大学阅读考试翻译.doc

大学阅读考试翻译Unit 10 Foreign Exchange RateIIITranslate the following professional terms and expressions.181. international parity国际比价 2. foreign currency bill外币汇票 3. exchange clearing外汇清算 4. exchange rate quotation 外汇牌价 5. closing rate收盘价6. 单位换算 unit conversion 7. 出口外汇 export exchange 8. 物价水平price level9. 国际储备货币international reserve currency 10. 贸易顺差favorable balance of trade. Translate the following sentences Chinese.1. There is also a foreign exchange rate between American money and the currencies of each and every country 美国货币与各国货币之间也有一个外汇兑换率的问题。2. But the true economics of the problem cannot be grasped until we find out why the foreign exchange rate is at the level it is.只有弄清楚外汇比率为什么会像它的牌价那样，我们才能掌握这个问题中真正的经济学原理。3. If America used ounces and Chins used grams to measure weight, you would merely have to have a table of unit conversion.如果美国用盎司，而中国用克来衡量重量，你就需要有一张不同重量单位的换算表。4. Under the indirect quotation method, the rates are quoted in terms of a variable number of foreign currency units to the fixed unit of home currency.按照间接标价法，汇率标价是以一定单位的本国货币为标准，折算出一个随汇率变动而变化的外币数额。5. In the case of direct rates, “low rates” are for us, (favorable from a national viewpoint) and “high rates” are against us (unfavorable from a national viewpoint).就直接汇率来说，从国家的角度看，低汇率对我们有利，而高汇率对我们不利。课文参考译文第三单元 外汇汇率 How does trade take place? If an American buys oranges from Florida, he or she naturally wants to pay in dollars. Also, the grower expects to be paid in dollarsfor, after all, their expenses and living costs are settled in dollars. Within a country, economic transactions seem simple. 贸易是如何进行的?如果一个美国人从佛罗里达购买橘子,他自然要用美元付款。橘农也希望收取美元。 因为，他们的开销和日常生活都是用美元结算的。在一个国度内，经济交易显得很简便。 If, however, this American wishes to buy a Chinese sports car directly, matters are more complicated. He or she must pay in Chinese money, or what is called “RMB”, rather than in dollar. Similarly, the Chinese must somehow give dollars to an American producer if they want American merchandise. Most Americans have never seen a Chinese RMB note.但是，如果这位美国人想从中国直接购买一部赛车，事情就复杂多了。他必须支付中国的货币，或者说“人民币”，而不是美元。同样，如果中国人想购买美国商品，也得付给美国生产商美元。大多数美国人从来没有见过人民币是什么样子。 Therefore, exports and imports of goods between nations with different units of money introduce a new economic factor, the foreign exchange rate, which gives the price of the foreigners unit of money in terms of ones own. Thus, the price of a Chinese RMB is a certain amount of US dollars. There is also a foreign exchange rate between American money and the currencies of each and every country. Business people and tourists do not have to know anything more than exchange rates to get their imports or exports transacted. But the true economics of the problem cannot be grasped until we find out why the foreign exchange rate is at the level it is.这样一来，在使用不同货币单位的国家之间进出口商品就引起了一个新的经济因素：外汇比率。外汇比率以自己国家货币的形式标出外国货币的价格。因此就有了人民币相当于多少美元，还有美国货币与各国货币的外汇兑换率。商人和旅行家除了完成他们的进出口交易之外，不必一定要了解兑换率之外的任何事情。但是如果不弄清楚外汇比率为什么会像它的牌价那样，我们就不能掌握这个问题当中真正的经济学原理。First, lets look at the working of the gold standard. Suppose people everywhere insisted on being paid in bits of pure gold metal. Weight alone would count so long as there was guarantee of purity. Then buying a car in China would merely require payment in gold at a price expressed in ounces of gold. By definition there would be no foreign exchange rate problem. Gold would be the common world currency.首先，我们看一看金本位的原理。假如世界各地的人们都坚持收取一块块的纯金，只要在纯度方面有了保证，剩下最重要的就是重量了。那么在中国购买一部汽车，只要按照标价的若干盎司黄金支付就可以了。从释义角度讲，就不存在外汇兑换率这个问题了。黄金就成了全世界的通用货币。 However, since silver and gold are inconvenient to carry and to assay for purity and for weight, it became customary for each state to stamp out in coin form a specified number of ounces of gold carrying the seal of the state to guarantee purity and weight. With gold coins as the exchange medium, would not foreign trade still be like domestic trade? Yes, essentially but with some minor differences: If Americans used ounces and China used grams to measure weight, you would merely have to have a table of unit conversion. This is essentially how the pre-1914 gold standard actually worked.但是，携带金银和做出的纯度与重量鉴定不方便。所以，通常的做法是每个国家把特定数量盎司的黄金冲压成金币形状，并带有该国的印记一保证纯度和重量。如果以金币作为交换手段，外贸不是与内贸很相似吗？从根本上讲是的。但也有些小区别：如果美国用盎司，中国用克衡量重量，你就需要有一张不同重量单位的换算表。 这正是1914年之前金本位的运作原理。 Gold being quite inconvenient to carry around for spending purposes, inevitably governments issued paper certificates that were pledged to be redeemable in gold metal. People have the right to turn in gold for certificates and certificates for gold.既然为购物携带黄金不方便，各国政府必然会发行纸的保证书，用它可以兑现黄金。人们有权以黄金换取证书，以证书兑现黄金。 Then, will a country lose all its gold in exchange for things made abroad under the gold standard? David Hume asserted in 1752, that there is a four-pronged mechanism that tends to keep in equilibrium the international balance of payments of countries on the gold standard. Briefly, the Hume mechanism is this:那么，根据金本位的原理，一个国家在用黄金换取外国制造的货物时，会不会失去它所拥有的黄金呢？大卫.休谟在1752年宣称，在金本位国家里，有一种具有四方面作用的机制可以保持国际收支差额的均衡。概括的说，休谟的机制是这样的： Suppose one country imports too much and begins to lose gold. This loss of gold reduces its price and cost level, thereby (1) decreasing its imports of foreign goods that have become relatively dear, and (2) increasing exports of its now cheapened home-produced goods.假设某个国家进口过多引起黄金外流。黄金大量外流使该国产品的价格和成本都下降了。因此（1）它得减少从外国进口货物，因为进口货的价格已经变得相对昂贵了。（2）它应增加出口本国生产的，目前已变得便宜的产品。 The other country is at first having a so-called “favorable balance of trade” -as it sends more goods abroad than it imports, receiving only barren gold in exchange. Now its price and cost levels of goods are raised. This is a further reason (3) for its now-expensive exports to go down in physical amount and (4) for its citizens to import more of the first countrys now-cheap goods.对方国家最初享有所谓“贸易顺差”-因为它出口多于进口，但它收到的仅是光秃秃的黄金。而现在它的货物价格和成本水平都提高了。这就使我们可知：（3）它现在昂贵的出口在实际数量上减少了；（4）它的居民现在要从前一个国家进口便宜的货物。The result of this four-pronged gold flow price-level mechanism is to improve the balance of payments of the country losing gold, and worsen that of the country with the favorable trade balance until equilibrium in international trade is reestablished at relative prices that keep imports and exports in balance with no further net gold flow.这种具有四方面作用的控制黄金流向和保持价格水平的机制可以改进黄金外流国家的收支平衡，而使享有贸易顺差的国家的情况逆转，直到恢复在相应价格水平上的国际贸易均衡。这种价格水平可以维持进出口的平衡，而不必有单纯的黄金流动。The method of quoting the prices or rates of exchange for different currencies takes one or two forms: the direct quotation method and the indirect quotation method. Under the direct quotation method, the rates are quoted in terms of a variable number of home currency per fixed foreign currency unit, and China adopts this method. Under the indirect quotation method, the rates are quoted in terms of a variable number of foreign currency units to the fixed unit of home currency, the exchange market in London practices this method.对各种货币标价或标汇率的方法有两种：直接标价法和间接标价法。按照直接标价法，汇率标价是以一定单位的外币为标准，推算出一个随着汇率变动而变化的本国货币数额。中国采用的就是这种方法。按照间接标价法，汇率标价是以一定单位的本国货币为标准，折算成一个随着汇率变动而变化的外币数额。伦敦外汇市场实行的就是这种方法。An exchange dealer always quotes two rates, at one of which, he will buy and at the other of which he will sell the foreign currency. For direct rates then, on the standpoint of the exchange dealer, the maxim is “buy low, sell high”, for indirect rates, the maxim “buy high, sell low”. A distinction must be drawn between rates quoted by a dealer to his customers and the so-called “market rates”. The market rates are those ruling between the dealers themselves as members of the market. For direct rates, the selling rate to his customers will be higher than that of the market rate. In the case of direct rates, “low rates” are for us, (favorable from a national viewpoint) and “high rates” are against us (unfavorable from a national viewpoint); or vise versa in the case of indirect rates.外汇经纪人通常标两种汇率，一种是他买进外汇的汇率，一种是他卖出外汇的汇率。就外汇经纪人的观点来说，对于直接汇率而言，其准则是低买高卖。对于间接汇率而言其准则是高买低卖。必须区分经纪人对其客户的标价汇率和所谓“市场汇率”。市场汇率是指作为市场人员的经纪人同业中通行的汇率。就直接汇率而言，卖给客户的汇率高于市场汇率的卖出汇率，而买进汇率将低于市场汇率的买进汇率。就直接汇率来说，从国家的角度看，低汇率对我们有利，而高汇率对我们不利。至于间接汇率就相反。Unit 9 What Is Logistics?IIITranslate the following professional terms and expressions. 1. logistics strengths and capabilities物流的优势和能力 2. the administration of these vital supplies 对这些重要供给的管理 3. an organization of these vital supplies一个有能力供给部队的组织 4. a highly skilled exercise in logistics物流上的一次高技术的演练 5. the vital impact that logistics management can have in the achievement of competitive物流管理在赢取竞争优势上的重要影响 6以最低的成本获取渴望的交货服务和交货质量 to achieve desired levels of delivered service and quality at lowest possible cost 7. 市场和商务运作活动之间的链接the link between the marketplace and the operating activity of the business 8. 从原材料的广利一直到最后成品的发送from the management of raw materials through to the delivery of the final product 9. 通过多样性，高水准的服务和经常的产品革新赢取竞争优势to achieve competitive advantage through variety, high service levels and frequent product changes 10. 反作用于获取整体企业目标counter-productive to the achievement of overall corporate goals. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. This lack of recognition partly springs from the relatively low level of understanding of the benefits of integrated logistics. 这种认识上的缺失部分上是由于对综合物流好处的相对低水平的理解造成的。 2. Logistics is the process of strategically managing the procurement, movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory (and the related information flows) through the organization and its marketing channels in such a way that current and future profitability are maximized through the cost-effective fulfillment of orders.物流是通过组织和它的市场对原料、零件和存货（以及相关的信息流）进行战略管理的一种过程。在这个过程中，组织现在和未来的利益通过有成本效益订单的实现达到最大化。 3. The task of logistics management is to plan and co-ordinate all those activities necessary to achieve desired levels of delivered service and quality at lowest possible cost. 物流管理的任务就是为了以最低的成本达到渴求的交货服务和交货质量水平而对所有所必须的活动进行规划和调整。 4. Logistics management, from this total systems viewpoint, is the means whereby the needs of customers are satisfied through the co-ordination of the materials and information flows that extend from the marketplace, through the firm and its operations and beyond that to suppliers.物流管理，从这个整体系统的观点来看，就是一种使顾客的需求通过对物资和信息流的调整得以满足的方法。这物资和信息流从市场开始，贯穿整个企业及其各项运作，然后再到供应商。 5. Manufacturing priorities and objectives have typically been focused on operating efficiency, achieved through long production runs, minimized set-ups and changed-overs and product standardization.生产的优先性和目标很典型地集中在运作效率上。运作效率的获得是通过运作的长期性、组织和变革的最小化和产品的标准化实现的。课文参考译文第三单元 什么是物流？In the early part of 1991 the world was given a dramatic example of the importance of logistics. As a forerunner to the Gulf War, it had been necessary for the United States and its allies to move huge amounts of material great distances in what were thought to be impossibly short time-frames. Half a million people and over a million tones of materials and supplies were airlifted 12,000 kilometers with a further 2.3 million tones of equipment moved by the sea all of this achieved in a matter of months.1991年上半年，物流重要性的一个生动的例子展示在世人面前。作为海湾战争的先行者，美国及其盟国必须在被认为不可能再短的时间内远距离地调动大量的物资。50万人员和超过100万顿的物资和补给被空运了12,000公里，另有230万顿装备通过海运调动所有这些都在几个月时间内完成了。Throughout the history of mankind, wars have been won and lost through logistics strengths and capabilities or the lack of them. It has been argued that the defeat of the British in the American War of Independence can largely be attributed to logistics failure. The British Army in America depended almost entirely upon Britain for supplies. At the height of war there were 12,000 troops overseas and for the most part they had not only to be equipped, but fed from Britain. For the first six years of the war the administration of these vital supplies was totally inadequate, affecting the course of operations and the morale of the troops. An organization capable of supplying the army was not developed until 1781 and by then it was too late. 在人类历史上，战争的输赢取决于后勤的优势和能力，而后勤的缺失必然导致战斗失败。有人认为，英国在美国独立战争上的失败可能很大程度上是归因于后勤的失败。当时在美国的英国军队的补给几乎完全依赖于英国本土。在战争的高潮时期，英国海外有1万2千支军队。他们不仅装备而且食物都要取自英国本土。在战争的头六年里，对这些重要物资的管理是完全不得当的，影响了部队的行动和士气。一个能补给部队的组织直到1781年才成立，而到那时已经太晚了。In the Second World War, logistics also played a major role. The Allied Forces invasion of Europe was a highly skilled exercise in logistics, as was the defeat of Rommel in the desert. Rommel himself once said that “before the fighting proper, the battle is won or lost by quartermasters”.在第二次世界大战，后勤同样起着一个主要的作用。盟军对欧洲的占领就是后勤的一次高技术的演练，隆美尔在沙漠上的失败同样也是如此。隆美尔自己曾说过：“在战争开始之前，它就被军需官们打赢或打输了。”However whilst the Generals and Field Marshals from the earliest times have understood the critical role of logistics, strangely it is only in the recent past that business organizations have come to recognize the vital impact that logistics management can have in the achievement of competitive advantage. This lack of recognition partly springs from the relatively low level of understanding of the benefits of integrated logistics. 然而，当将军们和陆军元帅们在很早时期就已经明白了后勤的关键作用时，奇怪的是直到近几年商业组织才意识到物流管理在获取竞争优势上的重要影响。这种认识上的缺失部分原因是来自对综合物流相对低水平的理解。It has taken a further 70 years or so for the basic principles of logistics management to be clearly defined.又过了大约70年，物流管理的基本规则才被清晰地定义下来。What is logistics management in the sense that it is understood today? There are many ways of defining logistics but the underlying concept might be defined as follows: 什么是今天意义上的物流管理？有许多方法定义物流，但是主要的概念可以定义如下：Logistics is the process of strategically managing the procurement, movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory (and the related information flows) through the organization and its marketing channels in such a way that current and future profitability are maximized through the cost-effective fulfillment of orders. 物流是通过组织和它的市场对原料、零件和存货（以及相关的信息流）进行战略管理的一种过程。在这个过程中，组织现在和未来的利益通过有成本效益订单的实现达到最大化。The task of logistics management is to plan and co-ordinate all those activities necessary to achieve desired levels of delivered service and quality at lowest possible cost. Logistics must therefore be seen as the link between the marketplace and the operating activity of the business. The scope of logistics spans the organization, from the management of raw materials through to the delivery of the final product. 物流管理的任务就是为了以最低的成本达到渴求的交货服务和交货质量水平而对所有所必须的活动进行规划和调整。物流因此必须被看作是市场和商业运作活动之间的联系。物流的活动范围覆盖整个组织，从原材料的管理一直到最终产品的交付。Logistics management, from this total systems viewpoint, is the means whereby the needs of customers are satisfied through the co-ordination of the materials and information flows that extend from the marketplace, through the firm and its operations and beyond that to suppliers. To achieve this company-wide integration clearly requires a quite different orientation than that typically met in the conventional organization. 物流管理，从这个整体系统的观点来看，就是一种使顾客的需求通过对物资和信息流的调整得以满足的方法。这物资和信息流从市场开始，贯穿整个企业及其各项运作，然后再到供应商。显然，要达到这种全公司范围的整合要求一种与在传统组织里遇到的典型的方法十分不同的方法。For example, for many years marketing and manufacturing have been seen as largely separate activities within the organization. At best they have coexisted, at worst there has been open warfare. Manufacturing priorities and objectives have typically been focused on operating efficiency, achieved through long production runs, minimized set-ups and changed-overs and product standardization. On the other hand marketing has sought to achieve competitive advantage through variety, high service levels and frequent product changes. 比如，许多年来市场和生产一直都被视为组织里非常隔离的两种活动。最好地看，它们共存；最坏地看，它们之间发生过公开的战事。生产的优先性和目标特别地聚焦在运作的效率上，通过长期的生产运作、组织规模和变革的最小化、和产品的标准化获得。另一方面，市场寻求通过多样性、高质量的服务水平、和经常的产品革新来取得竞争优势。In todays more turbulent environment there is no longer any possibility of manufacturing and marketing acting independently of each other. The internecine disputes between the “barons” of production and marketing are clearly counter-productive to the achievement of overall corporate goals .在今天更为动荡的环境里，不会再有让生产和市场独自运作的可能性了。那种在生产和市场间确定谁是“男爵”（谁的地位更高）的两败俱伤的争斗，很显然与获取整体企业目标是背道而驰的。Unit 1 Barriers to International TradeIIITranslate the following professional terms and expressions.1. 贸易壁垒 trade barriers 2. 出口补贴 export subsidy 3. 进口配额 import quotas 4. 外汇控制 exchange controls 5. 成熟工业 mature industry6natural barriers to trade 自然贸易壁垒7. balance of payments 国际收支差额8. a flat charge per unit 从量税 9. embargoes 禁运10. revenue tariff 国家收入关税.Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. More specifically, the balance of payments is the summary of a countrys financial transactions with other countries including imports and exports ( balance of trade ) , long term overseas business investments in plants and equipment, government loans to and from other countries, gifts and foreign aid to and from other countries, military expenditures made in other countries, and money deposits and withdrawals in foreign banks.更具体地说，贸易差额就是一国与其他国家之间的贸易总额包括进口与出口（贸易差额）、对国外工厂和设备的长期投资、进出其他国家的政府贷款、进出其他国家的馈赠和外援、在他国的军费开支，以及在外国银行的存款与提款。2. Protective tariffs are tariffs that are set high enough to make imports less attractive than domestic products to potential buyers. 保护性关税是对进口商品课以高出国内商品许多的税额，从而减少进口商品的买主。3. Where the domestic/foreign variation in price cant be explained by differences in the cost of servicing the two markets, dumping is considered to have occurred.当进口商品的国内和国外价格差异无法用国内外两个市场中的业务成本差异解释时，就可认为出现了倾销。4. Governments are particularly concerned about predatory dumping - the attempt to gain control of a foreign market by systematically destroying competitors through the use of artificially low prices.政府尤其关注的是掠夺性倾销，即通过故意降低价格的方式来挤跨竞争对手从而控制国外市场的做法。5. Restricting trade may have adverse world multiplier effects: it may encourage retaliation