自考英语英语语法基础材料代词.doc

基本语法一主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。 1名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2代词用作主语。如：Youre not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑 3数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4名词化的形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6名词化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。 7不定式用作主语。 如：To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。 8 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。 Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事， 制作影片则是苦事。 9 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。 The deceased died of old age. 死者死于年老。 10. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. 从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。 11.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。 Because Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to. 不能说萨利要走因而我们也得走。 12.句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。 二谓语 谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词主要动词）构成。 1由简单的动词构成。 (1). What happened? 发生了什么事？ (2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten oclock. 飞机是十点起飞的。 2由动词短语构成的谓语。 (1). I am reading. 我在看书。 (2). Whats been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着？ (3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。 3英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如： (1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（take a look 代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed） (4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)） 三表语 表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后，与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟，联系动词只是形式上的谓语，二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 1The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。（名词） 2So thats that. 就是这样。（代词） 3We are seven. 我们一共7人。（数词） 4Are you busy? 你有空吗？（形容词） 5Are you there? 你在听吗？（电话用语）（副词） Is anybody in? 里面有人吗？ （副词） 6All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。（不定式） My answer to his threat（威胁） was to hit him on the nose. 我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。（不定式） 7Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. 恭维就是说谎。（动名词） Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗？（动名词） 8I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。（过分） Im very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。（过分） 9She is in good health. 她很健康。（介词短语） The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。（介词短语） 10Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗？（从句） 11This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。（从句） 补充： 能做系动词的实义动词： come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如： 1Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） 2. He fell sick. 他病了。 Keep fit.保重。 Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等） 4A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。 四宾语 宾语（object）在句中主要充当动作的承受者，因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如： Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。 可以用作宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。 1Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗？（名词） 2They wont hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。（代词） 3If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。（数词）。 4I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。（名词化形容词） 5He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。（副词） 6Does she really mean to leave home? 她真的要离开家吗？（不定式） 7He never did the unexpected(想不到的，意外的). 他从不做使人感到意外的事。（名词化的分词） 8Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗？（从句） 扩展： 宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语，即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者，间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物（多指人），具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等，间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用，通常放在直接宾语之前。如：I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。 五补语 补语（complement）是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语（subject complement）,补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语（object complement）. (1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。 有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如： The man, cruel beyond belief, didnt listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。 (2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。（名词用作并与补语） 2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母亲面很嫩，你会以为她是我的姐姐（名词短语作宾语补语） 3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。（形容词用作宾语补语） 3.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。（形容词短语用作宾补） 4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。（不定式用作宾语补语） 5.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。（动名作宾补 6.Dont take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。 六定语 定语是用来说明名词（代词）的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有：形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。 1形容词用作定语是大量的。 （1）. She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音乐家。 （2）. He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。（后置定语） 2. 名词用作定语。如 （1）. A baby girl 女婴 （2）. well water 井水 (3). Sports car 双座轻型汽车 （4）. A fools paradise 梦幻的天堂 2代词作定语。 （1）. Your hair needs cutting. 你该理发了。（物主代词用作定语） （2）. Everybodys business is nobodys business. 人人负责就是无人负责。 （不定代词所有格作定语） 3数词作定语 （1）. Theres only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。 （2）. Do it now, you may not get a second chance. 现在就干吧，你可能再没有机会了。 基数词用作后置定语： page 24 Room 201 the year 1949 4. 副词充当定语时常后置，如： the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日 5不定式用作定语 （1）. Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。 （2）. Thats the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。 6动名词用作定语. A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药 eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法 7分词充当定语 a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花 7介词短语用作定语。 （1）. This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。 （2）. The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words. 他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。 8从句用作定语，即定语从句 The car thats parked outside is mine. 停在外面的车是我的。 Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one. 我在外面看见你的汽车了，它给另一辆车撞了。 七同谓语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同谓语（appositive）.这两个句子成分多由名词（代词）担任，同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词（代词）之后。 1名词用作同谓语是大量的。 （1）. We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。 （2）We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。 2代词用作同谓语。 （1）。They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。 （2）。Lets you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。 3数词用作同谓语。 （1）。Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？ （2）。They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。 4不定式与动名词用作同谓语。 （1）。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。 （2）。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。 5Of 短语用作同谓语 The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好 6从句用同谓语，即同谓语重句 （1）。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。 （2）。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。 八状语 状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。如： 1The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。 2可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。语法1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级 and 比较级） 表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界 7 along with同一道，伴随 eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for 求助 向要（直接接想要的东西） eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在岁时 eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of 的起初；的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后；尽头；末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原） 能够 eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕 eg : Im afraed to go out at night Im afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: Im allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Dont be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as原级as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 eg ：He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ? 37 be full of 装满的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原） 将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于 41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处 Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble 46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣 47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到 48 be like 像 eg : Im like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的气 50 be made from 由制成(制成以后看不见原材料) 51 be made of 由制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定 53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎 55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表*的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : Hes strict in obeying noles 62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: Im sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑（老师） 68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: Im suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试 69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语 70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉 74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句 76 because+句子 because of +短语 eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 startwith=beginwith 以什么开始什么 eg : Lets begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 betweenand 两者之间 79 borrow sth from sb 向借 lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给什么东西 eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同 81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do sth eg : Im sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打扰你，但是你能告诉我怎么去车站 the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了 Hes bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang 84 care 关心 eg : Dont you care about this countrys future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来 85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地 87 come in 进88 come over to 过来 89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州？ 92 dance to 随着跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞 93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做错 97 Dont forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Dont mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意 99 each +名（单）每一个eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么 106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样 108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名词） 110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Dont forget to go home I forget closing door 112 fromto 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（别人）做eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了） Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了（被牙医拔掉了） 114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 getfrom 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物