阅读理解命题方向与解题技巧.doc

CET-4 READING COMPREHENSION（仅供教学参考）一、考试命题1分值比重 阅读理解满分为249分，占试卷总分的35%2命题原则阅读理解旨在考核考生的如下能力：1) 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；2) 了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；3) 既理解字面的意思，也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；4) 既理解个别句子的意义，也理解上下文的逻辑关系，理解文章的深层含义。在阅读理解试题的命题过程中，这些能力又进一步细分为九项微技能：01 理解明确表达的概念或细节；02 理解隐含表达的概念或细节；通过判断句子的交际功能来理解文章；03 辨别文章的中心思想；04 理解作者的观点和态度；05 猜测词和短语的意思；06 句子层次的理解；07 篇章层次的理解；08 通过略读了解文章大意；09 通过查阅寻找某一信息。历次的阅读理解试题全面覆盖了上述的各项技能，其中，技能01的测试题占阅读理解总题量的30.3%，技能05和06的测试题占阅读理解总题量的11.7%。阅读理解的考核包括三个层次：句子层次、语篇层次和推理判断层次，并且遵循下列选材原则：1） 题材广泛，可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解；2) 体裁多样，可以包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等，应体现学术英语（English for Academic Purposes）的特点；3) 语言难度及词汇量符合四、六级考试规定的范围。阅读理解短文的体裁以议论文为主，题材以人文管理和科学技术为主。对此，我们可参阅四、六级考试委员会对60篇阅读理解短文的如下统计数据。四级考试阅读理解短文的题材和体裁 题材体裁人 文 管 理 科 学 技 术 生 物 医 学 总 计 议 论 文 30 25 4 59 叙 述 文 1 0 0 1 说 明 文 0 0 0 0 总 计 31 25 4 60阅读理解短文的语言属于学术英语，其特点是语言结构和阅读难度比较均衡，具有测试上的可取性。这样的短文虽然含有科技成分，但不涉及过深的专业知识，不会由于考生所学专业的不同而影响考试的效度。阅读不是瞎读，理解不是乱猜。在阅读中，我们应根据文章的总体思路和考试要求，有粗细快慢之分地进行。 二、应试方法 1答题步骤 快读 问题 细读 答题2答题方法 答阅读理解试题的基本方法是“对号入座”，即带着问题仔细阅读短文的相关部分，而并非短文的全部，否则，阅读所占的时间可能会过长。 阅读理解试题只要求考生选择出正确答题，并没有要求看懂短文中的全部文字。一般水平的考生往往试图看懂短文的每个句子，那是在做力所不能及的事情, 且劳而无功。应试训练1:（段落中的对号入座）Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit（学分）which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty-six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would at least attend _ classes each week. A) 36 B) 12 C) 20 D) 15对号入座的句子：A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. 答案 B 译文 一门典型课程每周三节，上15周；在上学期间，一个学生每学期可能上四门或五门课程。注释 每周上课 = 3节4（门）= 12节，或者 3节5（门）= 15节。问题是“一个学生通常每周至少（at least）要上多少节课”，因此应选12节。应试训练2:（语篇中的对号入座）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it , only a woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear. Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability(耐用). They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right . There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes. When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.36. Designers and big stores always make money .A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industryB) because they are capable of predicting new fashionsC) by constantly changing the fashions in womens clothingD) because they attach great importance to quality in womens clothing 37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as . A) a waste of money B) a waste of time C) an expression of tasteD) an expression of creativity38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the of clothing. A)cost B)appearance C)comfort D)suitability39. According to the passage , which of the following statements is TRUE?A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.B) The constant changes in womens clothing reflect their strength of character.C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.40. By saying the conclusions to be drawn are obvious(Para.4 , Line 1-2 ), the writer means that .A) womens inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed atB) women are better able to put up with discomfortC) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designersD) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion答案 36.C（第一段2、3句，查找线索：because of the change of fashion.） 37.B（第二段第三句，查找线索：waste hours of their time altering the dresses） 38.C（第三段第2句，线索： rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort） 39.A（第一段前三句；采用排除法也很容易确定B、C、D为错误选项） 40.D（第四段最后两句，线索：qualities of stability and reliability）语言点注释1 out of fashion（Line2,Para.1）= no longer be considered the best and most modern不再流行，过时2 take advantage of (Line3,Para.1) 趁机利用某事（或某物）3 put aside (Line4,Para.1) 把放在一边，撇开4 intentional creation of waste (Line1,Para.2) 故意造成的浪费5 vital (Line2,Para.3) = very necessary（for purpose expressed or suggested）of the greatest importance紧要的，极为重要的6 put up with (Line4,Para.3) = to suffer（someone or something）without complaining 忍受，忍耐7 There can hardly be a man who hasnt at some time in his life smiled at the sight of(Line4-6,Para.3) 很少有男人在其一生中未曾因看见而笑过。此句为双重否定句，who引导的从句做定语，修饰先行词man。8 in the matter of (Line1,Para.4) = concerning（a particular thing）至于，有关，在方面译文 如果说妇女年复一年被无情地剥削，应该受责备的是她们自己。因为她们一想到自己将穿着过时的衣服抛头露面时，便颤抖不已。她们经常被一些大商场或设计师利用，只穿过几次的衣服就被扔在一旁，原因仅仅是因为已经过时了。想一想，只有女人才有这样的本事：站在装满衣服的衣柜前悲伤的宣称她没有衣服可穿。 时尚的变迁只不过是一种故意制造的浪费。许多妇女每年都要花一大笔钱来更换许多几乎未穿过的衣服，那些没有经济实力去这样扔掉衣服的人便浪费掉了许多时间来改变她们所拥有的衣服的式样，将裙子弄长或弄短，将领口弄低或弄高等等。 没有人会声称服装业对社会的贡献确实很大。时装设计师很少考虑一些重要环节，像保暖、舒适、耐用等。他们只对服装的外表款式感兴趣，而且他们利用了妇女为了美观情愿克服一切不舒适因素的心理。很少有男人在其一生中未曾因看见那些在冬日里瑟瑟发抖的“苗条”淑女，或在雪地里脚穿高跟鞋艰难行进的女子而发笑过。在时装方面比较一下男人和女人，结论很明显。人们很想知道，妇女服装时尚的不断变化是否反映了反复无常、见异思迁的基本特征？男士们都很聪明，不会被时装设计师所欺骗。他们不变的时装风格是否反映了他们始终如一、稳重可靠的素质？这要由你来判断。34 设计师和大商场赚钱_。A） 通过在服装工业中无情地剥削女工 B） 因为他们能预测新的时尚C） 通过不断变换女装的时尚D） 因为他们对女装的质量非常重视37女士们把过了时的服装拿出来改来改去,在作者看来是_。A） 浪费金钱B） 浪费时间C） 品位的体现D） 创造性的体现38 如果设计师在设计服装时更重视_,作者对他们的态度就不会如此尖刻。 A) 价格B) 外观C) 舒适D) 合适39 根据本文，下列哪一句是正确的？A） 为了商业剥削妇女而产生了服装的新时尚。B） 女装的不断变化反映了妇女的坚强个性。C） 时装工业对社会做出了重大的贡献。D） 既然时尚设计只是受到了妇女的欢迎，因而不应受到鼓励。40 作者说“the conclusion to be drawn are obvious”的意思是_。A） 妇女在选衣时的反复无常经常受到嘲笑B） 妇女比较能忍受不适C） 男人受到了服装设计师的极大剥削D） 就时尚而论，男人更为理性三、阅读难点1词汇例如：1）In 1993, New York State ordered stores to charge a deposit on beverage (饮料) containers. Within a year, consumers had returned millions of aluminum cans and glass and plastic bottles.注释 charge v. 收费，deposit n. 押金（ on sth.）；存款，aluminum n. 铝译文1993年，纽约州要求各商店收取饮料容器押金。一年之内，消费者退回了数百万个铝罐以及玻璃瓶和塑料瓶。2）At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and construct a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional state. 注释 primary nurse 主管护士，visits with = talk with叙谈，at length = in detai详细地，full-scale 全面的，account = description, report 描述，报告 译文 在贝斯 以色列医院，每一位病人都被指派给一位主管护士。这位主管护士与病人详尽交谈，并作出全面的身体健康状况记录，记录中包括从病人病史到病人情绪的每一件事情。3）The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities.问题：The word “spas” most probably refers to _.A) sports activities B) athletic training programsC) recreation centers D) places for physical exercise答案 D译文 以有氧操为主的健身运动始于六十年代末七十年代初。有数百万人投身于名目繁多的有氧运动。事实上，当时在全美各地出现了数以千计的健身中心，利用人们对这种时兴的健身运动的兴趣，尤其是为女人教授有氧舞而大发其财。就在此兴起之前，全美也早有了不少健身中心，某个全国联营机构甚至在许许多多大城市都设有其连锁健身场所。如果把上文中费解词换成括号里的简单词，读读看，是否阅读理解的障碍大为减少。The fitness (= health) movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around ）= hadas its center，以为中心）aerobic exercise （有氧操）.Millions of individuals （= persons）became engaged in （= took part in参加）a variety of（= a number of different各种各样的）aerobic activities, and literally（= in fact）thousands of health spas developed around （= all over）the country to capitalize (获利) on（= profit from）this emerging（= coming out，新兴的）interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to（= before）this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. 2结构例如：1) Of major concern to Amtrak (美国铁路客运公司) and its advertising agency DDB Needham were the long distance western routes where ridership (客运量) had been declining significantly. 注释 本句是倒装句，正常语序应为：The long-distance western routes where ridership had been declining significantly were of major concern to Amtrak and its advertising agency DDB Needham. 句中的 the long-distance western routes作主语，其后是 where引导的定语从句，修饰routes，由于主语部分太长，所以采取倒装句式。句子的谓语部分是were of major concern to。 译文 对于美国铁路客运公司及其广告代理公司DDB Needham来说，客运量一直明显下降的西部长途沿线才是他们最关心的。2) After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scientists had good news to report: The damage and death toll（死亡人数）could have been much worse.注释 第二句中的could have been为虚拟语气，表示过去有可能发生而实际并未发生的情况。 译文 1994年洛杉矾发生强烈地震之后，研究地震的科学家们有这样的令人庆幸的消息报道：这次地震的实际损失和伤亡人数没有那么严重。 3) It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.注释 It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs 为强调式结构，强调宾语部分a huge task，全句等于 Everyone agrees the child performs a huge task 译文 大家都认为，小孩子在学说话时，他是在做一项很艰巨的工作。小孩子在很短的时间内学会说话，这一事实需要人们加以解释。4）It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. 注释 Maury 人名，turn to sb. for sth. 为某事而求助于某人。本句为强调句，强调turn to sb. for sth 短语中的to sb.，全句 = The Atlantic Telegraph Company turned to Maury of the US Navy for information on this matter. 译文 大西洋电报公司为获取此事的信息而求助于美国海军（部）的Maury先生。3隐含意思例如：Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart was being cheered as the model of human creativity. The sight of Barney Clark alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump convinced the press, the public and doctors that the future had arrived. It hadnt. 注释 sight = action of seeing sb. /sth. 看见，Barney Clark人名，trade A for B = 用A换B， that the future had arrived 隐含意思，意为“人们对未来的梦想已经实现了”。It hadnt. = The future had not arrived. 隐含意思，意为“对未来的梦想并没有实现”，人造心脏还有问题。该句是作者的评论。 译文 看到巴尼克拉克用金属和塑料制成的心脏换了他的有病心脏之后还活着，并且神智清醒，这使新闻界、公众和医生深信人类的梦想已经实现。然而，事实并非如此。 四、阅读方法 阅读不是一个词一个词地读，而是一个意群一个意群地读；应抓住句子的基本结构，并注意连词、语序和句型。例如：1）For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental （意群） （主谓结构1）（连词） travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many （主谓结构2） （不定式短语1） questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. （连词） （不定式短语2） 基本结构 the sea was remote, and there was little reason to ask many questions about it基本含义 大海很遥远，关于大海人们没有什么理由要问很多问题。如果阅读理解试题不涉及句中的细节，理解到这个程度就可以了。如果涉及，则需要仔细看其余内容。全句含义 除了早期的洲际旅行者或者靠大海谋生的人之外，对于大多数人来说，大海很遥远，关于大海人们没有什么理由问很多问题，更不要说问大海的下面有什么了。 2）（例2是到目前为止四级阅读理解短文中出现的最长的句子，读读看，看你能理解到什么程度。）A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.词汇 breakthrough突破，provision 提供，bring forward 提前，by up to two decades直到20年（比较：by two decades20年），modest 适度的，（be）engaged in 从事，solar太阳的 基本结构 A breakthrough could be brought forward according to the senior EEC scientists. （主语） （谓语） （状语）基本含义 据在欧共体高级科学家称，突破有可能提前20年。 全句结构 A breakthrough / in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic （主句主语） （定语） Community (EEC) / could be brought forward / by up to two decades, / if a modest increase / （主句谓语） （状语） （从句主语） could be provided / in the EECs research effort in this field, / according to the senior EEC （从句谓语） （状语） （状语） scientists / engaged in experiments in solar energy / at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, （定语） （状语） near Milan. 全句含义 据在欧共体靠近米兰的伊斯粕尔实验室从事太阳能实验的高级科学家称，如果适度增加欧共体在利用太阳能领域的研究经费，在为欧共体提供太阳能方面的突破有可能提前20年。 五、阅读能力自测1）The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All high school graduates ought to go, say