开放英语3II电子教案.doc

开放英语 II (1) 教案 叶萌 2011.10 开放英语（1）课程说明课程名称：开放英语3 主编：刘黛琳辅导班级：12秋会计本科班，12秋行管本科班，12秋法学本科班本课程是专门为具有初级英语基础的成人自学英语而设计的，以600词为起点，通过18个单元的学习，使学生的英语达到中级水平，认知词汇4000左右。本课程在学习语音、语法、词汇、语言功能等语言基础知识及掌握听、说、读、写语言技能的同时，了解英语国家的文化习俗，提高用英语进行交际的能力。侧重培养学生的阅读能力，为学生的进一步学习和运用英语打好基础。本学期该课程的面授辅导时间为三天。因此第一天主要是学习第一至第八单元的语法点与词汇，第二天主要是学习第九至第十六单元，最后一天上午学习剩下的两个单元，讲解形成性考核册，下午练习两套期末模拟试题，并要求学生背熟几篇英语作文范文。 第一天的学习内容为：（第一至第九单元） Unit 1 、四种基本句型的构成和用法 （一）主系表（“系”指系动词)比如： Be（am/is/are “是 “) 其搭配为：I am/You are/He is,/ she is / We are / They are 肯定式：如：Im a teacher。 She is a teacher. You are a student. He is an engineer.否定式：You are not (arent)a student. 疑问式：Are you a student?（二）主谓宾（实义动词，有完全的词义，并能独立作谓语动词） 肯定式:： 如： 1、I study English. 2、He plays the piano every day.否定式：主语+do(does)+not+原形动词+其它成份 如： 1、Mary does not(doesnt) learn Chinese. 2、I do not(dont) play football. 疑问式： Do(does)+主语+原形动词+其它成分？ 如： 1、Do you study English? 2、Does he study English every morning? 三）主谓状： 肯定式： 1、Tom gets up early every day. 2、I go to work by bus every day. 否定式： 1、Tom doesnt get up early every day. 2、I dont go to work by bus every day. 疑问式： 1、Does Tom get up early every day? 2、Do you go to work by bus every day（四）There+be+主语+状语 肯定式： 1、There is(Theres) a picture on the wall. 谓语 主语 状语 2、There are(Therere)150 students in our class. 否定式： 1、There isnt any picture on the wall. 2、There arent any books on the table. 疑问式：1、Is there any picture on the wall? 2、Are there any books on the table?、四种时态的用法 一、一般现在时（一）、概念和用法： 1、现在经常性或习惯性的动作： 1）I work in a factory. (指我的职业) 2) He gets up at 7 every day. (指每天如此) 2、现在存在的情况 1)She is a nurse. 2)There is a map on the wall. 3、客观事实或普遍真理 1）He sun rises in the east. 2）Two and four is/makes six.（二）、行为动词一般现在时的否定式和疑问式： 1.否定式：主语+do(does)+not+原形动词+（其它成分） I do not go to class on Sundays. 星期日我不去上课。He does not study English. 他不学英语。 注意： 1）do (does) 是助动词，没有词义，只起构成否定的作用。第三人称单数用 does，其它人称都用 do。 2）do（does）后面的动词是原形动词，没有人称、数的变化。如上例的 go 和 study。3）用作助动词的 do （does）没有词义。用作行为动词的 do（does）有词义，意为“做”，如：I do not do morning exercises on Sundays. 星期天我不做早操。（第一个do是助动词，第二个do是行为动词） 2.疑问式：1）Do (Does)+主语+原形动词+（其它成分） ? Do you get up early? 你起床早吗？ Does he study English every morning? 他每天早晨学英语吗？现以read为例将行为动词的否定、疑问及其回答形式，列表如下：肯定式 I/You/We/They read . 否定式I /You/We/They do not read. 疑问式Do I /You/They read ？Yes, you/They do. No, you/They do not.肯定式 He/ She reads 。 否定式He/She dose not read. 疑问式Does he / she read? Yes,He /She does. No,He /She doesnt.注：do not的简写是 dont；does not的简写是doesnt在口语中一般用简写形式，如I dont read. He doesnt read. 2）带有what,where,who等疑问词的特殊疑问句 疑问词（ what,where,who ）+do(does)+主语+原形动词+（其它成分）？ 例如： -What do you study? -I study English. -Where does he work? -He works in Peking. 但： Who helps you?（问主语时不要助动词）二、现在进行时:（一）、概念:表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行着的动作。 （二）、构成: am /are /is + 现在分词（V-ing V=verb 动词）: e.g. play playing have having begin beginning swim swimming lie lying die dying （三）、用法举例1.Peter is telling a story. 2.You are playing football. 3.I am eating my lunch. 否定式 如：Mary is not writing to her parents now. 疑问式:Is Mary writing to her parents?Notes:有些表示状态和感觉的动词一般不能用于进行时态:want, forget, believe, know, love, like, hate, remember, realize, think (认为), be (是), have (有)（四）、一般现在时与现在进行时的区别： 一般现在时主要是表示经常性或习惯性的动作，经常存在的情况或状态；而现在进行时则表示此刻或当前这一段时间正在进行的动作，由“be（随人称而变）+现在分词（即由动词原形+ing）”构成。试比较：He does morning exercises every day. 他每天做早操。 He is doing morning exercises now. 他现在正在做早操。 She often reviews her English lessons. 她经常复习英语课。 She is reviewing her English lessons at the moment. 她目前正在复习英语课三、一般过去时（一）、概念：表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，常与表示过去的时间状语连用，如： Yesterday, last year, three days ago, in 1990, before liberation（二）、构成：由动词的过去式来表示。 1.规则动词的过去式 ).在动词后加-ed或-d 如：worked stayed wanted lived).“辅音字母y”结尾的动词先将y变为i，再加-ed。如: studied, tried).重读闭音节或r音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，先双写辅音字母再-ed（以x结尾的词除外），如：stopstopped planned, permitted（但opened), preferred, omitted 2.不规则动词的过去式：1)改变动词中的元音 如beginbegan drinkdrank comecame eatate growgrew runran knowknew saysaid winwon speakspoke taketook writewrote getgot 2)变词尾的-d为-t 如：buildbuilt lendlent sendsent spendspent 3).与动词原形一样：cutcut putput costcost hurthurt shutshut 4).变-ay 为-aid （少数动词） 如saysaid paypaid laylaid 5).采用不同词根：comecame bewas (I, he, she, it ) be weresellsold teachtaught buybo（三）、用法举例： 肯定式：主语+动词过去式+其他成分如：1.He worked in Shanghai ten years ago. 2.Xiao Wang came here yesterday. 否定式： 主语didnot动词原形其他成分（didnotdidnt） （而was/werenotwasnt/werent） 如： 1.He didnt do morning exercises yesterday. 2.He wasnt an English teacher ten years ago. 疑问式：Did主语原形动词其他成分？ 如： 1.Did you study English in 1990? Yes, I did. No, I didnt. 2.Was he an engineer five years ago? Yes,he was. No, he wasnt. 3. Who did the experiment yesterday?（特殊疑问句） Who taught you English in 1990?（特殊疑问句） 四、过去进行时 一、概念：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。 二、构成：was / were + 现在分词 三、用法举例：1、I was watching TV at seven yesterday evening.2、What were you doing at 7 yesterday evening? 、“used to” 的用法 “used to+原形动词”表示过去的行动或状况，且暗含“现在不复存在”之意。例如： 1.I used to play football. (我过去经常踢球。暗含现在已经不踢了。)2.I used to have a car. (我过去有一辆汽车。暗含现在已经没有了。)3.We didnt use to have much money. 或We used not to have much money. (我们不曾有很多钱。) 4.Did he use to be a teacher? (他曾经是位老师吗？ No,he didnt./No,he didnt use to不，他不曾是老师。) Yes,he did./Yes,he used to. 是的，他曾经是老师。 Unit 2、被 动 语 态 一、概念：当句子的主语是动作的执行者时，用主动语态； 当句子的主语是动作的承受者（动作的对象）时，用被动语态。 主动语态：The workers in this factory make different kinds of machines. 被动语态：Different kinds of machines are made by the workers in this factory.二、构成：be + 过去分词 三、用法举例： （一）当强调动作的承受者（动作的对象）时； （二）当动作的执行者不易说出、不宜说出或不必说出时； 1、These books are written for children. 2、This machine was made in 1990.(这台机器是1990年制造的） 3、The question is being discussed. 4、A hospital will be built here next year. (is going to be built) 5、Lu Xuns works have been translated into many languages. (鲁迅的著作已译成多种语言) 6、Football is played all over the world . (全世界到处都踢足球) 7、Many students are reading this book.（主动语态） This book is being read by many students.（被动语态） 8 、否定式：The cars are not made in Japan. 9、疑问式：Are the cars made in Japan? 10、带情态动词的被动语态：（can , may , must , should/ought to）+ be +动词过去分词 如：（1）These exercises can (may , must) be done by him . 这些练习能（可以，必须）由他来做。 （2）This should/ought to/be done at once. 、used to 和would Would和used to 都用来谈论过去的习惯，但would只用来谈论行动，并且不与现在的情况相联系；used to 不仅可以谈论行动，还可用来谈论状态和情景，并且暗含“现在已不复存在”之意。例如：1. When we were children,we used to/ would go swimming every summer. （小的时候，我们每年夏天都去游泳。） 2.Mary used to be slim when she was a student. (玛丽是学生时身材是苗条的。） 、“keep+V-ing”形式强调行为的重复性。例如：1.He keeps looking at himself in the mirror. (他老是照镜子。） 2.She keeps writing long letters to me. (她一直给我写长信。） Unit 3 语法：现在完成时 一、 概念；1、表示从过去延续到现在的动作或状况。 2、表示过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。 3、表示经验或经历。 二、构成：have / has + 过去分词 英语中的动词（verb）有以下五种形式；即动词原形、单数第三人称形式、过去式、现在分词与过去分词。如：1、live, lives, lived, living, lived 2、make, makes, made, making, made 三、用法举例：1、Xiao Wangs parents have lived in Beijing for 30 years. 2、He has been in the army for three years. 3、I have lost my key. (I cant open the door；I cant enter my room.) 4、Have you had your lunch ? (Are you hungry now ?) Yes, I have (had my lunch). No,I havent. 5、She has not /never been to Tibet. Note:（注意） (一)现在完成时是现在时的范畴，不是属于过去时的范畴。因此不能与表示一般过去时的时间状语（yesterday, three days ago, in 1998）连用。 (二)有些动词属于“瞬间动词”(或称“点动词”)，不能用现在完成时(die, join) 如：1、Xiao Wangs father has died for ten years .（X） 2、Xiao Li has joined the army for ten years. （X） Unit 4 、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 一、一般过去时 一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。通常要与表示过去的时间状语连用。但有时时间状语可以省去不用，比如在下例例句中可以从上下文明确地看出动作发生的时间时，就可以省略时间状语：When he was 65, he decided that he didnt want to stop.Then one day he saw an advertisement in the newspaper and he bought a little crockery factory. he next week he told his family. 二、现在完成时 现在完成时常用来谈论发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作或事件。因此不能用具体表示过去的时间状语。例如： Morgan Rees has always been a good businessman. He hasnt been bored since he bought the factory. He has opened a new design office and employed three young designers. They have been all over the world to get new ideas.定语从句一、概念：用一个句子做定语，称其为定语从句。二、结构和用法（一）关系代词引导的定语从句： 1）Who(代表人，在从句中做主语)： We need comrades who have professional knowledge. 我们需要具有专业知识的同志。 2）Whom(代表人，在从句中做宾语，可以省略)： The man (whom) you saw yesterday was a doctor from our factory.昨天你看到的那个人是我们厂里的医生。 3）Whose(代表人或物，在从句中做定语)： This is a story about a Communist fighter whose name was Liu Hu-Lan. 这是一个关于名叫刘胡兰的共产主义战士的故事。 He lives in a room whose window opens to the south. 他住在一间窗户朝南的房间里。 4）Which (代表物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略)： Here is a book which will give you a lot of useful knowledge (n.知识). 这是一本会给你许多有用的知识的书。 The sport (which) we like best is swimming. 我们最喜爱的运动是游泳。 5）That (代表人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略)： Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting? 在会上讲话的那个人是谁？ The machines (that) we use are made in your plant. 我们用的机器是你们厂制造的。 （二）关系副词引导的定语从句： 1) When（表示时间，在从句中作状语）： Ill never forget the day. I saw Chairman Mao on that day. Ill never forget the day when I saw Chairman Mao.我永远不会忘记我见到毛主席的那一天。 2) Where (表示地点，在从句中作状语): This is the room. Comrade Li lives in this room. This is the room where comrade Li lives.这是李同志住的房间。 3）Why (表示原因，在从句中作状语) Do you know the reason? For this reason he was late. Do you know the reason why he was late? 你知道他迟到的原因吗？（三）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句1）限制性定语从句：这种从句与所修饰的名词关系密切，不能去掉，如果去掉意思就不清楚。引入从句的关系代词，如果在从句中作宾语，可以省略。书写时主句和从句不用逗号分开。译成汉语时，往往把从句放在所修饰的名词前。例如：We need comrades who know computer very well. 我们需要懂计算机的同志。 They have got the instrument (which,that) we need. 他们买到了我们需要的仪器。 This is the best book (that) I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书。 2）非限制性定语从句：这种从句与所修饰的名句关系松弛，只提供有关该名词的补充情况或附加说明。即使去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句不能用关系代词THAT引导。关系代词在从句中作宾语也不能省略。书写时往往用逗号与主句分开。译成汉语时是否移到它所修饰的名词前面，要看具体情况。 例如：We went to the industrial exhibition, where we saw two man-made satellites. 我们去看工业展览了，在那里看到两颗人造卫星。 Comrade Wang, whom Lao Li knows well, is our group leader. 王同志是我们的组长，老李跟他很熟悉。 Unit 5 .过去完成时： 一.概念：用来描述在过去某一时刻或动作以前就已经完成的动作或状况，即“过去的过去”。 二.构成：had + 过去分词三.用法举例：1、Before 1988,I had never heard of George Bush. 1988年以前，我从未听说过布什2、After he had done his homework, he watched TV. 他做完家庭作业后才看电视。3、Had the children left home before their parents went to work? 那些孩子们在他们的父母上班之前离开家了吗？4、The teacher told us that he had decided to give us an exam. 老师说已决定要我们考试一次。 .“to be going to + 原型动词” 表示将来，意为“打算、准备”做什么事情。 例如： 1、I am going to get married next year. 我打算明年结婚。2、we are going to have a meeting tomorrow morning. 我们计划准备明天上午开一个会。 Unit 7 . to need + v-ing和to need + to do to need + v-ing 意思是“某物（事）需要”表示被动意义。 例如：The roof needs repairing. 房屋需要修补了。 My hair needs cutting. 我该理发了。 to need + to do 意思是“某人（主语）需要做某事”。 例如：They need to repair the roof. 他们需要修补房屋。 We need to study English. 我们需要学习英语。 to need由两种否定和疑问形式。 例如：He doesnt need to study English. He neednt study English. (用作情态动词) Does he need to study English? Need he study English?(用作情态动词). to have something done “to have + 宾语 + 过去分词”这个结构表示动作并非主语所为，而是使人或安排人做某事，有时可指安排专门的人来做。列如：We havent had the broken windowpanes replaced yet. 我们还没更换那些破了的窗户玻璃。The agent had the windows painted two years ago. 房东代理两年前油漆过窗户。Have they had the broken windowpanes replaced yet? 他们把那些破了的窗户玻璃换了吗？When did the agent have the windows painted? 房东代理什么时候油漆的窗户？ 在口语中，也常用“to get + 宾语 + 过去分词” 表达同样的意思。 例如： He got the gutter replaced. Have you got the gate mended yet? Unit 8 现在完成进行时一.概念：表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，并还在继续进行。二.构成： have/has + been +现在分词三.举例：1、It has been raining for three hours. 2、I have been reading Lu Xuns works this week. 3、We have been looking for you anywhere. Where have you been? 否定式：I have not been reading .疑问式：Have you been reading?.与现在完成时的区别： 二者均可以表示刚结束的动作，但现在完成进行时强调动作在不久前持续进行的情景；而现在完成时则强调动作的结果。Now we have cleaned the room, and we can move the things in .(强调扫完了的结果) You look tired.What have you been doing?你干什么来着？ I have been playing football. John has painted the door .(已漆完，强调动作的结果) John has been painting the door. (还在漆) Ive written a letter .(已写完) Ive been writing a letter .(还在写)Note:在与表示一段时间的状语连用时，两种时态可以互换使用，但在口语中倾向于用现在完成进行时： Ive been singing all afternoon. (Ive sung.)第2天的学习内容：Unit 9、一般过去时的被动语态。 (见 Unit 2) 、动名词 （一）动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。在本单元里，我们学习的动名词是名词性的，也就是说，同时具有动词特征和名词特征，在逻辑上表达的是一个动作（或状态），在语法上体现的是名词特征。 （二）动名词的名词特征体现在可以用作主语、宾语等。例如：1.Preparing for the Olympic games is a huge undertaking.(preparing做句子的主语) 2.He is in retested in playing football. (playing作介词in的宾语) 3.Do you like watching football games? (watching作动词like的宾语) （三）动名词的动词特征体现在可以有宾语和状语。 例如：1.Hosting the games has a major effect on the economy. (hosting作句子的主语，同时带有宾语the games) 2.After winning the bid, Beijing began major construction projects. (winning作介词after的宾语the games) 3.Before going to college, he hadnt acted or sung. (going作介词before的宾语，同时带有状语to college) 4.要求动名词作宾语的动词有： mind, enjoy, like, avoid, finish, practise,suggest,forgive,mention ，keep (on) ,imagine, risk, excuse, understand等等。 、条件状语从句（用在真实条件句中） 条件句表示“如果 那么真实条件句的构成形式为：If +从句主语 +一般现在时，主句主语 + will/wont + 动词原形例如：If we bid for the games, we will promote the country. If they sell tickets on the black market, it wont be fair for ordinary people.If引导的从句在主句前时，需要逗号与主句隔开，如在主句之后，则一般不用逗号。例如：If we win the bid, it will encourage huge economic growth. It will encourage huge economic growth if we win the bid. .虚拟语气：表示所说的不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况，而只是一种愿望、假设或猜测。 一、虚拟语气的用法：（a）表示和现在事实相反的假设： 如: If I were you, I should (would) try again. 如果我是你的话，我要再试一试。 If I found the book, I should (would) bring it to you. 如果我找到这本书，我会带给你。 If there were no air, there would be no living things. 如果没有空气，就没有生物。 (b)表示和过去事实相反的假设： If you had been there last week, you would have seen the film. 如果上星期你在那里，你就看上这部电影了。 If you had come here yesterday, you would have seen him. 如果昨天你在这儿，你就看见他了。If there had been no air, there would have been no living things.如果（当初）没有空气，就没有生物了。(c)表示将来不可能发生的情况（或可能发生，但可能性不大）：If he should be there tomorrow, he would help you.万一明天他在那儿，他会帮助你的。If he should come this afternoon, he would call you up.万一今天下午他到这来，他会打电话给您的。If there should be no air, there would be no living things.万一没有空气，就不会有生物。三、虚拟条件从句的其它表现形式： 1. 如果 if 从句中有助动词 had, should 或关联动词were, if 可省略， 把had, should 或 were 放在句首，例如： Without gravity, there would be lots of things we couldnt do.没有地心引力，有很多事我们就不能做。In the absence (n. 缺乏) of water, plants would not grow well. 没有水，植物就长不好。But for the leadership of our party, we should not have succeeded (vi.成功)。要是没有党的领导，我们就不会成功了。（but for=without）It would be only partly right to answer in this way. 这样回答仅仅对一部分。Unit 10 虚拟语气 (见 Unit 9) Unit 11 、进行时的被动语态 (见 Unit 2)、间接引语 直接引语变成间接引语时要注意下列各种变化: 直接引语是陈述句： （一）时态的变化：主句中的谓语动词是过去时态，变成间接引语须作下列变化： 一般现在时变为一般过去时（但直接引语如果是一般真理，一般现在时则不变）； 现在进行时- 过去进行时； 现在完成时- 过去完成时； 一般过去时- 过去完成时； 过去完成时- 过去完成时； 一般将来时- 过去将来时 （二）人称的变化：要根据句子意思改变人称 . （三）指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化： This- that; these- those; now - -then; Today- that day yesterday-the day before; tomorrow -the next day here- therenext week (month, year)- the next week (month , year); ago before; (四) 某些动词也要变化: 如：said to told用法举例：1、 He said：“I am busy.” -He said that he was busy.2、Mary said：“I have read up to page 25.”- Mary said that she had read up to page 25.3、 She said :“Weall help in the kitchen tomorrow.She said that they would help in the kitchen the next day.4、The teacher said to the pupils: “The earth goes around the sun.”The teacher told the pupils that the earth goes around the sun .Unit 13、情态动词 must 的用法 must表示“必须” 1.You must do it now. (现在你必须作这件事) 2.You mustnt use your mobile phones in class. (你千万不能上课时打手机)3.must 一词在使用时受到了时态的限制，因此所以可以用 have /has to+动词原型 来代替。例如：1)He had to leave early yesterday. (昨天他不得早些离开)2)She will have to do it tomorrow. (明天她必须干这件事)4.must 与 have to 的异同在表示义务和责任时，must和have to 意义相近，二者可以互换使用。例如：State schools must follow the national curriculum.State schools have to follow the national curriculum.但二者有下列几点不同：1) must多表示主观意志，是从说话者的角度出发谈必须做某事，而have to 则强调客观需要如:I must finish my homework.强调主观意志，即 I want to do it(我想这样做), 而I hav