高考专项复习-高考阅读理解策略.ppt

2007高考阅读理解应试策略形成性训练 学习任务&目标 1.了解高考阅读理解主要考查的能力, 基本题 型及比重 2.初步掌握针对各种考查的题型的答题策略 3.在强化训练的实践中进一步体会, 形成有效 的答题策略 Senior 3, Class 4/ 7 Wu Xia 阅读理解中主要考查的能力 高考阅读理解题主要考查考生在单位时间内 快速阅读英语短文，了解短文的主题思想，抓 住短文中所包含的信息（事实、细节等），并 通过短文提供的材料进行分析、推理、判断， 把握上下文事实、细节之间的时空顺序、逻辑 联系及作者的意图、态度、观念和文章寓意的 能力。 2005/2006福建省高考阅读理解词汇量 年份短文词词数 选项词选项词 数合计计时间时间 分配 200512689472215 35 200635 近三年全国各地高考英语阅读理解题材的分布 题题材分类类比例题题材分类类比例 教育与人才14.8%健康饮饮食购购物8.6% 情感与心理12.9%娱乐娱乐 与休闲闲7.1% 自然与环环境11.9%文化与语语言6.2% 个人经历经历10.5%政治与经济经济3.8% 旅游与交通10.5%历历史与地理2.4% 科学与技术术10%文学与艺术艺术1.4% 表1：2005年福建省高考英语阅读理解考查情况 篇 次 内 容 涉及领领域 体裁 A 美国作家保罗罗金代 尔的文学成就 社会文化 记记叙文 B网吧经营经营 社会生活 新闻报闻报 道 C 热带热带 雨林对对气候的变变 化做出反应应 自然科学 议论议论 文 D度假旅游广告 休闲闲旅游 广告 E新闻闻摘要 政治经经 济济 新闻报闻报 道 表2：2006年福建省高考英语阅读理解考查情况 篇 次 内 容 涉及领领域 体裁 A 一位老外在日本当英 语语老师师 个人经历经历 记记叙文 B 鸟类为鸟类为 迁徙飞飞行储储存 脂肪 自然科学 说说明文 C几则则广告信息 社会生活 广告 D介绍绍两种教学形式 教育文化 说说明文 E洪水预预警系统统 人类类与自然 说说明文 近三年高考英语阅读理解主要题型所占比例分析 2006 37.6%42.9%11.6%7.9% 2005 38.1%42.8%11.3%7.8% 2004 40.6%43.4%10.9%5.1% 题型 年份 事实细节题 推理判断题主旨大意题 词义猜测题 福建省高考英语阅读理解的考查题型分布情况 年份事实细节题实细节题推理判断题题主旨大意题题词义词义 猜测测 题题 2005 2006 6 (30%)7 (35%)4 (20%)3 (15%) 11 (55%)5 (25%) 2 (10%)2 (10%) 一、事实细节题一、事实细节题 表层细节题 深层细节题 ：在原文中可直接找到答案。选项：在原文中可直接找到答案。选项 和原文在表述上没有变化。和原文在表述上没有变化。 ：在原文中可以找到有关的信息，但：在原文中可以找到有关的信息，但 需将选项信息与原文句子进行语义上需将选项信息与原文句子进行语义上 的转换（即：使用不同的词汇表达相的转换（即：使用不同的词汇表达相 同的意思）或是需要对几个细节信息同的意思）或是需要对几个细节信息 进行简单计算、排序等加工处理。进行简单计算、排序等加工处理。 1事实细节题(表层细节题) 标志：题目明确考查时间、地点、人物等细节信息；专 门针对文章中的一句或几句发问 l例1(2005福建卷A)Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that,the AmericanLibrary Association honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. l58When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize? lAIn 2002. BIn 2003. lCBetween 1967 and 1992. lDBetween 2002 and 2003. AIn 2002. in 2002 later that same year in 2002 later that same year l例2（2006福建卷B）For birds, obviously, the cost of flying with heavy fat is much smaller than we used to think. Researchers found that red knot wading birds double their normal body weight of 100 grams before making their twice-a-year nonstop flight between the British Isles and the Russian Arctic. Distance: 5,000 kilometers. l60. A red knot wading bird of 100 grams will probably weigh _ before making its nonstop migrating flight. l A. 50 grams B. 100 grams l C. 150 grams D. 200 grams 1事实细节题(深层细节题) D. 200 grams double their normal body weight of 100 grams 事实细节题的策略方法事实细节题的策略方法 做细节题时要将精力放在寻找所需要的细做细节题时要将精力放在寻找所需要的细 节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自上而下，从节上，快速通篇跳读，眼睛自上而下，从 左到右呈左到右呈Z Z字形扫视，直到找到所需要的字形扫视，直到找到所需要的 细节。待找到含相关细节的句子时，就要细节。待找到含相关细节的句子时，就要 放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，去粗取精放慢速度，仔细核对比较内容，去粗取精 ，去伪存真，经过合理的加工处理，选出，去伪存真，经过合理的加工处理，选出 正确选项。正确选项。 1. 1. 正确选项与原文使用了不同的表达方式正确选项与原文使用了不同的表达方式, ,但但 意思完全相同意思完全相同 2. 2. 干扰项部分内容正确但部分内容错误干扰项部分内容正确但部分内容错误 3. 3. 干扰项内容符合常识干扰项内容符合常识, ,但与题目问的内容牛但与题目问的内容牛 头不对马嘴头不对马嘴 4. 4. 干扰项与原文使用的词汇极为相似干扰项与原文使用的词汇极为相似, ,但表达但表达 的意思相去甚远的意思相去甚远 5. 5. 干扰项与原文的内容极为相似干扰项与原文的内容极为相似, ,但在程度上但在程度上 发生改变发生改变 事实细节题的注意事项事实细节题的注意事项 推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息推理判断题要求在理解原文表面文字信息 的基础上，通过合理的判断、推理、归纳的基础上，通过合理的判断、推理、归纳 总结，从而挖掘出文章隐含的深层意义，总结，从而挖掘出文章隐含的深层意义， 判断作者的态度倾向、写作意图等判断作者的态度倾向、写作意图等即即 通过已知信息推知未知信息通过已知信息推知未知信息。据统计，这。据统计，这 类题型是阅读测试中的难点，占的比例较类题型是阅读测试中的难点，占的比例较 大，同学们常常在这类测试题中失分。大，同学们常常在这类测试题中失分。 二、推理判断题 2. 推理判断题 l例1.（ 2007福建省质检B） The following is how to “play detective“: Form two teams of at least six people each. Have all players make a fingerprint card. One at a time, ink each fingertip on the stamp pad. Roll the finger from one side to the other to have the fingerprint left on the card. Try to use just right pressure to get a clear print. l Collect the guesses. Then have each teams “guilty person” tell the truth. How many members on each team have correctly identified the “guilty person”? That team wins! l61.The passage is most probably _. lA. a true detective story B. the instructions for a game lC. a speech on fingerprints D. a written report on fingerprints B. the instructions for a game The following is how to “play detective“: That team wins! l例2（2006福建卷B）As skies are filled with millions of migrating(迁徙) birds, European scientists say the seasonal wonder appears to be strange: l Flying in groups, their heart rates were 14.5 percent lower than flying alone, according to Henri, a French scientist. The findings help explain how birds complete difficult migrations. Researchers had thought that thinner, stronger birds would have the best chance to survive. l The first study suggests that building up fat to be burnt as fuel during the migration is worth more than the energy it takes to carry the additional weight. l 62. A _ red knot wading bird has a better chance to survive during its migrating flight. l A. stronger B. weaker C. thinner D. fatter 2. 推理判断题 D. fatter The fatter the bird, the better it flies. The fatter the bird, the better it flies. Researchers had thought that thinner, Stronger birds would have the best chance to survive. building up fat to be burnt as fuel during the migration is worth more than the energy it takes to carry the additional weight. 推理判断题的策略方法推理判断题的策略方法 3.3.对于考查写作意图的推理题，要注意透过故事对于考查写作意图的推理题，要注意透过故事 、事例、议论挖掘隐含在其中的哲理或观点。、事例、议论挖掘隐含在其中的哲理或观点。 1. 1. 根据题目线索，找到原文相关的句子（一句或根据题目线索，找到原文相关的句子（一句或 若干句），对长句进行句子结构，然后结合语境若干句），对长句进行句子结构，然后结合语境 充分理解后，作出推理判断。充分理解后，作出推理判断。 2. 2. 对于考查作者态度倾向的推理题，要注意寻对于考查作者态度倾向的推理题，要注意寻 找作者表达个人观点的总结性句子。找作者表达个人观点的总结性句子。 4. 4. 对于题目中不含任何线索的推理题，采取排除对于题目中不含任何线索的推理题，采取排除 法，对选项逐个排除，选择最有可能的选项。法，对选项逐个排除，选择最有可能的选项。 （Ex1） we couldnt afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work, I had no money for school supplies and often couldnt even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teachers words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage. 1. What can we learn from the underlined sentence? A. Kerrel couldnt understand her teacher B. Kerrel had special difficulty in hearing C. Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lesson D. Kerrel was too tired to hear her teachers words C. Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lessonC. Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lesson (Ex2)Art is now together with my piano and reading. This is a time for everything in my world, and it is wonderful to have some time doing what I want to do. As Confucius once said, “At seventy I can follow my hearts desire.” 1. How does the author probably feel about his life as an artist? A. Very enjoyable B. A bit regretful C. Rather busy D. Fairly dull A. Very enjoyable _ _ it is wonderful _ 错误选项的特点错误选项的特点: : 1. 1. 看似从原文推断出来的结论看似从原文推断出来的结论, ,实际上与原文不符实际上与原文不符 2. 2. 在常识上是正确的在常识上是正确的, ,却不是文章表述的内容却不是文章表述的内容 3. 3. 推理过头推理过头, ,引申过渡引申过渡 4. 4. 内容部分正确内容部分正确, ,部分错误部分错误 5. 5. 推理不准确推理不准确, , 过于片面或武断过于片面或武断 推理判断题的注意事项推理判断题的注意事项 v As we came to the Pont Alexandra III, the taxi slowed down, for the traffic light was red against us, and then, without stopping, we sailed through the red in a sudden burst of speed. As I paid the driver, I asked him why he had driven through two red lights. v “Its only an automatic(自动的) stop signal. And it does not mean that there is cross traffic. Did you see any cross traffic during our trip? Of course not. I slowed down at the light, looked carefully to the right and to the left. Not another car on the street at this hour. Well, then! What would you have me do? Should I stop like a stupid animal because an automatic, brainless machine turns red every forty seconds? No, sir,” he shouted. “I am a man, not a machine. I have eyes and a brain and judgment, given me by God. Ashamed of myself, you say? I would only be ashamed of myself if I let those blinking lamps do my thinking for me. Good night, sir.” v What did the driver mean by the underlined sentence? vA. He didnt want to obey the traffic law because he was not an animal. vB. He was able to judge the situation and made a right decision. vC. The machine was out of order and turned red every 40 seconds. vD. He was not a machine or an animal. B. He was able to judge the situation and made a right decision. 主旨大意题要求考生能够把握文章主旨大意题要求考生能够把握文章 的全文主题和理解中心思想，包括的全文主题和理解中心思想，包括 分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情 节、人物特征等。节、人物特征等。 三、主旨大意题 3. 主旨大意题 l例1(2005福建卷C) For more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the Amazon might have reacted to the cold ,dry climates of the ice ages ,but until now ,no one has reached a satisfying answer. l Unfortunately, getting into the Amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult.To study past climate ,scientists need to look at fossilized pollen(花粉化石) kept in lake muds. Going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物), which requires specialized equipment and heavy machinery .There are very few roads and paths ,or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes .Rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled(未取样). So far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the Amazon rainforest reacts to climate change. l67The best title for this passage may probably be . lAStudies of the Amazon BClimates of the Amazon lCSecrets of the Rainforests DChanges of the RainforestsCSecrets of the Rainforests _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 主旨大意题的策略方法（主旨大意题的策略方法（1 1） 把握文章脉络，找准主题句，观察作者总结性语句把握文章脉络，找准主题句，观察作者总结性语句 。 文章结构文章结构1 1：作者开门见山提出主题，后分段加以作者开门见山提出主题，后分段加以 论述论述, ,以事实进一步解释支持主题以事实进一步解释支持主题-主题句在文首主题句在文首 文章结构文章结构2:2: 作者先提出主题作者先提出主题, ,论述后加以总结论述后加以总结- 主题句首尾呼应主题句首尾呼应 文章结构文章结构3:3: 作者以具体事例开头作者以具体事例开头, ,随后展开阐述随后展开阐述, , 最后总结最后总结-主题句在文末主题句在文末 文章结构文章结构4:4: 作者举例开篇（或举例说明别人的错作者举例开篇（或举例说明别人的错 误观点），然后引出自己的观点，最后用事实依据误观点），然后引出自己的观点，最后用事实依据 来阐述这一观点来阐述这一观点-主题句在文中主题句在文中 总之，要注意从整体上把握全文的结构，段与段之总之，要注意从整体上把握全文的结构，段与段之 间的内在联系，从而分析出文章表达的主要内容和间的内在联系，从而分析出文章表达的主要内容和 中心思想。中心思想。 v例2（2006福建卷B） v As skies are filled with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal wonder appears to be strange: The fatter the bird, the better it flies. v The results of their study led to a theory opposite to a central one of aerodynamics , which says that the power needed to fly increases with weight. v For birds, obviously, the cost of flying with heavy fat is much smaller than we used to think. Researchers found that red knot wading birds double their normal body weight of 100 grams before making their twice- a-year nonstop flight between the British Isles and the Russian Arctic. Distance: 5,000 kilometers. v Another study in the magazine Nature measured the advantage of flying in an aerodynamic group which allows birds to save energy by flying smoothly and quietly in the lead bird s air stream. v Flying in groups, their heart rates were 14.5 percent lower than flying alone, according to Henri, a French scientist. The findings help explain how birds complete difficult migrations. Researchers had thought that thinner, stronger birds would have the best chance to survive. v The first study suggests that building up fat to be burnt as fuel during the migration is worth more than the energy it takes to carry the additional weight. v In the study, researchers said their team studied the birds flown at different body weights during 28 simulated(模拟的) flights. They forced a small amount of special water into the birds bodies so that they could measure the amount of energy burnt during the flight. v63. The best title for this passage may probably be _. vA. Birds Thin Down For Journey B. Birds Fatten Up For Journey vC. How Birds Build Up Fat For Journey D. How Birds Burn Energy For Journey B. Birds Fatten Up For Journey _ _ v这篇文章开门见山地提出了主题：科学家们发现 鸟类季节性迁徙中的一个怪现象：越肥的鸟越善 于飞行。2、3两段对这一结论进行了进一步说明 人们原以为的“重量越大飞行时所需要的动 力就越大”在鸟类迁徙飞行中是不正确的，实际 上鸟儿要增加一倍的体重来为飞行做好准备。4 、5两段接着论述了科学家的又一发现鸟类 成群结队飞行有助于它们减少消耗。第6段再次 重申：研究表明鸟类增加的体重抵得过它们携带 这些额外重量所消耗的能量。最后一段提到了为 研究进行的实验的一些情况。 v选项A “thin down”完全谬误；选项C错在how上 ，文章只论述了结论，没有具体讨论鸟儿是怎样 去“增肥”的；D选项偏离了主题，burn energy 不是文章的关键词。 v A true friendship carries a long history of experience that determines who we are and keeps us connected. It is a treasure we should protect. Unfortunately, the better friends you are, the more probably youll have disagreements. And the result can be what you dont want an end to the relationship. v The good news is that most troubled friendships can be mended. First, dont let your pride get in your way. Most of us can forgive each other when differences are brought out in the open. Second, apologize when youre wrong even if youve been wronged. Over the course of a friendship, even the best people make mistakes. Sometimes, it may be best if the wronged person takes the lead and apologizes. When you apologize, give your friend a chance to admit that he has been wrong. Third, see things from your friends point of view . And finally, accept that friendships change as our needs and lifestyle change. v53. What would be the best title for the text? vA. Easy Ways to Make Friends B. Ups and Downs in Friendship vC. How to Mend a Troubled Friendship vD. How to Take the Lead in Making Friends C. How to Mend a Troubled Friendship The good news is that most troubled friendships can be mended. 不是所有的文章都有主题句，对于无明显主题不是所有的文章都有主题句，对于无明显主题 句的文章，读完文章后我们要回味一下文章的句的文章，读完文章后我们要回味一下文章的 大致内容，提炼出文章的几个关键词，通常正大致内容，提炼出文章的几个关键词，通常正 确选项中要包含有这几个关键词。确选项中要包含有这几个关键词。 主旨大意题的策略方法（主旨大意题的策略方法（2 2） v If parents bring up a child with the aim of turning the child into a genius(天才), they will cause great damage to him. Generally, the child will understand very well what the parents expect, and will follow. Unrealistic(不现实的) expectations of the parents can cause great damage to children. v However, if parents are not unrealistic about what they expect their children to do, but are hopeful in a sensible way, the child may succeed in doing very well - especially if the parents are very supportive to their children. v Michael Li is very lucky. He is very fond of music and his parents help him a lot by taking him to concerts and let him attend piano and violin lessons. v Michaels friend, Winston Chen, however, is not so lucky. Although both his parents are successful musicians, they set too high a standard for Winston. v1. The main idea of the passage is _. v A. what differences there are between parents v B. what aim of a child can be easier to reach v C. how parents could make a child a musician v D. how parents should bring up their childrenD. how parents should bring up their children 阅读中难免有生词，而利用文章所提供的阅读中难免有生词，而利用文章所提供的 语境去推测生词的意义是阅读的必备技能语境去推测生词的意义是阅读的必备技能 之一。词义猜测题也是高考必考的题型，之一。词义猜测题也是高考必考的题型， 一般占阅读理解总题量的一般占阅读理解总题量的10%10%左右。左右。 四、词汇猜测题 1. 1. 上下文同义词上下文同义词/ /反义词释义法反义词释义法 2. 2. 后文同位语、定语从句释义法后文同位语、定语从句释义法 3. 3. 破折号释义法破折号释义法 4. 4. 根据上下文情景推断法根据上下文情景推断法 5. 5. 根据构词法猜测根据构词法猜测 四、词汇猜测题的策略方法四、词汇猜测题的策略方法 l It will be very hard but also very brittle- that is, it will