如何有效指导学困生进行英语读写任务的训练.doc

如何有效指导学困生进行英语读写任务的训练 【摘要】本文对如何有效指导学生进行英语“读写任务”的训练提出了有效的，易操作的一些做法，尤其是对如何引导学生从阅读材料中找出主题句和关键词进行句型转换和整理，进而写成摘要有极大帮助。再者关于引导学生如何写承接句，以及引导学生如何在正文中借用原阅读材料中的文章结构，相关词汇及句子有详细介绍。【关键词】英语写作 方法指导 写作训练我们学校生源是E类生源,而我所教的对象又是高中二年级理科 普通班学生。马上就要进入高三学习而他们写作基础不好，所以进行读写作文指导和读写作文训练迫在眉睫。下面笔者结合高一高二高三 循环教学实践，就“如何有效指导差生进行英语读写任务的训练”谈一些教学方法。一、学生写作现状英语写作一直是我校英语教学中最薄弱的环节，也是考试中学生得分率较低的一个题项，由此造成了“听到写作学生心烦，见到写作教师头痛”的局面。对“读写任务”的写作，学生首先在心理上有畏惧情绪，平时不愿主动写，提起写作就心烦，不知从何下手，视写作为任务，不看清楚要求应付式地写。因此，写的文章质量普遍偏低，完成后既不修改习作，也不反思和调整自己的写作方法。其次学生的习作在语篇上、写作内容上和语言上都存在着很多问题。此外，由于母语对英语学习存在一定的干扰，很多学生写作时只是按照汉语表达方式或思维方式陈述写作要点，没有考虑英汉表达的差异，导致习作中出现大量的“中式英语”。 二、“读写任务”写作指导和训练在学生词汇量不够和句子结构又不会的情况下，教会学生如何读懂“读写任务”中的阅读材料，引导学生如何从阅读材料中找出主题句和关键词进行句型转换再进行整理，写成摘要，同时引导学生如何写承接句和引导学生如何借用原阅读材料中的文章结构，相关词汇及句子用在正文中显得十分重要。为了实现这一目标，在训练时，我注意训练要“低起点、小梯度、多层次、有计划、有目的、有步骤、有要求，有检查，有反馈”。在具体的操作中，我耐心地分阶段地对学生进行指导和训练。阶段一：接触了解阶段这一阶段的目的是让学生掌握“读写任务”写作的结构和要求。首先，从学生接触新题型开始，我给学生看近三年的英语高考“读写任务”真题，并对学生进行科学正确的引导，让学生清楚考试题型、分值、要求及完成该任务的时间。接着要搞清楚的要求包括写作要求和能力要求。本题应该在30分钟内完成。我还告诉学生通过训练，这种写作并不难完成。倘若老师有信心、有计划、有步骤、有目的地指导学生写作，这不仅可以减少学生对“读写任务”写作的恐惧，而且能“在心理上藐视对手，在战略上重视对手”。阶段二：方法指导和训练美国心理学家Bandura（1971）认为，行为习惯主要通过直接经验和观察、模仿学习。他重视观察学习、认知过程和自我调节过程在学习中所起的作用，强调行为、个体与环境之间相互交错的影响。为了让学生养成良好的读写写作习惯，我采用了观察法、模仿法、借用法对学生在审题、构思、布局谋篇及遣词造句等方面进行指导和训练。这里以一节课为例，谈谈我在教学中指导学生写“读写任务”的具体做法。Step 1: RevisionTask1: Reading 1. Friendship plays a very important role in our life and can make our life more meaningful.2. Friends serve as one of the biggest supports in our life.3. Firstly, I suggest you should do the following things before going to bed, such as drinking a glass of milk, soaking your feet in hot water and listening to light music instead of exciting songs.4. Keeping an optimistic and peaceful mind is of great importance.5.I think parents are not supposed to pay their children for the housework they do in order to develop their sense of responsibility for family.Task2: Dictation让学生听写刚才读的五个句子。这五个句子是英语周报“读写任务”中的范文。也是文章中的主题句。这一个活动的目的是让学生积累相关话题的主题句和漂亮的句子.Step 2: Writing the summaryTask3:Discussion（如何写摘要）这一个活动的目的是让学生明确写摘要的目的和了解写摘要的方法。方法指导：1.从写作内容的第二点定位原阅读材料中心词2.找出主题句和关键词。3.进行句型转换。4.列要点，理顺写作思路。写摘要时还要考虑原阅读材料的文体，分析文章结构，提炼每段中心词或大意，概括文章最主要的观点，再使用恰当的关联词，把内容连成通顺的一段落。常选的文章有：1.记叙文：六要素，某人因何原因在何时何地做了某事。有时不一定有六要素，如，某人做了某事2.夹叙夹议：除了有记叙文六要素外，还要加上该故事给你的启示和感悟。3.议论文：尽可能客观简要地转述作者的论点和论据等4.说明文：说明某种事物的最主要的特点。Task4:学习“读写任务”概括部分的评分标准：这一个活动的目的是让学生明白概括部分的评分标准。针对概括部分的评分标准：没有增加与原文无关的信息，没有照抄原文的句子。我设计了一个练习：找关键句进行句子转换。Step Three ：Practice这个活动的目的是:1.培养学生的观察和分析能力以及整理信息的能力。2.正确找到主题句和关键词Task5:即学即练阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写30词左右的英语摘要。Here are some comments on Li Hua from his classmates.Lily said, Li Hua is the smartest student in our class and usually scores the highest marks in the English and mathematics exams. His homework and assignments are always done to a very high standard so our teachers ask us to follow his example. We all admire his intelligence.Kate said, Li Hua is really a hard-working student. He spends at least four hours everyday reviewing his lessons and his homework is never late. As the exams get closer he becomes even more diligent and works into the early hours of the morning, making sure he has gone over all of the information covered in our classes.John said, Li Hua is the kind of person who is easy to co-operate with. Although hes very clever he is still willing to listen to others opinions and take their suggestions. When we do group work in class we all want to be in his group because he always does his share of the work and is easy to get along with.Tim said, Li Hua is the class monitor and the most helpful student in our class. He always makes sure the classroom is kept clean and assists the teacher in handing out and collecting the students books and homework. When a student is absent from school he will call and tell them what they have missed.写作内容假设你叫李平，你的同学李华拟申请到美国某大学学习。申请材料需包括同伴的推荐信。李华邀请你为他写一封推荐信。上文是其他同学对李华的一些评价，请根据这些评价和你自己对李华的看法，写一封推荐信。以下是信的内容(信的开头和结尾已经为你写好)：1以约30个词概括同学们眼中李华的特点和优点；2以约120个词表达你对李华的看法，并包括如下要点： (1)你对同学们评价意见的看法； (2)以你和李华之间的经历来说明其中的一点看法。写作要求1作文中可使用自己的亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子；2信中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。写作指导：第一步：找出主题句和关键词进行同义词替换或者句型转换。Li Hua is the smartest student 。smartest用wisest/cleverest/ intelligent替换Li Hua is really a hard-working student. hard-working用diligent替换Li Hua is the kind of person who is easy to co-operate with 用Li Hua is easy to co-operate with.Li Hua is the class monitor and the most helpful student in our class. 用Li Hua is the class monitorwho is the most helpful student in our class转换Task6:指导学生如何把原阅读材料中找出的主题句和关键词再进行信息整理，使用恰当的关联词，把内容连成通顺的一段落及写成摘要.方法1：Li Hua who is a clever and diligent student is easy to co-operate with. Whats more, he is helpful to my classmates and teachers.方法2: Li Hua is not only a clever and diligent student but also a co-operative student. Most importantly, he is helpful to my classmates and teachers.方法3:In my classmates eyes, he has always been an intelligent and hard-working student, who is helpful and co-operative with others.For these reasons,he is very popular with everyone如果有能力的同学，可以用自己的语言来写摘要。范文如下：In my classmates eyes, he has always been an intelligent and hard-working student, who is helpful and co-operative with others.For these reasons,he is very popular with everyoneStep4：Task7: 指导学生如何写正文1. Step Four: Discussion指导学生如何写承接句写完摘要之后，还要考虑与下文的衔接，要有过渡词或过渡句。过渡句常见的有;(1).表达自己的意见In my opinion,; As far as I am concerned,; As for me,;（2）表示赞同I agree with the statement thatI fully support the statement above because I am very sureI subscribe to the statement above becauseI am in favor of the statement above becauseI am for the statement above because（3）表示不赞同I feel such an attitude is negative, and that it can bringSome people argues as if it is a general truth thatBut to be frank, I cannot agree with them becauseI am opposed to the statement above because结合写作材料中的要求：1以约30个词概括同学们眼中李华的特点和优点；2以约120个词表达你对李华的看法，并包括如下要点： (1)你对同学们评价意见的看法； (2)以你和李华之间的经历来说明其中的一点看法。我们可以选择的承接句是：1.Im for my classmates idea that2.I partly agree with what my classmates said.3.I subscribe to my classmates4. I cant agree more with my classmates and I have personally benefited greatly from his help2. 指导学生如何写正文学习“读写任务”写作部分的评分标准：这一个活动的目的是让学生明白正文部分的评分标准。从该标准中，可以知道高分作文应包括以下几点：1.审题到位，写作的内容要点要齐全，结构完整；2.对文章的深层含义理解要透彻，并能完整、深刻地挖掘主题，写作的主题要清晰鲜明，文章具备良好的思想性；3.能灵活应用过渡词和连接词，文章连贯流利；4.写作中的词汇要丰富，表达有逻辑性且多样化，能注意中西文化之间的行文差异，表达地道、能适当地使用高级词汇和语法，且很少错误。通过学生学习读写任务正文的评分标准，我们应该明白最重要的是要主题明确，内容丰富。如何做到这一点呢？从写作内容的第二点以你和李华之间的经历来说明其中的一点看法。他的四个特点都可以写，但那一个最有说服力呢？也就是说怎样才能使文章具备良好的思想性？这需要一个人的生活阅历。写一个人伟大受人尊敬，他不但自己做得好还要对别人有帮助，同时对社会要有贡献。所以写第四点他对别人有帮助，这一个主题更有意义。明确了主题之后怎样才能让内容丰富呢？我们要思考的是可以从哪些方面帮助别人呢？也可以换一个角度去思考：作为一个有困难的学生，你需要哪些帮助呢？最重要的是在学习上帮助你。第二是思想上帮助你。第三是生活上帮助你。主题和内容确定之后，确定主题句;1. I still remember at the beginning of the term,Li Hua often helped me solve my mathss problems.2. when I wanted to give up study , he usually encouraged me to overcome difficuities.3. Whats more , hewas willing to help me in my life.然后确定文章结构。Task8: 指导学生如何借用原阅读材料中的文章结构进行写作阅读材料中的文章结构是：每段的第一句就是每段的主题句，后面几句是支撑句。正文：写作内容很清晰，学生只需要根据每 一点的内容要求，写出主题句，然后是支撑句，就可以完满地完成写作了。每段的主题句写出来了，文章的框架其实也出来了。In my classmates eyes, he has always been an intelligent and hard-working student, who is helpful and co-operative with others.For these reasons,he is very popular with everyoneI cant agree more with my classmates and I have personally benefited greatly from his help。I still remember at the beginning of the term,Li Hua often helped me solve my mathss problems. One day,when I wanted to give up study , he usually encouraged me to overcome difficuities.Whats more , he was willing to help me in my life.写主题句时要注意紧扣文章主题，各段落间的过度应自然流畅。为了让学生真正学会怎样写主题句，在日常的训练中我们可对一些写得不好的主题句进行评判，这样可使学生少走弯路，正确搭建框架。Task9: 指导学生如何借用原阅读材料中的句子进行写作-复读材料，移花接木写作要求中提到：可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子。那么让我们在回到材料中去，查看有无可以利用的论点论据等，再有自己的话进行阐释，有以充实文章的内容，从而达到移花接木的效果。例如：1.Although hes very clever he is still willing to listen to others opinions and take their suggestions.改写为：1.Although hes verybusy he is still willing to assists me in solving the trouble of studying 2. He always makes sure the classroom is kept clean and assists the teacher in handing out and collecting the students books and homework.改写为：2. He always made sure that I understood what he said. 3. When a student is absent from school he will call and tell them what they have missed.改写为：3. When I was ill he often called and told me what I had missedTask10：即学即练Step5: 学生作业评价及范文欣赏活动目标：有效内化相关知识，培养协作精神I cant agree more with my classmates and I have personally benefited greatly from his help. I still remember at the beginning of this school year I was in a traffic accident and that required me to be in hospital for over two months. This situation caused me great concern as I feared I would fall far behind my classmates in this very important year of study. But thanks to Li Hua by the time I was well enough to leave hospital and return to work I was up-to-date in all areas of my study. Not only did he come to visit me every day, bringing with him all the lessons and materials our class had gone through each day, but he patiently sat with me and explained to me all those issues that I didnt understand. Only after staying with me for at least 2 hours every day would he go home and begin his own studies.Step6: 总结与课后作业布置活动目标：深化巩固本节课重点内容阶段三：创新提升阶段英语写作中除了要注意文章语句的结构美，修辞美和篇章布局美，还要注意文章的思想性，目的性和意境。这是一篇文章的灵魂，也是写作的最高境界了，也是最能打动读者和阅卷老师获得高分的地方。在这一阶段我非常注意让学生在语言表达和增添文采方面下工夫。我用范例引路，并结合范文讲出哪些是内容要点，哪些是较高级词汇和较复杂结构，哪些是有效的连接成分等等，让学生对档次不同的文章加以分析，相互观摩，相互分析。在让学生确保主题、时态、语态正确，写作框架、要点完整的同时，我培养学生娴熟优美的写作技巧，主要可以从以下几方面训练：1.写作时逻辑要清晰有条理，学会文章的过渡和连接。在这方面进行训练时，可以先列举各类用于过渡和连接的词或用语，然后进行连接句子和段落的训练。如:连接以下句子。（1）. It is good for children to be independent. It is the children themselves who are responsible for their own future. It is good for children to be independent, because it is the children themselves who are responsible for their own future.（2）. I fail again. I will never stop trying. Even though/if I fail again, I will never stop trying.（3）. You tell a lie. Nobody will trust you. Once you tell a lie, nobody will trust you.2. 适当地使用丰富高级词汇或表达。一般词汇或表达高级词汇或表达people, personshumans, citizens, individuals, characters, kids adults, teenagers, youthsgoodterrific, fantastic, perfect, excellent, positive, outstanding, favorable, promising, pleasurableveryextremely, exceptional, awfully, exceedinglythingevent, affair, business, matter, issuelikefavour, be fond of, take delight in, fall in love with, be keen onthinkin ones opinion, personally speaking, as far as one is concerned,from ones point of view, hold the view that, its widely shared that, its universally acknowledged thatwantWould like, prefer, would rather, expect, desire, be eager to, look forward to, be anxious to , be dying torememberbear/keep something in mindbiggreat, large, huge, giantdropabandonmany, mu