非谓语专题总结.doc

高中英语语法专题总结（三）非谓语专题总结 08.04一、非谓语的组成部分：1、不定式2、动名词3、分词（现在；过去）二、非谓语各个组成部分的作用：成分形式主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词三、不定式用法要点整理： 一般式：to do 、时态： 进行式：to be doing 完成式：to have done 完成进行式：to have been doing 一般式：to be done、被动语态： 完成式：to have been done3、例句：1、To study English is very necessary.（主语，一般式）2、She pretended not to see me when I passed by.（宾语，一般式） 3、I heard her sing an English song just now.（宾语补足语，一般式）4、His duty is to look after the baby.（表语，一般式）5、*I have much knowledge to learn.（定语，一般式） 6、He sat down to have a rest.（目的状语，一般式）7、My grandma lived to see the New China. （结果状语，一般式）8、To be criticized by others is a shame.（主语，一般式被动）9、Nobody likes to be laughed at in public.（宾语，一般式被动）10、He was heard to sing a song just now.（宾语补足语，一般式被动）11、This suggestion is allowed to be discussed.（表语，一般式被动）12、I have something to be taken to your mum by you.（定语，一般式被动） 13、He did a good deed to be praised by teachers.（目的状语，一般式被动）14、He stole others belongings to be caught at last.（结果状语，一般式被动）15、The boy pretended to be reading when his mum came in.（宾语，进行式）16、I am glad to have worked with you.（宾语，完成式）17、I am happy to have been invited to your party.（宾语，完成式被动）18、He is excited to have been playing with you today.（宾语，完成进行式） 4、不定式充当成分特殊要点整理：不定式作宾语特殊用法要点：下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请记牢下面的口诀：“决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划，同意请求帮帮忙。”Decide,determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help此外，afford,strive等也要用不定式作宾语。动词不定式作动词tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out等词的宾语时，前面常带wh引导词。即how,what,whether,where,when,who等+to do。但why+不带to的不定式.注意：此用法的不定式的逻辑主语需要与主句的主语或宾语保持一致，否则用宾语从句。如：Eg:I dont know what to do=(I dont know what Ill do?) Can you tell me why do it? 动词不定式在介词后面时，如果介词之前面有行为动词do的某种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，否则就要带to。另外在cant choose but,cant help but,cant but后面的不定式也要省略to。如：Eg: We could do nothing but/other than wait. We had nothing to do but/other than wait. We have no choice but to wait. I cant choose but laugh.不定式作宾语补足语特殊用法要点：下列动词后跟带to的不定式作状语：Advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend, like invite,love,order,persuade,prefer,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,think,wait for,call on,depend on等。Eg:The teacher asked us not to make so much noise.下列动词在主动语态中不带to的不定式作状语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（look at,see,watch,notice,observe）；3使（make,let,have）；2听（listen to,hear）；1感觉（feel）。不定式作定语特殊用法要点：不定式作定语：1、作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需要有相应的介词。Eg:Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is paper for you to write on.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省略。Eg:He had no money and no place to live(in)2、当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send的动作执行者时“你”）Have you anything to be sent?（不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）3、不定式作定语的几种情况：Eg:I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any的功能限定的中心词。Eg:She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olymipic Games. :He was the best man to do the job. 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability,chance,idea,Fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。Eg:Do you have ability to read and write English?不定式作状语特殊用法要点：某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐的形容词作表语，后跟不定式表示原因。Eg:I am glad to see you.在句子中含有enough或too句子里，也常用不定式作状语，表示结果。Eg：He was too excited to say a word. She was old enough to go to school.注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to（为了）或so as to（以便）+动词原形。So as to 不用于句首。Eg:The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.用it做形式主语，构成:Its+adj.+(for sb.)+to do sth.四、动名词用法要点整理：第一部分：知识结构时态：一般式:doing完成式:having done第二部分：例句1、Studying English is very important nowdays.（一般式作主语）2、I began studying English when I was a kid.（一般式作宾语）3、My job is teaching English.（一般式作表语）第三部分：动名词充当成分特殊要点整理动名词作主语用法特殊要点：动名词和不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。no use/goodIt is/was not any use/good +doing sth.of little use/gooduselessEg：It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。It is of little good staying up too late every day.动名词作宾语用法特殊要点：1、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请记牢下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不仅介意准逃亡。Consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;Admit,delay/put off,fancy;Aviod,miss,keep/keep on,practise;Deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;Forbid,imagine,risk;Cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape.2、动名词的复合结构：Eg: 1、Would you mind turning off the light. 2、Would you mind my turning off the light.例句1中的具体解释是：你帮我关灯，介意吗？例句2中的具体解释是：我关灯你介意吗？我们就会发现这两个句子中动名词的逻辑主语与句子的真正主语是两个不同的对象时，这种现象被称为动名词的复合结构。*习惯要求，动名词的逻辑主语的人称代词改用其所有格的形式，但是如果人称代词在句子中作的是宾语，人称代词用其宾格形式也可以，但是“人名”不可以。Eg:She insisted on my/me giving a lecture to her students.五、分词用法要点整理分词的组成部分：现在分词&过去分词 现在分词:doing/having done 现在分词:being done/分词的时态 分词的语态 having been done过去分词:done 过去分词:done现在分词现分，过去分词过分，后置定语后定，宾语补足语宾补例句： 1、The boy reading English is William.（现分作后定） 2、The building built last year is a school.（过分作后定） 3、My English is improving.（现分作表语） 4、His English is broken.（过分作表语） 5、I saw him walking towards me.（现分作宾补） 6、I saw him hit by a truck.（过分作宾补） 7、Walking along the street,I met Tom.（现分作时间状语） 8、Moved by what he said,Tom cried.（过分作原因状语） 9、Seen from the hill,our school looks prettier.（过分作条件状语） 10、Her husband died,leaving her three children.（现分作结果状语） 11、They came in,talking and laughing.（现分作伴随状语）12、Rain came to China,followed by a lot of fans.（过分作伴随状语）例句分析：例句7、9我们会发现这两个句子构成好像不是十分完整。其实例句7的完整句子情况是这样的：When I was walking along the street,I met Tom.但是由于主句和从句的主语是一致的，所以就可以将从句中的主语省略。例句9的完整句子情况是这样的：When our school is seen from the hill,our school looks prettier.省略的原因与上述解释相同。但是要注意这个句子:Having heard the news,tears came into my eyes.这个句子是错误的，因为主句和从句的主语是不同的，所以不可以用上述的表达法。正确的句子应该是：When I heard the news,tears came into my eyes.（把这个句子当成例句背住，防止犯类似的错误）分词充当成分特殊要点整理分词作定语用法特殊要点整理：作定语的及物动词分词形式为：v.ing;being+done;done。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时，用v.ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系时且表正在进行时，用being+done；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时，用过去分词。Eg：The houses being built are for the teachers. The broken glass is Toms.作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：v.ing和done。V.ing表示正在进行；done表示已经完成。Eg：falling leaves/fallen leaves;boiling water/boiled water分词作状语用法特殊要点整理： 分词作状语形式的选择：形式意义v.ing(doing)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，语句中谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生。Having +v.ed(having done)与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，先于谓语动词发生。v.+ed(done)与句中谓语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。Being+v.+ed(being done)语句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且与谓语动词同时发生，一般作原因状语置于句首。Having been +v.+ed(havingbeen done)语句中主语构成功能逻辑上的动宾关系，且先于谓语动词发生。分词作状语的基本原则：分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。分词作状语的句法功能：分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可以由连词while或when引出。Eg:Hearing the news,they got excited.（时间）Given a chance,I can surprise the world.（条件）The cup dropped to the ground,breaking into pieces.（结果）独立成分作状语：有些分词短语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，称作独立成分。常见的有：generally speaking（一般说来）, saving（除了，除非），frankly speaking（坦白地说），judging from（根据来判断）等。Considering/seeing（考虑到），supposing（即使）等等。六、非谓语动词用法综合整理分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1、感官动词see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,notice,等和使役动词have后面的宾语补足语有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。Eg: I heard her sing an English song just now.I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.I heard the English song sung many times.注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾语补足语表完成和状态。Eg:I look down at my neck and found my necklace gone.（状态） I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.（完成） 2、leave后接三种形式作宾语补足语时，其中的leave保留了原来的意思“留下”，但表达的确切的意思应是“使处于某种状态”。 Sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事 （宾语和宾语补足语之间是主谓关系，表示动作正在进行。）Leave sth.undone留下某事未做 （宾语和宾语补足语之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched为多。） sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事 sb.to be done留下某事要做 （不定式表示将来的动作）Eg:Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.（主动）The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious.（用主动形式表示被动）He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.（主动，将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.（被动，将来）3、have,get后接三种形式作宾语时，其中have,get表示“使、让、叫”的意思。have sth.done=get sth.done“使/让某事让别人去做”。Eg:I have had my hair cut.此外，have sth.done还表示“使遭受”的意思。Eg:Tom had his leg broken while playing football. have sb./sth.doing 使/让某人/物持续地做某事 （现在分词表示主动，正在进行）get sb./sth.doing使某人/物开始行动起来Eg:The captain got the soldiers moving towards the front after a short rest.注意：have sb.doing若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”的意思。Eg:I wont have you speaking to your parents like that. have sb.do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事get sb. to do sth. Eg:Mother had me go to the shop and bought some salt.不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区别：这三种形式作定语，主要是体现在动作的发生时间上。过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。Eg:Have you read the novel written by Dickens? He is a man loved and respected by all.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是于谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。Eg:Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。Eg:The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting is a very important one.下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。1、forget to do sth.忘记去做某事 doing sth.忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth.记住去做某事 doing sth.记住曾经做过某事regret to do sth.后悔去做某事 doing sth.后悔做过某事stop to do sth.停下来去做另一件事 doing sth.停下来做某事try to do sth.竭尽全力做某事 doing sth.尝试做某事mean to do sth.想要做某事doing sth.意味着做某事go on to do sth.继续做另外一件事 doing sth.继续做同一件事cant help to do sth.不能帮助做某事 doing sth.情不自禁做某事Eg:You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well,now I regret having done that.2、动词like,love,prefer后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词、如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。Eg:I like swimming,but I dont like to swim this afternoon.3、在动词allow/advise/forbid/permit后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词做宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 doing sth.Allow/advise/forbid/permit sb. to do sth.Eg: We dont allow smoking here.We dont allow students to smoke here.4、动词need,require,want作“需要”时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need表“需要”，require表“要求”，want表“想要”这些意义时，其后接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。 Need/require/want doing/to be done sb.to do sth. +n.（表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词） to dobe worth Its worth (ones) while doing doing of being donebe worthy of +n. 值得 to be done cleaning.Eg:The windows need/require/wants to be cleaned. The b