非谓语动词归纳讲解及08-11年高考真题.doc

非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。为三种：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式1、 作主语 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。To see is to believe. 往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job. It is impossible for us to get there on time. It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。 It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 用of 的形容词：2、作宾语（1）动词+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire. I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）常用动词：want, try, hope, wish, need, forget, know, promise, refuse, help, decide, begin, start, learn, agree, choose, get等（2）动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.用it 作形式宾语。如： I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、作宾语补足语（1动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful. I want you to speak to Tom. What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式） 常用动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage（2表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态） (3) There +不定式。如： We didnt expect there to be so many people there.注意：感官动词：使让动词：在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree. 4、作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系） He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系） He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如： Do you have anything else to say? 2.如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如： I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字)5.作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, soas to, such as to, .enough to, tooto等。（1）做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such).as to（如此以便）如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. （2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.（3）做原因状语。如：We were very excited to hear the news.（4）做条件状语。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.（5） 做形容词后状语： The book is easy to read. The room is pleasant to live in.6、作表语 The question is how to put it into practice. His dream is to be a doctor.注意：主表一致 如：To see is to believe. （眼见为实）7、独立结构。如： To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you. To make matters worse, it began to rain.二、不定式的时态和语态1、不定式的时态（1）现在时：to do有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. （2）完成时：to have done表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.（3）进行时：to be doing表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eating something.（4）完成进行时：to have been doing表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、不定式的语态 to be done He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.三、省to 的动词不定式1、Would rather do than do , had better do 2、感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. They were made to work the whole night.3、使役动词 let, have, make.4、由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.5、Help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.6、Why/Why not7、But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。 He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.8、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。四、动词不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by.动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）1、作主语 谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：Its no good/use/useless/fun/a waste of time+ doing Seeing is believing.2、作宾语 (1)只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示cant help 禁不住，cant stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于，fee like想要be surprised at 对感到惊讶 be proud of 以为骄傲 succeed in 在某方面成功 be afraid of害怕 give up 放弃 (2)接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，start，continue，prefer， (3)下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，try等(4)Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The flowers need watering/to be watered. The problem is worth discussing.3、作表语 My hobby is collecting stamps.4、作定语 动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall二、动名词的时态和语态 doing having done being done动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess. He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.分词doing done (在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。）现在分词和过去分词的区别： 在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。 如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶1、作定语（1）单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son. The excited people rushed into the building.（2）分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如： The girl standing under the tree is my niece. The building built last year is our library.（3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists2、作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.-As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. -If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.（时间）Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因). Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.(让步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随) He came running to tell me the good news.(方式) 注意：（1）选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old. Using the book, I find it useful.（2）分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。3、作表语现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：The film is touching. The glass is broken. She looked tired with cooking.4、作宾语补足语 感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：I smell something burning. I heard my name called. Ill have my watch repaired.5、作插入语generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从判断all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来。Judging from his face, he must be ill. Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.一、分词的时态1、与主语动词同时。如：Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 2、先于主语动词分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、分词的语态1、通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：He is the man giving you/who gave you the book 。2、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴高考非谓语动词练习题（08-11）1. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _ into small pieces. A. break B. breaking C. broken D. to break2. The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable . A. held B. holding C. be held D. to hold3. Its important for the figures regularly. A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated4. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, on your feet. A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept5. Do you wake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day? A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt6. Tsinghua University, in 1911, is home to a great number of outstanding figures. (福建23)A. found B. founding C. founded D. to be founded7. The ability _ an idea is as important as the idea itself. (湖南 21)A. expressing B. expressed C. to express D. to be expressed8. The players _ from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game. A. selecting B. to select C. selected D. having selected9. around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. (辽宁 30) A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering10. The fact that so many people still smoke in public place _that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risk of smoking. (江苏22)A. suggest B. suggests C. suggestedD. suggesting11. Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. (江苏 31 )Acompared Bcomparing Ccompares Dbeing compared12. Claire had luggage an hour before her plane left. (陕西 14) A. check B. checking C. to check D. checked13. More highways have been built in China, _ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another. (陕西 20 ) A. making B. made C. to make D. having made 14. Look over there -theres a very long, winding path _ up to the house.A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead15. Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A. to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried 16. _ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated17. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _ a life span of around 20 years. A. having B. had C. have D. to have18. Even the best writers find themselves _for words. (浙江 14) A. lose B. lost C. to lose D. having lost 19. If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _by their enthusiastic supporters. A. being cheered B. be cheered C. to be cheered D. were cheered20. More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced peoples concern over food safety. A. to raise B. raising C. to have raised D. having raised21. Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams. A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind22. Lidia doesnt feel like abroad. Her parents are old. （四川 2）A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study23. Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it could fly.A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep (四川 11)24. an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous. A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer25. The next thing he saw was smoke from behind the house.A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen (新课标 27)26. The island, _ to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. (全国卷 15) A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined27. Sarah pretended to be cheerful,_ _ nothing about the argument. A. says B: said C. to say D. saying (全国卷 18)1. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps from the library.A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing2. With Fathers Day around the corner, I have taken some money, I have taken some money out of the back presents for my dad. A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought3. I have a lot of readings before the end of this term. (2010山东)A. completing B. to complete C. completed D .being completed4. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, the students to return to their classrooms. （2010江苏） A. enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled5. It rained heavily in the south, serious flooding in several provinces.A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause (2010天津)6. We were astonished the temple still in its original condition. （(2010辽宁）A .finding B. to find C. find D. to be found7. Alexander tried to get his work in the medical circles. （2010辽宁）A. to recognize B. recognizing C. recognize D. recognized8. -Its no use having ideas only.-Dont worry. Peter can show you to turn an idea into an act.A. how B. who C. what D. where （2010辽宁）9. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, supplies to Yushu, Qinghai Province after the earthquake. （2010福建） A. sending B. to send D. having sent D. to have sent10. In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud. A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck11. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if regularly, can improve our health. A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out12. The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing13. He had a wonderful childhood, with his brother to all corners of the world. A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling14. at my classmates face, I read the same excitement in their eyes.A. Looking B. Look C. To look D. Looked （2010北京）15. Im calling to enquire about the position in yesterdays China Daily.A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised （2010北京）16. Listen! Do you hear someone for help? (2010湖南）A. calling B. call C. to call D. called17. Dina, for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. A .struggling B. struggled C .having struggled D. to struggle18. So far nobody has claimed the money in the library. （2010湖南）A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered19. from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. having seen D. To see20. His first book next month is based n a true story. (2010陕西)A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published21. Though to see us, the professor gave us a warm welcome. 2010全国卷IIA. surprising B. was surprised C. surprised D. being surprised22. The news shocked the public, to great concern about students safety at school. A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead23. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one first is the library.A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired （2010重庆）24. The lady walked around the shops, an eye out for bargains.A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep （2010江西）25. There were many talented actors out there just waiting . （2010江西）A .to discover B. to be discovered C. discovered D. being discovered26. A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano.A .to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning （2010四川）27. In many peoples opinion, that company, though relatively small, is pleasant . A. to deal with B. dealing with C. to be dealt with D. dealt with28. The lawyer listened with full attention, to miss any point. （2010四川）A .not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try29. The living school is clean and tidy, with a dining table already for a meal to be cooked. A .laid B. laying C .to lay D. being laid1. The play_ next month aims mainly to reflect the local cultureAproduced Bbeing produced Cto be produced Dhaving been produced (09安徽28)2. Now that wev