英语中的五种基本句型结1.doc

一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)： 表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如 in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如 and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足 语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词 to 或 for 加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常 常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) 同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 英语中的五种基本句型结构一、句型1： Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，所谓不及物动词，就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.二、句型2：Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.这棵树比以前长得高多了。(3)可作表语的成分：1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语) 2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容词做表语) 3.She remained standing for a hour.(现在分词做表语) 4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语) 5.The machine is out of order.(介词短语做表语) 6.The television was on.(副词做表语) 7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语) 8.My job is repairing cars.(动名词做表语) 9.The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语，即：表语从句) 注意：在下面的句子中，形容词做表语，在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。 Im happy to meet you. They are willing to help. We are determined to follow his example. 三、句型3：Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词，就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语，其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名词） 他拿着书包离开了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。注意：英语中的许多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。四、句型4： Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子还可以表达为：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.五、句型5： Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。（形容词）2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。4）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词) 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意：动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。请判断下列句子的结构类型 1.He is running. 2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry. 3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions. 4.She seemed angry.5.My father bought me a beautiful present. 6.Why do you keep your eyes closed？ 7.Will you tell us an exciting story？ 8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean. 9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room. 10.Can you push the window open？ 答案： 1.主语-动词 2.主语-动词-宾语-补语 3.主语-动词-宾语-宾语 4.主语-动词-表语 5.主语-动词-宾语-宾语 6.主语-动词-宾语-宾语 7.主语-动词-宾语-补语 8.主语-动词-宾语-补语 9.主语-动词-宾语-补语 10.主语-动词-宾语-补语分析下列句子成分：1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you主语 系动词 表语 主语 系动词 表语 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city 主语 及物动词 宾语 主语 动词 形式宾语 it 宾语补足语+宾语 7. -I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 主语 及物动词 宾语 主语 系动词 表语9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his teaching 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 主语 及物动词 宾语13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 主语 及物动词 宾语 14. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 15. Dont get nervous，help yourself to what you like16.We will make our school more beautiful. 15. 主语 系动词 表语 16. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 17. He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 17. 主语 系动词 表语 18. 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 19. The old man lives a lonely life. 主语 不及物动词20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. 主语 不及物动词21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany 主语 系动词 表语22. There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him 主语 系动词 表语23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month. 主语 及物动词 宾语24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do. 主语 不及物动词 主语 及物动词 宾语26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup? 26. 主语 不及物动词 主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him? 双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 主语 及物动词 宾语30. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. 主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 翻 译 练 习：1 你应当努力学习。You should study hard 2 她昨天回家很晚。She went home very late yesterday evening. 3 那天早上我们谈了很多。That morning we talked a great deal 4 会议将持续两个小时。The meeting will last two hours. 1 昨晚我写了一封信。I wrote a letter last night. 2 今天下午我想同你