许国璋英语第一册11四季--13给朋友的一封信.doc

11四季 The seasonsTHE SEASONS There are four seasons in a year. March, April and May make the spring season. June, July and August make the summer season. September, October and November make the autumn season. December, January and February make the winter season. Near the North Pole there are two seasons: winter and summer. The winter nights are long. For more than two months you cant see the sun, even at noon. The summer days are long. For more than two months, the sun never sets, and there is no night. In the tropics there are also two seasons: a rainy season and a dry season. 四季 一年有四季。三、四、五月是春季，六、七、八月是夏季，九、十、十一月是秋季，十二、一、二月是冬季。 靠近北极的地方一年只有两季：冬季和夏季。冬季夜长，两个多月里即便是在中午也见不着太阳。夏季日长，两个多月里太阳一直不落，没有夜晚。 赤道地区一年也只有两季：雨季和旱季。NOTES TO THE TEXT March, April and May make the spring season. make 本意为“做”，在此意为“组成、构成”，例如： One tree does not make a wood. 独木不成林。 One swallow does not make a summer. 一燕不成夏。 Twelve people make a team. 十二个人组成一队。For more than two months, the sun never sets, and there is no night. for表示时间的延续，可以译作“长达”。例如：for weeks 长达几个星期 for three hours 长达三个小时 more than 多于的，超出的例如： He speaks more than three languages. 他能说三种以上的语言。 She is more than twenty years old. 她二十岁出头。In the tropics there are also two seasons: a rainy season and a dry season. rainy season and dry season 雨季和旱季关于自然界的某些专有名词前面要用定冠词the，例如：the sun 太阳；the North Pole 北极；in the tropics 在热带12校园一日 A day at collegeA DAY AT COLLEGE Wang Qing gets up very early. He dresses, washes, and goes out to do exercises in the fresh morning air. Then he has breakfast. For most of the morning he attends lectures or practices his English. After class he reads in the library or reviews his lessons. Lunch is at twelve. After lunch Wang Qing takes a nap. In the afternoon he does his homework and reads the newspaper. Then he has an hour for sports. He runs round the track or plays ball games. After supper he often goes for a walk in the college gardens. Sometimes he listens to the English broadcast. In the evening he prepares his lessons. He goes to bed at half past ten.校园一日 王清起得很早。他穿好衣、洗完脸，就走到室外，在清爽的晨风中做早操，然后去吃早饭。 上午的大部分时间他听课或者练习英语，课后他到图书馆看书，或者复习功课。 12点吃午饭，饭后王清休息一会儿。下午他做作业、看报纸，随后有一小时的体育活动时间，他或者沿跑道跑跑步或者打打球。 晚饭后他常常去学校花园里散步，有时还收听英语广播。晚上他预习功课，10点半睡觉。逐句解释Wang Qing gets up very early. 此句的意思是Wang Qing总是起得很早,不仅是今天一天起得早。 get up 意思是“起床”,它的反义词是go to bed, 意思是“就寝”。 两者都是习惯用法,不可以只从字面上理解。He dresses, washes, and goes out to do exercises in the fresh morning air. He washes, 意即“洗脸”。注意这里不说He washes his face。He washes 也可以表示“他洗一洗身子”。He has a wash 意思和He washes 相同。 to do exercises.是“不定式短语”，这里作状语，修饰goes out。 不定式是动词的一种形式，一般由to加动词原形构成，在句中可作状语、宾语等成分。 in the fresh morning air (在早晨新鲜空气里)。注意英语与汉语中定语的语序不同,不可以说in the morning fresh air。For most of the morning he attends lectures or practises his English. for在这里引起短语，表示经历的时间，类似的例子如: He studies for two hours every evening. (他每晚学习两个钟头。) for most of the morning (上午大部分时间)。英语中morning 指中午12点以前的一段时间, 意思和“上午”相同,不仅指“早晨”。 practise English意思是“ 练习(说、写)英语”。practise是动词,它的名词形式是 practice。 美国英语中 practice既是名词,又是动词。After class he reads in the library or reviews his lessons. after 在这里是介词。它也可以作连词，例如: After she has breakfast， she goes to class. read在这里是不及物动词,意思是“读书学习”。不要说He reads books。 试比较：He reads newspapers every day。 注意英语物主代词的习惯用法: He does his homework in the afternoon.(他下午做作业。) She prepares her lessons in the evening.(她晚上准备功课。) Open your books.(把书打开。) 汉语在这里往往不说“他做他的作业”，而说“他做作业”，但英语却常常需加his， her， our等，在很多情况下不能省略。Lunch is at twelve. 注意at twelve, at six-thirty等习惯用法中的at 与in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening等短语中的in。After lunch Wang Qing takes a nap. have (或take)有时和一名词构成短语，表示一个动作。例如: Now lets have (take) a nap. Lets take a walk. Have(take) a bath.洗澡 这是习惯用法，不能按字直译。In the afternoon he does his homework and reads the newspaper. homework 是不可数名词。“许多家庭作业”应说a lot of homework 或者much homework。Then he has an hour for sports. hour中的h不发音,所以不定冠词为an。After supper he often goes for a walk in the college gardens. 这里用gardens,意思是不止一个校园。英国的公园有的也称gardens。He goes to bed at half past ten. 课文以此句结束。全篇用的都是一般现在时。这里“一般”二字,指的是天天如此,经常如此。也许有人问:既然有“一般”现在时,那么有没有“特定”现在时? 现在进行时(the present continuous tense)即是“特定”的现在时。例如:如果说 Wang Qing is getting up, 那是指此时此刻Wang Qing 正在起床(即还没有完全穿好衣服)。如果说Wang Qing is getting up very early,那是指今天Wang Qing 起身早(可能暗示平时他起得不早)。可见,所用的时态不同,表示的意义也不同。现在进行时态将在第15课中学习。NOTES TO THE TEXTa day at college at college 是指“在大学念书”，college泛指大学，没有特指的含义，所以前面不用加冠词。例如：go to college 上大学Wang Qing gets up very early. get up 起床 get up early 起得早 an early bird 习惯早起的人He dresses, washes, and goes out to do exercises in the fresh morning air. 此句中dresses, washes, 和goes是同一主语所带的连续三个谓语动词，表示一连串的动作；句中dress和wash都用作不及物动词，但实际意思中却含有宾语；不定式短语to do exercises作状语，do exercises可以指“做练习”或“锻炼身体”，在这里的意思是“锻炼”。Then he has breakfast have dinner 吃晚饭For most of the morning he attends lectures or practises his English. 1）for most of the morning中，for表示经历的时间。例如： He often watches TV for hours. 他经常连着几个小时地看电视。 He stays with his friends for quite some time every week. 他每周都要和朋友们在一起呆上相当一段时间。 2）attends lectures意思是“听课”。 其他含有attend的短语： attend a meeting 开会 attend a wedding 参加婚礼 attend school 上学 3）practises his English是“练习英语”，在此出现物主代词his是英语习惯用法，不能省略，但可不必译出，例如： He reviews his lessons after class. 他课后复习功课。 He does his homework in the afternoon. 他下午做作业。 Open your books. 把书打开。 其他包含动词practise的短语： practise the piano 练习弹钢琴 practise qigong 练气功 qigong tig （中国）气功After lunch Wang Qing takes a nap. take a nap 午休 take / have a rest 休息一下 take / have a break （短暂）休息一下Then he has an hour for sports. has an hour for sports是“花了一小时运动”，介词for表目的；hour一词因为发音是以元音开始，所以前面的冠词用an。He runs round the track or plays ball games. 1) runs round the track意思是“沿着跑道跑步”，介词round也可以用around来替换，作介词时两词用法相同，round用于英国而around多用于美国。 2) play ball games 意思是“打球”，英语中说“打球”或“踢球”要用play。例如： play basketball 打篮球 play football 踢足球 play volleyball 打排球 play tennis 打网球 play golf 打高尔夫球After supper he often goes for a walk in the college gardens. go for a walk 出去散散步 take a walk 出去散步 take a walk round the lake 沿着湖边散散步，round意为“沿着，围绕着”。Sometimes he listens to the English broadcast. listen to 听 listen to the radio 收听广播 listen to music 听音乐 listen to me 听我说He goes to bed at half past ten. go to bed 上床睡觉 此短语表示一种惯常的行为，在表示惯常行为时名词前不需加冠词，例如： go to school 上学 go to work 上班 go to church 去教堂做礼拜13给朋友的一封信 A letter to a friendA LETTER TO A FRIEND Beijing October 21, 1961Dear Liying, How time flies! This is already my seventh week at college. We are very busy here and life is very interesting. There are so many new things to learn. We have English lessons every day and I like them very much. We also study Chinese and World History. After class we have all kinds of activities. Sometimes we work on the college farm. On Saturday afternoon we usually have our class meeting. Sometimes we listen to a report. On Saturday evening there is a film or a dance. Autumn is the best season in Beijing. The days are warm and sunny. We are planning an outing for next Sunday. How are you? Are you still busy with the harvest? Please write to me soon and tell me about your life as a teacher. Yours ever, Wu Ming 给朋友的一封信亲爱的丽英: 时间过得真快!现在是我上大学的第七周了。我们这儿很忙，生活也很有意思，有那么多的新东西要学。我们每天都有英语课，我很喜欢它。另外我们还学习汉语和世界史。 课后我们开展各种活动。有时去校办农场劳动。星期六下午通常是开班会，有时也听报告。星期六晚上不是有电影就是有舞会。 秋天是北京最美的季节，每天都暖融融的，充满阳光，我们正筹划下星期天出去郊游呢。 你怎么样?还在忙着秋收吗?请快快写信告诉我你当教师的生活。 朋友:吴明 1961年10月21日于北京课文解释A LETTER TO A FRIEND 是课文的标题，不是信内容的一部分。书信中的日期： 21 October, 1961 the twenty-first of October,1961（英） October 21, 1961 October (the) twenty-first, 1961（美）书信中的称呼： 英文书信中的开头称呼一般用Dear，后面可跟名或姓，后面跟姓时一般要在姓的前面加上先生 / 太太 / 女士 / 小姐等。 Madam 女士（社交场合对妇女的尊称） Ms 女士（未婚或已婚均可） Mrs 太太（已婚，用夫姓），如：Mrs. Smith 史密斯太太 Miss 小姐（未婚） Dear Liying 熟人间直接用名字，这里Liying是名不是姓。称呼之后英国人习惯用逗号，美国人习惯用冒号。How time flies! 时间过得真快！（岁月如流）这是由how引出的感叹句，how没有实际意义。There are so many new things to learn. 有很多新的东西要学。 不定式to learn是名词修饰语，修饰名词things，在结构上与things有动宾的关系。这里learn不能用study来代替，study也是“学习”但更多地带有“钻研、研究”的含义。We also study Chinese and World History. 我们还学习汉语和世界史这两门课程。 Chinese 和 World History，因为是课程名称，所以每个单词的头一个字母要大写。After class we have all kinds of activities. all kinds of activities 各种各样的活动 all kinds of 各种各样的（后面所接名词要用复数形式）On Saturday evening there is a film or a dance. 星期六的晚上，不是有电影就是有舞会。 a film or a dance是主语；连词or表示选择，意思是“或者”，在意义上表示单数，所以be动词用is。Autumn is the best season in Beijing. 秋天是北京最好的季节。 the best表示“最好的”，best前面一般要用冠词the。We are planning an outing for next Sunday. 我们正在计划下星期天去郊游呢。 are planning是动词plan的现在进行时态，表示“正在做事”；outing的读音以元音字母o开始，所以前面的冠词用an；介词for表示约定的时间，例如： a meeting for Monday 星期一的会议 a dance for tomorrow 明天的舞会How are you? 你好吗？/ 你近来情况怎么样？（问候语）回答：Im fine, thank you. / Very well, thank you. 我很好，谢谢。Are you still busy with the harvest? 你们还在忙着收割庄稼吗？ be busy with 忙于干事，例如： Im very busy with my work. 我工作很忙。Please write to me soon and tell me about your life as a teacher. 请尽快给我写信，给我讲讲你当老师的生活情况。（祈使句） write to me = write a letter to me 给我写信；介词短语as a teacher意为“作为一名老师”，修饰life；tell me about“给我讲讲”，例如： Tell me about your work. 给我讲讲你的工作情况。 I want to tell him about my plan. 我想给他说说我的计划。书信的结尾谦称（complimentary close）： Yours sincerely,（比较正式） Yours truly, Lovingly yours, With love, Best wishes，信封的格式：Wu MingEnglish Department StampBeijing Foreign Studies University (邮票)Beijing 100081 Mr Wang Liying Department of Foreign languages Fudan University Shanghai 200433NOTES TO THE TEXT 英语书信格式： (1)寄信人的地址和写信日期写在信纸右上角，地址在上，日期在下。如果地址只写地名，也可写成一行。 Beijing, Dec. 1, 1961 (2)收信人的称呼写在左上角，后面在正式信件中用冒号(：)，较熟的人用逗号(，)。收尾一般用Yours sincerely (诚恳地)，或Sincerely;特别亲近的人可以用Yours ever 或With love。 (3)信封格式如下(注意要先写姓名后写地址)：Wu Ming StampEnglish Department (邮票)Beijing Foreign Studies UniversityBeijing 100081 Mr Wang Liying Department of Foreign Languages Fudan University Shanghai200433How time flies! 直译:怎样时间在飞呀!意即“时间过得真快呀!”。 注意:英语书信一般不用“你好”开始,因此这里没有说 “How are you?”。We have English lessons every day and I like them very much. 由every, this, next等词开头的时间状语前面不要加介词，例如： every Saturday evening this afternoon next week 注意：“很喜欢”的“很”要用very much, 不可以只用very, 而且经常放在动词like的宾语之后。After class we have all kinds of activities. 这一段里叙述的是经常发生的事，用的是一般现在时。We are planning an outing for next Sunday. are planning 是“现在进行时”，（详见下课语法注释）。How are you? 这里不是“你好!”的意思,而是“你近来身体好吗?”或“忙吗?”。 这是问候语，回答可以说：Im very well, thank you。On Saturday afternoon we usually have our class meeting. 一星期中某一天的上午、下午或晚上，要说 on Monday morning, on Wednesday afternoon, on Friday evening,“(在) 九月一日”应说on September first, 不可以用介词 in。试比较：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening。Are you still busy with the harvest? 这里busy是形容词，不是动词，需要与with 构成的介词短语连用，表示“忙于做事”。例如： Im busy with my lessons. For most of the week my father is busy with work. 特殊问句 问“谁”，“什么”，“在哪里”等这一类的问句叫做特殊问句。这种问句以疑问词开头，用降调。 疑问词有两类，一是疑问代词，一是疑问副词。疑问代词有：who, whom (who 的宾格),whose(谁的)，what, which (哪一个)等。疑问副词有：when, where, how, why(为什么)等。 特殊问句的语序在多数情况下和一般问句是一样的，只是疑问词和它所修饰的名词或形容词要放在句首。例如： When does Wang Ching get up? （比较:Does Wang Ching get up at six?) Where do they come from? (比较:Do they come from Shanghai?) What do you do after lunch? (比较：Do you take a short rest after lunch?) How do you like the film? (比较：Do you like the film?) What language does she study? (比较：Does she study German?) Which class is he in? (比较：Is he in Class Five?) How many pictures are there on the wall? (比较：Are there any pictures on the wall?) Whose textbook is this? (比较：Is this your textbook?) 如果疑问词表示的是主语，或是修饰主语，这时问句一般用陈述句语序，例如： Who lives in this room? (比较：Li Ying lives in this room.) How many comrades live in this room? (比较：Four comrades live in this room.) 对各种句子成分提问举例： 例 A：Wang Ching reviews his English lessons in the reading room every evening.（1）对主语提问： Who reviews his English lessons in the reading room every evening?（2）对谓语提问： What does Wang Ching do every evening?（3）对宾语提问： What does Wang Ching review every evening?（4）对定语提问： What lessons does Wang Ching review every evening?(5) 对状语提问： When does Wang Ching review his English lessons? Where does Wang Ching review his English lessons?注意：(1)对主语提问时一般用陈述句语序，不加助动词。 (2)对其他句子成分提问时要加助动词，后面的动词要用原形。 (3)对定语提问时，它所修饰的词要跟着一起提到前面来。 例 B：The teachers room is on