动名词前面有时可以用一个物主代词或名词所有格表示它逻辑上的主语：例：Excuse my opening your letter by mistake. 原谅我不慎把你的信拆开。（物主代词） I dont think the children enjoy Johns cheating. 我想孩子们不会喜欢约翰的作弊。（名词所有格）往年试题：例（1）Would you mind _ the computer game in your room?A. him playing B. his playing C. him to play D. him play 答案：B（2004年11月29题）例（2）He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday party.A. I asking B. my asking C. me to ask D. mine to ask答案：B（1998年29题）五、动名词做介词的宾语有许多介词构成的成语动词后面可以跟动名词做宾语，有时介词可以省略。往年试题例（1）Dont risk _ the job which so many people want.A. losing B. to lose C. lostD. your life to lose答案：A（1999年57题）注：risk后接动名词做宾语，risk（in）doing sth.中的介词in常省略。例（2）I dont think it is any use _ this matter any further.A. discussing B. to discuss C. to discussingD. to be discussed答案：A注：it is no use （good）doing做没有用（好处），动名词做介词in的宾语，常省略。）有的动词后的to 既可以是不定式符号，又可以是介词，使用时要特别注意。例（1）We look forward to _ to the opening ceremony.A. invite B. be invited C. having been invited D. being invited 答案：D（2003年11月37题）注：look forward to 短语中的to 是介词，因此其后要接动名词做宾语，又根据题意，要用动名词的被动。例（2）You dont object _ you by your first name, do you?A. for me to call B. me to call C. to my callingD. my calling答案：C（1996年21题）注：object to 中的to是介词，故接动名词做宾语。六、有些动词后可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式做宾语，但意思有时不同，考生需要注意以下几个动词（词组）：stop, go on, remember, forget, reget, try, need等词。例：The minister went on talking for two hours. 部长一连谈了两个小时。 The minister went on to talk about foreign policy. 部长接着就谈外交政策 。.She forgot to post the letter. 她忘记寄这封信了。She forgot posting the letter. 她忘记寄过这封信了。You didnt need to tell him the news. 你无需告诉他这一消息。The batteries in the radio needs changing. 收音机里的电池需要更换。Please try to be quiet. 请设法保持安静。Try pressing the green button. 按绿色按钮试试。I regret spending so much money on a car. 我后悔在一辆小汽车上花这么多钱。I regret to say I cannot come. 很抱歉，我不能来了。Did you remember to feed the animals? 你记着喂牲口了吗？I remember posting the letters. 我记得这些信是发掉了。 往年试题：例（1）The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently _.A. on rest B. at restC. restingD. to rest答案：D（1999年29题）本句中“to rest”作目的状语，意思为“停下来的目的是为了休息”。例（2）Men will never stop _ for new ways of getting new energy.A. search B. to search C. searchingD. searched答案：C本句的意思是：人类不会停止对新能源的探索。例（3）Dont forget _ the window before leaving the room.A. to have closed B. to close C. having closed D. closing答案：B（2001年28题）“to close”表示一个在“leaving”之后发生的将来的动作分词 动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时，为动名词，在起其他作用时则为现在分词。现在分词在句中可以作表语、补足语、状语和定语。过去分词在句中可以做谓语、表语、定语以及状语等。现在分词的具体形式如下：主动形式被动形式现在式doingbeing done过去时Done完成时having donehaving been done一、分词在句中的作用往年试题：例（1）Henry is often seen _ English aloud every morning in the classroom. A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read 答案：D（2004年11月31题）注：现在分词做宾语补足语，表示动作正在进行。例（2）John, _ the bet, had to pay for the dinner.A. lost B. having lostC. losing D. having loss 答案：B（2004年4月33题）注：分词短语的完成时做原因状语。例（3）They all returned to the village _ that the danger was over.A. convincingB. convincedC. to convinceD. having convinced答案：B（1997年57题）注：过去分词做伴随状语二、现在分词和过去分词的区别现在分词修饰的是事物，常译作“令人”，具有主动、进行的意思。过去分词修饰的是人，常译作“感到”，具有被动、完成的概念。例：Im bored with this job. 我对这件工作厌烦了。（bored修饰的是人）Its a rather boring book. 它是一本相当枯燥的书。（boring修饰的是物）往年试题：例（1）She told me that it was the most _ gift her daughter had received.A. delightingB. delightedC. delightsD. delight答案：A（2003年38题）例（2）My parents are _ with my progress.A. pleaseB. pleasedC. pleasingD. being pleased 答案：B三、现在分词的被动式和过去分词的区别。现在分词的被动式，表示动作正在发生。而过去分词表示动作的完成和结果。往年试题：例（1）Standing on the bank, the children watched the ship _ with all kinds of goods.A. loadingB. being loadedC. to be loadedD. having loaded答案：B（2000年23题）例（2）The interviewer should take down notes at the moment the person _ answers the questions.A. to be interviewedB. interviewingC. being interviewedD. interviewed答案：C（1997年33题）四、分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语的一致关系。在不少情况下，句子的分词短语表示一个词要的动作，这个动作的逻辑主语与主句的逻辑主语通常是一致的。往年试题：例（1）. _, we decided to leave at once, as we didnt want to risk missing the bus. A. As it being pretty late B. It being pretty late C. It was being pretty late D. Being pretty late 答案：D（2004年11月26题）注：现在分词短语做原因状语，分词的主语和句子的主语一致，因此D 为正确答案。例（2）_ tired after a hard work, she fell into bed and went straight to sleep.A. FeltB. FeelingC. Being feltD. To feel答案：B（1998年50题）例（3）Arriving at the bus stop, _ waiting there.A. he found a lot of people B. a lot of people wereC. he found a lot of peoples D. people were found答案：A（1996年37题）注：分词短语做伴随状语时，和主句共用一个主语。但如果分词短语带有自己的逻辑主语，此时分词短语的逻辑主语和主句的主语不一致，我们称为分词的独立主格。往年试题：例（1）Classes _, the students left for home without delay.A. were over B. being over C. are over D. over 答案：B（2004年4月18题）注：当分词短语的主语和主句的主语不一致而且又有自己的主语的时候，要用分词的独立主格。因此只有 B最符合语法结构。例（2）The plane crashed, its bombs _ as it hit the ground.A. explodedB. were explodedC. explodingD. were exploding答案：C（1999年43题）考生还须注意with （without） 引导的分词的独立结构。往年试题：例（1）With the flowers _everywhere, the park looks beautiful.A. to bloom B. blooming C. be blooming D. to be blooming 答案：B（2004年4月38题）注：with 后面接复合宾语，因为宾语the flowers和宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，因此用现在分词，B为正确答案。例（2）With the old man _ the way, we had no trouble in finding that mysterious cave.A. leadingB. ledC. leadD. to be led答案：A（2000年27题）例（3）He walked across the meeting room _ everyone looking at her.A. withB. asC. whileD. when答案：A。注：with或without可以引导分词的独立结构，做伴随状语。）（1997年49题）第六节 各种从句英语句子分为简单句、并列句和复合句。简单句：如果一个句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只用单词或短语表示，那么这个句子就是简单句。例：He read the newspaper. 他看报纸。 Fortune has always smiled at him. 他的命运一向很好。并列句：两个或两个以上互不依从的、由主谓结构组成的简单句连接起来，就构成了一个并列句。例：I was going to write, but I lost your address. 我本来要写信的，可是把你的地址弄丢了。 He was sick, so they were quiet. 他病了，所以他们很安静。复合句：复合句包含两个或两个以上的主谓结构。其中一个主谓结构是全句的主体，表达一个主要思想，称为主句；另外一个或几个主谓结构作为主句里的一个成分，表达一个或几个次要思想，我们称之为从句。英语中从句包括：名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。其中名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。下面一一详细解释和分析各种从句。名词性从句名词从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。一、主语从句在句子中担当主语的是一个从句，这个从句就叫主语从句。主语从句包括下面三种情况：l 由that引起的主语从句l 由连接代词、连接副词或由连词whether引起的主语从句：包括what，whatever，who，whoever，when，where，how，why，whether等词l 由关系代词引起的主语从句：what，whatever，whoever，whichever等词1、由连词that引导的主语从句。这是用的最为广泛的主语从句，但真正放在句首的这类从句是比较少的，因为主语太长会显得头重脚轻。有时为了强调或谓语较长时也有这样安排的：例：That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着是使人感到宽慰的。绝大多数包含主语从句的句子都借助先行词it作为形式上的主语，而把主语从句放到句子后面去。 例：Its strange that it hasnt been noticed before. 很奇怪，以前没有人注意到这一点。It is true that the earth is round. 地球是圆的，这是个事实。2、由连接代词和连接副词以及关系代词引导的主语从句这类词包括：what，whatever，who，whoever，when，where，how，why，whether等词。What有时可以用来表示the thing which这种意思，引导从句，表示一样东西或一件事情。它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语或状语，不能省略。注意翻译时不能把它们译为疑问句。由它们引导的主语从句，也可以用形式主语it引导。Who，whom，which，what，可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。此类句子不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成份，不能省略，语序为陈述句的语序。往年试题：例（1）_ was unimportant.A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinnerC. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner答案：A（2000年40题）例（2） _ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. A. What B. That C. Which D. As 答案：A（2004年11月27题）注：what 在从句中做主语。例（3）_ I saw was two men crossing the street.A. WhatB. WhomC. WhoD. That答案：A（2001年38题）例（4）_ was not the way the event happened.A. Which the press reported B. That the press reportedC. what did the press report D. What the press reported答案：D（1998年24题）注：主语从句，what在从句中做宾语。4、句型It is desirable （suggested, necessary, requested, ordered, proposed, urgent）+that+主语+should（可省略）+V（动词原形）。往年试题：例（1）Its urgent that a meeting _ before the final decision is made.A. will be arrangedB. must be arranged C. be arranged D. would be arranged答案：C（2003年4月45题）例（2）It is highly desirable that a new president _ for this university.A. is appointed B. will be appointed C. be appointed D. has been appointed答案：C（1997年52题）二、表语从句1、表语从句的一般用法在从句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。它位于主句中的系动词之后，常用的关联词和主语从句相同，有that，what，whatever，who，whoever，when，where，how，why，whether等。例：The fact is （that） she didnt even read my letter. 事实是,她甚至没有看过我的信。Thats how I look at it. 这是我对这问题的看法。Thats why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。The question is what we should do next. 问题是我们下一步该怎么办。Thats what we are here for. 我们来这里就为了这个。The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow morning. 问题是我们明天上午能否完成任务。往年试题：例（1）Isnt that _they call peace and friendship?A. which B. this C. what D. where 答案：C（2004年4月27题）2、用suggestion等词表示愿望、建议、命令等情绪时，用虚拟语气，从句中用should（可省略）+动词原形。例：His proposal is that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.他提议他们和别的组挑战进行一场友谊竞赛。往年试题：例（1）The generals command was that the soldiers _ their fort and carry out more important tasks.A. would leave B. leave C. leftD. have left答案：B（2002年48题）三、宾语从句1、宾语从句可以由that、连接代词（副词）或连词whether（if）等词引导，宾语从句用陈述句的语序例：He said that he would come.他说他要来。Most people believe that the strike will last for at least a week. 多数人相信,罢工至少会延续一个星期。He ask me where I was going. 他问我到哪儿去。She inquired how we are getting on. 她问我们情况怎样。I wanted to know why we are so late. 我想知道为什么我们来得这么晚。Only you can decide which one suits you best. 只有你能决定哪一个最适合你。He asked me whether she was coming. 他问我，她来还是不来。往年试题：例（1）I must tell you how _ a letter from you.A. pleased I was to receive B. pleased I was to receivingC. was I pleased to receive D. pleased I was receiving 答案：A（2004年4月30题）.注：此句为how 引导的宾语从句。how 后面紧跟它所修饰的形容词或副词，然后再接一个陈述句。另外注意短语：be pleased to do sth.例（2）Can you tell me _ about the city that makes people love it so much?A. it is what B. what it isC. what is itD. is it what答案：B（1999年47题）2、介词后面的宾语从句例：It all depends on how you tackle the problem. 那要看你如何应付这问题而定。My parents worry about if I come home late. 如果我回家晚了，我父母会担心的。往年试题：例（1）The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one was aware _ she had gone.A. where that B. of where C. of the place D. the place答案: B（1998年48题）例（2）He was a man of fine character in all points _ he was rather timid.A. in that B. except that C. for thatD. except for答案：B（1997年53题）3、suggest，insist，order，demand等动词后作宾语时，表示欲望、建议、命令等时，用虚拟语气。往年试题：例（1）His mother insisted that he _ the coat when going out.A. put on B. puts on C. to putD. putting on答案：A（1999年58题）例（2）The doctor advised that Mr. Malan _ an operation right away so as to save his life.A. had B. would have C. haveD. was going to have答案：C（1998年28题）4、在下列情况下不能用if , 只用whether。后跟不定式：例：He didnt tell me whether to go or stay. 他没有告诉我是走还是留下。前面有介词：例：He raised the question of whether we could find the necessary money. 他提出我们能否筹集到必要的资金这个问题。引导主语从句：例：Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. 他们胜利也好，失败也好，对我来说都是一样的。后面直接跟or not：例：I wonder whether Ill catch the last bus or not. 我不知道我能否赶上末班车。四、同位语从句1、同位语从句的基本用法 在fact，idea，news等名词的后面，通常可以跟连词that引导的从句，来说明其内容，我们称之为同位语从句。例：I received a message that she would be late. 我得到的信息说她可能晚到。They were worried over the fact that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。往年试题：例（1）Would the news _ he failed to pass the exam bother you?A. which B. that C. of which D. on which 答案：B（2003年4月58题）2、如果同位语从句所修饰的先行词是suggestion，proposal等名词的时候，谓语动词用should+原形动词。should可以省略。例：He made the suggestion that we (should) go by train. 他建议我们坐火车去。 His proposal that they（should）challenge the other groups to a friendly competition is praised by the teacher. 他提议向别的组挑战，来一场友谊竞赛。这个提议受到了老师的表扬。定语从句在复合句中起定语作用的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句分为两种：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。定语从句在成人三级英语考试中占有非常重要的地位，考生一定要高度重视定语从句方面的训练。一、关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导的定语从句往年试题：例（1）The company official _ I thought would be fired received a raise.A. whom B. whoever C. whoD. of whom答案：A（1998年40题）二、关系副词 when ,where, why, 引导的定语从句往年试题：例（1）I will never forget the ten years _ we both spent in the little village.A. when B. during which C. which D. in which答案：A（2001年54题） 例（2）The time will come _ man can fly to outer space freely.A. that B. whenC. in thatD. which答案：B（1996年35题）三、关系代词前带介词的定语从句往年试题：例（1）This is the dictionary _ I depend a lot whenever I have problems with new words.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. for which答案：C（2004年4月19题）例（2）Before her marriage, she spent a considerable time in that very part of Shanghai, _ she belonged.A. which B. to where C. to which D. at which答案：C（1998年56题）四、非限定定语从句对被修饰的名词起附加说明，或进一步描述或补充。非限定性定语从句对于所修饰的成分没有限制意义的作用，而是补充一点情况，与主句关系不紧密，把它们拿掉，主句照样成立。非限定性定语从句合所修饰得成分之间常加上一个逗号，译成汉语时通常另起一个句子。只有who, whom, whose和which等关系代词能引导非限定性定语从句， 考生要记住一定不能用关系代词that 引导。往年试题：例（1）An Old friend from abroad, _I was expecting to stay with, telephoned me from the airport.A. that B. whom C. who D. which答案：B（2000年31题）例（2）The investigation, _ will soon be