高考英语写作技巧指导章宗年.ppt

主讲人：章宗年 高 考 英 语 写 作 做 题 技 巧 指 导 【考纲解读】 要求考生根据所给情景用英语写一篇150字左 右的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地 点、方位、关系、内容、数据等；提供情景 的形式如图画、图表、提纲、信函等。考生 应能： 1、根据特定的语境准确使用英语语法，选用 恰当的词汇； 2、使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表 达自己的意思 命题趋势 1、写作的文本和题材类型多样化，包括社会热点 以及与中学生的学习和生活密切相关的话题， 范围比较广泛； 2、文章的语法结构和用词恰当、高级词汇和一定 的短语、句式结构和惯用语的使用是今后书面 表达的关注重点； 3、写作题的要求仍是半开放形式，试题要求考生 结合实际发表自己的观点、看法和建议； 4、更加注重考查学生的语言组织能力、逻辑思维 能力、笔头表达能力和用英语进行交际的能 力。 高考英语写作评判标准： 1.内容：覆盖全部要点，进行合理想象，不得 随意发挥； 2. 语言：使用简单语言清晰表达意思； 并使用了较多的语法结构和词汇，使 用复杂结构或高级词汇； 3.结构：叙述连贯，逻辑合理。有效地使用了 语句间的连接成分，全文结构紧凑流畅。 高考英语写作评判标准 第五档（21-25分）(很好) 完全完成了试题规定的任务。 准确、清楚地表达了短文的内容，要点无遗漏 应用了较多的语法结构和词汇 语法结构和词汇有少许错误，但为尽可能使用 较复杂表达方式所致；具备较强的语言应用能 力 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构 紧凑完全达到了预期的写作目的。 高考英语写作评判标准 第四档（16-20分）(好) 完成了试题规定的任务。 比较准确、清楚地表达了短文的内容 应用语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求 语法结构和词汇应用基本准确，少许错误主要 是因为尝试较复杂语言结构或词汇所致 应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧 凑达到了预期的写作目的。 高考英语写作评判标准 第三档（11-15分）(中等) 基本完成了试题规定的任务。 能说出短文的基本内容，但逻辑关系较混乱， 要点有遗漏，没有写自己的认识 应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求 有一些语法结构和词汇的错误，但不影响理解 应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文内容连贯 整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。 高考英语写作评判标准 第二档（6-10分）(较差) 未恰当完成试题规定的任务。 未能清楚地表达短文的内容，写了一些无关内 容 语法结构简单，词汇项目有限 有很多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对 写作内容的理解 较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性 信息未能清楚地传达给读者。 高考英语写作评判标准 第一档（0-5分）(差) 全文不知所云，满是语法错误，没有可读的句 子，只有一些可读的单词。 什么是复杂结构呢？ 如定语从句，状语从句，名词性从句，倒 装句，强调句，感叹句，非谓语动词，插 入语，with的复合结构，省略，独立主格 结构、虚拟语气等； 什么是高级词汇呢? 一般认为，口语中不常用的词汇，在书面 语中用得多的词汇均可视为高级词汇。 People overuse fossil fuels and this releases carbon dioxide. (一般结构） People overuse fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide. (高级结构-定语从句） The earth is getting warmer and warmer. As a result of this, people suffer a lot. (一般结构） The earth is getting warmer and warmer, thus causing people to suffer a lot. (高级结构-非谓语动词形式） People throw away much waste every day and pollution has been caused. (一般结构） People throw away so much waste every day that pollution has been caused. (高级结构-sothat从句） You say you refuse your parents requirements. In that case, they will get angry. (一般结构） You say you refuse to do what your parents ask you to do, in which case they will get annoyed . (高级结构-sothat从句） I want to stress that we should make laws to stop cutting down trees without permission. ( 一般结构） What I want to stress is that laws should be made to stop cutting down trees without permission. (高级结构-名词性从句，被动语态） Right now, we should take immediate actions. (一般结构） It is high time we took actions. (高级结构-虚拟语气句型） We can make our earth a better place only in this way. (一般结构） Only in this way can we make our earth a better place. (高级结构-倒装句） This problem wont be solved until everyone realize the importance of low carbon living. ( 一般结构） It is not until everyone realizes the importance that this problem can be solved. (高级结构 -强调句型） Not until everyone realizes the importance can this problem be solved. (高级结构-强调 句型） People often say: Hard work leads to success. ( 一般结构） As a famous saying goes, hard work pays off. (高级结构-as引导的定语从句+名言） The development of economy uses a large amount of fossil fuels (一般词汇） The development of economy consumes large amounts of fossil fuels (高级词汇） Exercising often is very important. (一般词汇 ） Exercising regularly really counts. (高级词汇） Most parents care much about the childrens education (一般词汇） Most parents attach great importance to their childrens education. (高级词汇） Youd better often let your parents know your learning grades. (一般词汇） Youd better keep your parents informed of your academic grades (高级词汇） We should know clearly how serious the present situation is. (一般词汇） We should have a clear awareness of the seriousness of the present situation. (高级词汇） Some people think students should wear school uniforms during weekdays. Others think that students dont need to wear school uniforms (一般词汇） Some people think that students should wear school uniforms during weekdays, while others argue against it. (高级词汇） We can conclude that our earth is getting warmer and warmer. (一般词汇） We can come to a conclusion that our earth is getting warmer and warmer. (高级词汇） 什么是过渡词？ 一、表示先后顺序和递进关系 first(ly), first of all, in the first place, to begin with; second(ly), besides, also, in addition，whats more, moreover, furthermore; third(ly), finally, last but not least。 二、表示转折关系 but, however, though, or, otherwise, anyway/anyhow, after all, 三、表示并列对比关系 on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast。 四、表示原因： The reasons are as follows. for one thing, for another。 五、表示因果关系 because of this, thanks to, due to, therefore, so, thus, as a result (of)， as the consequence of, for this reason。 六、表示条件关系 if so, in that case。 七、表示举例 for example, for instance, such as, take for example 八、表示概括归纳 in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, As we all know, as has been stated, as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion。 九、表示自己的观点 in my opinion, from my point of view, in my view, on my part, as far as I know, as far as Im concerned。 书面表达注意事项: 1、灵活变通表达，尽量避免机械死板 保护环境有利于子孙后代。 Protecting our environment benefits our offspring. Protecting our environment is beneficial to our offspring. Protecting our environment is beneficial to the generations to come. The future generations will benefit from the environmental protection. 书面表达注意事项: 2、注意表达准确，避免汉语式英语 中学生追求时尚容易分心。 Middle school students seek fashion is easy to distract their mind. （典型的 Chinglish) If middle school students seek fashion, they wont concentrate on their studies. 书面表达注意事项: 3、注意主谓语的正确，避免语法结构错误 有80%的人反对在公共场所抽烟。 There are 80% of people object to smoking in public places. （典型的语法结构错误) There are 80% of people who object (objecting) to smoking in public places. 80% of people object to/are not in favor of smoking in public places. 书面表达注意事项: 3、注意主谓语的正确，避免语法结构错误 上网聊天浪费时间。 Chat on the Internet waste time. （典型的语 法结构错误) Chatting on the Internet wastes time. Chatting online is a waste of time 书面表达注意事项: 3、注意主谓语的正确，避免语法结构错误 人类大量砍伐树木导致地球变暖。 Human Beings cut down many trees results in/leads to/causes the earth becomes warm Human beings have been cutting down large numbers of trees, as a result of which, the earth is getting warmer. Human beings have been cutting down lots of trees, which causes the earth to get warmer. 书面表达注意事项: 4、注意字迹工整，卷面整洁，段落清晰，大 小写正确，标点符号正确。 解题步骤 1、认真审题，了解题材，把握要点； 2、谋篇布局，列出提纲； 3、确定重点的词语，特别是谓语动词短语； 4、连词组句，形成简单的语篇； 5、美化词句，亮化短文； 6、复查全文，确保内容无遗漏、逻辑通顺、语法 准确、标点、格式、大小写准确无误。 提纲式作文 目前，随着环保意识的增强，越来越多的人们开始倡导低 碳生活。请根据下面的中文提示，用英语写一篇短文，简 要描述全球近五十年来气候变化，并分析其产生的主要原 因、影响及解决措施。 提示：1、目前现状：地球变暖，平均气温：1958年17 ，2008年18 ； 2、原因: 1）过多使用矿物燃料；2）过度砍伐森林。 3、影响：1）海平面上升；2）极端天气现象增加；3 ）自然平衡被破坏。 4、措施： （考生至少写2点） 要求：1、词数150左右；演讲的开头和结尾已写好,不记 入 总词数。 2、不要逐字逐条翻译，要组成一篇通顺连贯的短文。 谋篇布局，列出提纲 1、段落 2、提纲 Para.1Present situation Para.2 Reasons 二氧化碳：carbon dioxide; 氧气： oxygen 确定重点的短语，特别是谓语动词短语 Para. 1 Present situation change in the global climate the average temperature; rise by 1, from 17 in 1958 to 18 in 2008 get warmer and warmer 提纲式作文 目前，随着环保意识的增强，越来越多的人们开始倡导低碳生活。 请根据下面的中文提示，用英语写一篇短文，简要描述全球近五十 年来气候变化，并分析其产生的主要原因、影响及解决措施。 提示：1、目前现状：地球变暖，平均气温：1958年17，2008年 18 ； 2、原因: 1）过多使用矿物燃料释放二氧化碳；2）过度砍伐森 林，导致二氧化碳不能转化成氧气。 3、影响：1）海平面上升；2）人类遭遇极端天气；3）自然平 衡被破坏。 4、措施： （考生至少写2点） 要求：1、词数150左右；演讲的开头和结尾已写好,不记入 总词数 。 2、不要逐字逐条翻译，要组成一篇通顺连贯的短文。 3、低碳：low carbon; 二氧化碳：carbon dioxide; 氧气： oxygen 确定重点的短语，特别是谓语动词短语 Para. 2 Reasons cant be changed into oxygen sea level; rise；suffer from more extreme weather damage the balance of nature 确定重点的短语，特别是谓语动词短语 Para. 3 Measures take actions adopt a low carbon living use public transport services; not use private cars save water and electricity 连词成句，形成简单的语篇 The weather has changed a lot in the past 50 years. The average temperature has risen by 1, from 17 in 1958 to 18 in 2008. Our earth is getting warmer and warmer. 连词成句，形成简单的语篇 People are overusing fossil fuels and these greenhouse gases are released. Some students have the lights on in the daytime. People have been cutting down large numbers of trees. Carbon dioxide cant be changed into oxygen. The sea level is rising. We suffer from more extreme weather. The increase of the temperature is damaging the balance of nature. 连词成句，形成简单的语篇 We should take actions. We should adopt a low carbon living. We had better use public transport. We had better not use private cars. We should save water and electricity. 美化词句，亮化短文 在表达准确、保持连贯的基础上,尽量使用较 复杂的语法结构和较高级的词汇。 恰当使用过渡词或过渡句,使文章结构紧凑。 美化词句，亮化短文 As time goes on, the weather has changed a lot in the past 50 years. The average has risen by 1, from 17 in 1958 to 18 in 2008, which means that our earth is getting warmer and warmer. 美化词句，亮化短文 It is well known that the major reason for global warming is due to human activities. Firstly, fossil fuels are being overused, thus releasing greenhouse gases. Besides, so many trees have been cut down that carbon dioxide cant be changed into oxygen. As the consequence of global warming, the sea level is rising. As a result, people are suffering more extreme weather. Worse still, the increase of the temperature is causing damage to the balance of nature. 连词成句，形成简单的语篇 In my opinion, it is high time we took actions. It is necessary for us to adopt a low carbon living. For example, we had better use public transport instead of private cars. Also, we should save water and electricity. In a word, it is not until everyone starts from themselves that this problem can be solved. Only in this way can we make our earth a better place for human beings. 复查全文，确保内容无遗漏、逻辑通顺、语法 准确、标点、格式、大小写准确无误。 提纲式作文 内容如下： “中央号召创建节约型社会，可是许多校园内部浪费现象 严重。请你在班会上发表演讲，号召同学们从我做起， 杜绝浪费。 提示：1、浪费现象：水、电、餐厅的食物及其他； 2、危害:自身性格，父母财政负担，自然资源； 3、制止浪费现象的措施：（考生至少写2点） 要求：1、词数150左右；演讲的开头和结尾已写好,不记 入总词数。 2、不要逐字逐条翻译，要组成一篇通顺连贯的短 文。 Practice Some students leave tap water running after washing. Some students have the lights on in the daytime. Some students order too much food and leave a lot of leftovers on the table. Some ask their parents for a lot of pocket money and spend too much on snacks or drinks. Low-level article The bad habit of being wasteful will have a bad effect on their own character. It adds financial burden to their parents. The worlds limited natural resources will be used up soon. In my opinion, we should have a clear awareness of the serious situation. We should educate the students to form the good habit. We should start with ourselves and take the lead in reducing the waste to save everything. Nowadays, it is common that the students leave tap water running after washing and have the lights on in the daytime, which means a huge waste of water and electricity. Some students get into a bad habit of ordering much delicious food in the canteen but they dont eat all the food, leaving much on the table. Some ask their parents for a lot of pocket money. So it is high time we had to deal with the problem. The reasons are as follows: Polished-up article In the first place(First of all ,Firstly, To begin with), the bad habit of being wasteful will have a bad effect on their own character. Secondly(In addition, Besides, Moreover, Whats more), it adds financial burden to their parents. Last but not least(Finally, Whats worse), the worlds limited natural resources, such as water and electricity , will be used up soon. As far as I am concerned, I think only when all of us are fully aware of its seriousness can the situation be improved. On the one hand, it is necessary for schools to educate every student not to waste anything in any form and on the other hand every one of us should start with ourselves to fight against waste. It is not until all of us are involved in the activity that we can bring the situation under control. 提纲式作文 以下是一则关于中国政府决定禁烟的报道的主要