哈弗大学公开课.doc

Hi, good morning. Its wonderful to be back here. 各位，早上好。很高兴能回到这里。Wonderful to see you here.高兴见到你们。I am teaching this class because I wish a class like this had been taught when I was sitting in your seat as an undergraduate here.我教授这门课是因为在我读本科阶段时非常希望能学习这样一门课程。This does not mean it is a class you wish to be taught nor does it mean that it is the right class for you.可能这门课并不是你希望的那样也可能并不适合你。But I hope to doing the next couple of lectures is giving you an idea what this class is about so that you can decide whether or not it is for you.但希望几堂课后，你能有个大概印象让你决定这门课程是否适合你。I came here in 1992 and studied the computer science and concentrator.我1992年来到哈佛求学，一开始主修计算机科学。And when I had I mini epiphany half way through my sophomore year.大二期间，突然顿悟了。I realized that I was in a wonderful place with wonderful students around me, wonderful teachers.我意识到我身处让人神往大学校园周围都是出色的同学，优秀的导师。I was doing well academically. I was doing well in athletics. I was playing squash at that time. I was doing well socially.我成绩优异。擅长体育运动。那时壁垒打的不错。社交也游刃有余。Everything was going well except for the fact that I was unhappy. And I didnt understand why.一切都很顺利除了一点我不快乐。 而且我不明白为什么。It was then in a matter of moments that I decided that I had to find out why and become happier.也就是在那时我决定要找出原因变得快乐。And that was when I switched my concentration from computer science to philosophy and psychology.于是我将研究方向从计算机科学转向了哲学及心理学。With a single question: How can I become happier.目标只有一个:怎么让自己开心起来。Overtime I did become happier what contributed most to my happiness was when I encountered a new emerging field that time didnt have the name that it has today.渐渐的，我的确变得更快乐了主要是因为我接触了一个新的领域，那时并未正式命名。But essentially research that falls under or within the field of positive psychology.但本质上属于积极心理学范畴。Positive psychology, studying it and applying the ideas to my life has made me significantly happier .研究积极心理学把其理念应用到生活中让我无比快乐。It continues to make me happier.而且这种快乐继续着。And it was when I realized the impact that it had on me that I decided to share it with others.于是我决定将其与更多的人分享。Thats when I decided that I wanted to be a teacher and teach in this field.选择教授这门学科。So this is positive psychology, psychology 1504.这就是积极心理学，1504号心理学课程。And well be exploring this new, relatively new and fascinating field.我们将一起探索这一全新相对新兴令人倾倒的领域。And hopefully, we will be exploring more than the field ourselves.希望同时还能探索我们自己。When I first taught this class that was back in 2002.我第一次开设这门课程是在2002年。I taught it at a seminar and had eight students. Two dropped out that left me with six. The year after, the class became slightly larger. I had over three hundred students.是以讨论会的形式，只有8名学生。 两名退出了只剩我和其他六个人。一年后学生稍微多了点。 有300多人参加。And then third year when I taught it which was the last time.到了第三年，也就是上一次开课。I had 850 students in the class, making it at that point the largest course at Harvard .有850名参加是当时哈佛大学人数最多的课程。And thats when the media became interested. Because they wanted to understand why.这引起了媒体的注意。因为他们想知道为什么。They wanted to understand this phenomenon that here you have a class thats larger than Introduction to Economics. How could that be？他们对这一奇特现象非常好奇竟然有比经济学导论更热门的课程。怎么可能呢？So I was invited by the media for interviews whether it was newspapers, radio, television. 于是我被请去参加各类媒体采访，报纸，广播，电视。And I started to notice a pattern during those interviews. 在这些采访中，我发现了一种有趣的模式。So I would walk into the interview. We would have the interview.我前去参加采访。进行采访。And afterwards, the producer or the interviewer would walk me out. And say something to the effects of well, thank you Tal for the interview.结束后，制片人或主持人会送我出来。 说些诸如Tal多谢你抽空参加采访。But you know I expected you to be different. 不过你跟我想象的不太一样的话。And I would ask, as nonchalant as I could of course. 我漫不经心的问。I didnt really care but had to ask anyway “How different”. 我无所谓，不过总得回应“有何不同？”And they would say: Well, you know, we expected you to be more outgoing”. 他们会说“这个嘛，我们会以为你很外向”。Next interview, the end of the interview, same thing: Thank you for doing the interview”. 下一次采访结束时仍是如此“多谢接受采访”。“But you know Tal, I expected you to be different”. 不过Tal，你跟我想象得不太一样。And once again, nonchalant of course so how different. 又一次，我漫不经心地问有何不同。And she would say: “Well you know, we expected you to be less, less introversit”. “这个嘛，我们没想到你会这么内向”。Next interview, same thing “How different?” 下一次采访，仍是如此“有何不同？”。“Well, you know, more extroverted, more outgoing.” “这个嘛，更开朗，更外向”。Next interview, “Well, you know, less shy”. 下一次采访，“这个嘛，太害羞了”。Coz I get very nervous in interviews. 因为采访中我容易紧张。l Interview after interview, literally dozens. 差不多有几十个采访。More outgoing, more cheerful, less introverted, more extroverted. And on and on. 每次都是好交际，更开朗，不含蓄，更外向诸如此类。But here the best one. 最绝的一次。So this is one of the local channels here around Boston. I was going to the interview.是波士顿一家地方台。我去参加采访。We had a quite long interview which I thought was actually pretty good. And at the end of the interview.聊了很多，我觉得进行得很不错。 采访结束。The interviewer is a very jolly guy. He walks me out and puts his hands on my shoulder.主持人是个开朗热情的男生。他送我出门，拍着我的肩说。And says, ”Thank you very much for doing the interview.” And then the usual comes. “多谢接受我们采访。” 然后又是那句。“But you know Tal, I expected you to be different.” “不过Tal，你跟我想象不太一样”。And I said, ”How different”. Just so you understand by this time, my self-esteem is short. 我问，“有何不同”你要知道那时候，我已经完全被打击了。But still with some resemblance of nonchalance I asked “How different”. 不过我还是漫不经心地问有何不同。And he looks at me and says: ”Well I dont know Tal, I expected you to be taller. ”. Taller? What?他看着我说：“我也说不上，Tal，我以为你会更高些”。 更高些？什么？Five seven, well ok five six and a half is not enough to teach happiness? 1米70是1米69就不够格传授快乐吗？And I thought about it, I thought about it a lot. The whole pattern from the beginning.我考虑了很久，仔细思量了。整件事从头到尾。And I think I understand why they expected someone different. 我似乎明白为什么他们期望不同了。You see they had to explain to themselves as well as the audience. 因为他们要说服自己说服观众。How come this lecture is larger than the Introduction to Economics? 这门课怎么会比经济学导论更热门？And the way to explain it must be that the teacher is very outgoing, extremely charismatic, very cheerful and extroverted and of course, tall. 唯一的解释就是导师非常外向、充满领袖气质、乐观开朗，当然了，还很高。Well, there is one L missing there, But. Yeah, if only.可惜我的名字少了一个L，但是。嗯真可惜。So the problem though is that they were looking in the wrong place for the explanation. 所以问题是他们找答案找错了地方。In other words, they were looking at the messenger, what they needed to look at was the message. Now how do I know that?也就是说，他们不该关注信息传达者而应该关注信息本身。我怎么知道的呢？You see because I see other positive psychology classes on other campuses around the country and around the world. 因为我参与过其他大学积极心理学课遍及全国乃至全球。There are over 200 campuses here in United States that teach positive psychology. 美国有超过200所大学开设了本课程。And almost every campus where this class is taught its either one of the or the largest class. Its about the message.而且几乎其中所有院校，这门课都是参与人数最多的或者最多的之一。 信息是关键。I see more and more organizations taking up positive psychology in their as consultant companies. 越来越多的机构组织开设这门课，还有咨询公司。Some of them the leading big consultant companies are taking it on. 其中一些甚至是全球知名咨询公司。More and more high schools are introducing positive psychology class.Elementary schools are introducing it.越来越多的中学开始引入积极心理学。小学也是。The governments around the world are expressing interest in this new emerging field. Why? Because it works, because it really works.各国政府都对这一新领域表现出兴趣。 为什么？因为它有效，因为它真正有效。You see this whole realm of life flourishing on happiness, on well-being has been until recently dominated by the self-health movements. 殷盛人生，快乐，幸福感这一整个领域在此之前一直被心理自助运动统治。What do we have in the self-health movement? We have books that are very interesting that are very accessible.心理自助运动带来了什么？ 生动有趣通俗易懂的书。We have speakers who are very outgoing very charismatic and tall attracting the masses into these workshops, seminars and lectures. But, there is a very big “but” here.热情外向的宣讲者颇具领袖气质且身材高大吸引大众参与他们的专题讨论讲座。 但是，有一个大大的转折。Many of these books, many of these workshops and seminars lack substance. Very often, overpromising and under-delivering.其中很多书籍讨论都缺少实质内容。通常都言过其实无法兑现。So there are five things you need to know to be happy. The three things to be the great leader.比如，快乐的五个关键。成功领袖的三个要素。The one secret of success, happiness and a perfect love life. Overpromising, under-delivering.成功快乐完美爱情的唯一秘诀。夸大其词，效果甚微。On the other hand, we have academia. What do we have in the academia? We have a lot of rigor, a lot of substance.再来说说学术界。 学术界给我们带来了什么？ 大量精确的实质内容。We have datas analyzed, reanalyzed and meta-analyzed. Things that actually work, good stuff.数据被一而再再而三得反复分析。行之有效的好方法。But, there is also a very big but here. Very few people read refereed academic journals.但是又有一个大大的转折。很少有人会阅读专业学术期刊。I mean think about it: how many people outside this room of course have read the last twelve issues of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology? 想想看，这间教室之外有多少人读过最近12期个性与社会心理学杂志？Most people dont even know what that means. 大多数人甚至不知道那是什么东西。The head of my PHD programs actually estimated the average academic journal article is read by seven people.我博士班的主任估算过学术期刊上的一篇论文平均只有7人阅读。You knowAnd that includes the authors mother. So you know I say half in jest but its actually really sad.这话其中还包括作者的母亲。这话虽然是半开玩笑但其实很可悲。Because Certainly sad for me, as an academic. Because these things are good.因为作为学者我觉得很可悲。因为这些论文都非常精彩。They are important, these things make a difference, can even make more of a difference. But not accessible to most people.非常重要，能大有作为甚至不仅仅是作为。但是对大众来说晦涩难懂。And this is where positive psychology comes in. And this is also where this class comes in.所以我们需要积极心理学。需要这门课程。The explicit mandate of positive psychology as well as of this class is to create a bridge between Ivory tower and Main Street. 积极心理学及本课程的宗旨非常明确就是在象牙塔及大众间构建桥梁。In other words, it is to bring the rigor, the substance, the empirical foundation, the science from academia and merge it with accessibility of the self-help or New Age movement. In a way the best of both worlds.换句话说就是要把严谨、实质、经验基础学术科学与自助或者新纪元运动的通俗易懂相结合。充分发挥两者所长。And this explains the popularity of the field of positive psychology: Science that works. 这也是积极心理学大受欢迎的原因：有用的科学。This class will be taught in two levels. The first level it will be taught as any other class in psychology or any of the classes youve taken here.本课程将分为两个部分。第一部分会和其他心理学或者其他任何课程一样。Youll be introduced here to studies, to research, to rigorous academic work. Youll be writing paper, academic paper. Youll be taking exams just like every other class.我将向你们介绍相关知识，调查研究，严谨的学术作品。需要你们撰写报告，学术论文。跟其他课程一样参加考试。But then it will also be taught at the second level which is for every paper that youll read every paper that youll write, youll always be thinking. 而教学内容的另一部分，你们读每一篇论文，写每一篇论文时都需要思考。OK, so how can I take these ideas and apply them to my life? How can I apply them to my relationship? How can I apply them to my community? Two levels: The academic, Applied如何把这些理念运用到生活中去？运用到恋爱中去？运用到社交圈里去？就是这两个部分：学术与应用。I did not just introduce whether its in the readings or in the lectures ideas just because they are interesting for the sake of the idea. 无聊是论文还是讲座我不会因为某个理论有趣而去介绍它。It is always an idea that is both rigorous and can be applied. Just a few words about housekeeping.而是因为这个理论严谨且能被应用。再唠叨几句题外话。Some of the questions that I have already received from you before the class started. 有几个问题课前就有人问我了。So this unfortunately is the last time that I am teaching positive psychology or any other class for that matter at Harvard. 不幸的是这学期将是我最后一次在哈佛开设积极心理学或其他课程。Hopefully within two years, probably not next year but within two years there will be positive psychology class offered but I certainly cannot guarantee it. About feedback and questions.但愿两年内，明年可能性不大，但是两年内学校会再次开设积极心理学课程，但我无法保证。关于反馈与提问。If you have any questions, anything thats not clear, if you agree or disagree with something. Email me or Email your TF (Teaching Fellow at Harvard, just like TA at other schools.) and well always respond. 如果你有任何问题或者不明白的地方，如果你同意或者反对什么观点，请给我或助教写邮件，我们一定会回复的。Sometimes if the question is asked by enough people, well respond to it publicly, always anonymously unless you specified specifically that your name can be mentioned. 如果某个问题问的人数较多，我们会公开回答，当然一定是匿名的除非你特别注明可以提及你的名字。But sometimes you may be listening to a lecture and then half way through it there is an emergency, there is something that you really have to ask, something that cannot wait. 有时候讲座过程中突然有紧急情况，有什么非问不可的问题，无法等待。In that case, please just put your hand up because its just like when you have to go to the bathroom, just cant stop, and cant wait. And when you gotta go, you gotta go. 如果那样的话，请直接举手，因为就跟你要去厕所一样，无法忍耐，无法等待，要去就去。So well take a positive psychology break for that. And just stop me half way through and Ill answer any question.我们会为此进行积极心理休息。所以大可以打断我，我会回答任何问题。All the power points, as well as the videos of the classes will be online; will be available within couple of days. 所有幻灯片以及课程视频都会放在网上，课后几天就能下载。Well, the power points will be available before say for the lecture it will be before so that you can use them in class. 幻灯片其实课前就能下载，这样你们上课时就能用到。The videos, unfortunately, cannot be made available before, we tried, could not figure it out. So it will be available within a day or two after. And the reason why they are up there.可惜视频不能提前提供，我们试过了但效果不好。所以会在课后一两天内放到网上。这样做的原因。First of all, I do prefer that you attend lecture, I do prefer that you are physically here. You get things in the energy of the room with so many students so you wouldnt just get from your computer.首先，我当然更希望你们出席课程，能出现在课堂上。和大家一起，在课堂的气氛中学习而不仅仅是对着电脑。The reason why I do put them up is so that you have the opportunity if you want to see it again or if you have to miss a class. Thats perfectly fine. 我之所以把资料放在网上是为了让你们可以重温或者学习错过的课程，这很正常。And also because and this is also the reason why the power points are always available, I want you to be engaged in the material. 另一个原因之所以提前提供幻灯片是因为我希望你们能充分理解材料。I want you to be engaged in whatever it is that we are discussing in class, not necessarily thinking about getting down every word that I say on paper, remembering everything, memorizing everything. 充分参与课堂讨论而不是忙于记录我说的每一个字，记住每一个词，背诵每一句话。I want you to take rather than passive notes of writing down whats on the power point or every word that I say, Id like you to take active notes. And that means being engaged with the material.我不希望你们被动地记录幻灯片上的内容或者我说的话而是要主动记录。也就是要充分理解材料。For example, if you heard something and idea and you say:”Oh, thats interesting”. Star it, write it down. Or “OK, I think Ill start applying this”. Write it down. Or I want to tell my mom about this later. Or I want to talk to my roommates or my team about this idea. Write it down.比如如果你们听到某个理论觉得“挺有趣的”，标上星号，写下来，或者觉得“也许我可以应用这点”，那就写下来。或者跟我妈妈讲讲。或者跟我室友队友讲讲。那就写下来。l Active note taking is opposed to passive note taking for two reasons. 主动笔记与被动笔记有两方面不同。First of all, as I said, this class is a class about making a difference in people lives. 首先，正如我刚才说的这门课是关于如何改变生活。I would not be teaching the class just for its academic beauty although there is a lot of academic beauty in this field. 我不会仅为了学术之美而教授此课虽然这一领域的确有许多美术之美。So write down if you have an idea that you think you can apply. 所以发现可以实际运用的就写下来。The second reason why we should that is because youll remember more. Better attention, better understanding of the material if you are actively engaged as opposed to just taking down passive notes.第二个原因是你会记住的更多。 主动参与，集中注意，更好的理解材料而不是被动做笔记。Throughout the class starting next week well take what I called “time-ins” as opposed to “time-outs”. Its like a time-out在这整个课程中从下周开始我们将进行我所说的“练习时间”而不是“休息时间”。其实类似休息时间。Its the time where we stop the class and you look inward. 这段时间我们会停止课程进行内省。 And this is literally a time of silence in a class. I will stop for a minute or two.也就是在课堂上的安静片刻。我会停一两分钟。And you will have a chance either to just stare at me or anyone else or think about what weve just discussed or have a guiding question that I will provide you that youll address during the class. 你们可以盯着我或者周围人发呆或者思考一下之前讨论的内容或者解答我提出的提示问题。The reason why I have time-ins, this is something that I am introducing this year for the first time; we didnt have it last time. 之所以进行练习时间，这是我今年新提出的，上学期没有。Its because over the last two years since I last taught it, Ive done a lot work in the area of silence. 因为上次课程结束后到现在的两年我做了大量关于安静的研究。Ive read a lot of research in this area about the importance of quiet times whether its in a class, in a lecture, whether it is at home, whether it is for a leader in the business, for relationship, for children starting from pre-schools. 关于安静时刻的重要性，无论是课堂里，讲座里，还是家中，无论是公司领导，爱情关系甚至学龄前的儿童。Now many of you, as you are going through these time-ins if you decide to take this class may think:”Well, is this what Im paying 40000 dollars a year for?”To sit a class and be quiet?”. 你们中很多人在经历练习时间时可能会疑惑：“我一年付四万美金就是为了这个？“”坐在教室里发呆？“。First of all, it will only be a minute or two at a time maybe once or twice a lecture. But second, it is maybe the most important thing youll take from this class. The notion of embracing stillness.首先，每个人只有一两分钟，一堂课最多不超次两次。第二，这可能是你从本课程中学到的最重要的东西。 即享受安静这一理念。Let me read to you an excerpt from a study that was run by two MIT professors. 我来读一段麻省理工两位教授的研究。You dont need to remember or write down; this is just for your edification. So David Foster and Matthew Wilson, both of them from MIT. David Foster和Matthew Wilson不必背诵或记录，只是为了启发你们。教授都来自麻省理工大学。Indeed the following study that I think confirms the importance of time-in, time to look inside. 他们研究证实了练习时间的重要性，开始内省的时间。What they did is they scanned the brains of rats while they were in a maze and after they went through the maze. And heres what they found.他们在老鼠处在迷宫中及脱离迷宫后分别对它们进行了脑扫描。以下是他们的发现。What the results suggest is that while there certainly is some record of your experience as it is occurring in other words when they doing the maze. 实验结果表明，当某种经历正在进行时，即老鼠进行迷宫时。The actual learning when you try t