农大培训班语法.doc

1.主语从句中的虚拟语气主语从句中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些形容词和过去分词，用来表示建议、命令、要求、其形式为：（should）+动词原形。常这样用的形容词有：appropriate适当的 advisable适当的，合理的 better较好的 desirable理想的 essential精华的 imperative迫切的 important重要的 insistent坚持的 natural自然的 necessary必要的 preferable优越的，较好的 strange奇怪的 urgent紧迫的 vital极其重要的过去分词有：desired, demanded, ordered, requested, suggested, recommended, required等。例如：It is essential that you (should) win the voters hearts.赢得选民的心是绝对必要的。It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities.有人提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。2.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。常这样用的名词有：resolution决心，决议 pray恳求 decision决议 motion提议 suggestion建议 preference选择 proposal 提议 advice劝告 recommendation推荐 desire愿望 demand要求 requirement要求 order命令 necessity必要性 request要求 idea主意、想法例如：He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained.他下令热情款待这些客人。His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.他提议我们应该摈弃这些不良习性。3.宾语从句中的虚拟语气1）某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气，用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为：（should）+动词原形。常这样用的动词有：ask要求 advise劝告 determine决定 decide决定 command命令 insist坚持 intend打算 move提议 prefer宁愿 propose提议 order命令 recommend推荐 request要求 require要求 suggest建议 urge主张 demand要求 desire渴望 direct命令 例如：He insisted that the meeting be put off.他要求推迟那个会议。They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.他们建议所有的计划都应该在会上讨论。2）在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气，其形式为：（should）+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词（宾补）与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。例如：We think it advisable that he (should) think deeply before acting. 我们认为他在行动之前好好考虑一下才是明智的。3）wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的愿望。其主要形式有三种：表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish +主语+动词过去式或were表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish +主语+ had +过去分词表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish +主语+ would +动词原形。例如：I wish I knew what was going to happen.但愿我能知道要发生什么事。She wished she had stayed at home.她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。I wish I were rich.我恨不得我很有钱。注意：在表示对过去情况的虚拟时，有时也可以用下列形式：wish +主语+ would（could）+ have +过去分词I wish I could have seen her last night.要是我昨天晚上能够见到她那该多好。1 主谓一致（与插入语无关）1主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。2定语从句中的主谓一致：3随前一致：n. + together withn2as well asincludingalong withwith / ofaccompanied with / by4就近原则：n1 or n2 +v（就近原则）either n1 or n25可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl)不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl)例外：war and peace iswar and peace是一个整体但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.类似的还有：law and orderbread andbutterblack and whiteTo love and to be loved is A lawyer and a teacher areA lawyer and teacher is 6随后原则：not A but B / not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)7百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persentof+n1+v.（由n1决定）8倒装结构的主谓一致：a）There be +n由名词决定动词b）Among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：Among / Between +系动词+n. （由名词决定动词）9The+adj的主谓一致：a）当表示“一类人”，b）当表示某一抽象概念时The good is always attractive.10 To do/doing/主从+vs*More than one+nmany a +n.a day or two一、 动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等）1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958.2、By the time we got there, the play had already begun.3、When I was a child, I knew that the earth turns about its axis.4、When Mr.Delay got home after a days exhausting work, his wife and children were sleeping.二、 非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记）1、The film showed last night was very moving. (不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别)2、Having finishing his lecture, the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question.3、The problem being discussed is very important.4、Given more time, we are sure to finish it.5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here?三、 It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的,注意it还可以指时间，天气等。）1、It is difficult to study English well.2、We think it is important to pass the exam.四、 强调句型（大家要记住的是it is (was).that.,如果前面是it is/was 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who）1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her.2、It is what you will do that is important.3、When was it that he bought a new car?五、 倒装句型全部倒装句(这种全部倒装题历年只考过一次，考得最多的都是下面的部分倒装)1、Stop talking! There comes the teacher.部分倒装句（如果选项里面有两个主谓倒装了，两个没有,我们一般要在倒装里做选择）1、So badly was he hurt in the accident that he had to be sent to hospital.2、Not only does he study well, but also he is always ready to help others.3、Mary has done well in the English exam. So she has. She always does well in the exam.六、 从句中选择关系词题（重点在定语从句,多看笔记, because/since/now that/as/for; sothat/such that）1、It was in so friendly a way that he talked with us.2、Oct.15, 2005 is a day when we will take our English examination.3、We want to buy the same book as you are reading.4、The sun heats the earth, which is very important to living things.七、 虚拟语气（我们要记住与现在，过去，将来相反的三种情况，特别是与过去相反的情况最常考，再有就是wish/as if 后面所接的三种情况，还有一个常考点在suggest,demand,require,order等表示建议，要求，命令的词后面加从句时，从句里谓语要用(should）+动词原形，如果是被动则用(should +be +动词过去分词)1、I would have done it better if I had had more time.2、I wish you would go with us tomorrow.3、I suggest that we (should )adopt a different policy.4、Had it not been for your help, we would never have been able to get over the difficulties.八、 情态动词题（除了掌握常见情态动词基本用法外，常考点在三种表推测的情况，分别为must表对现在事情的肯定推测 ，cant表对现在事实的否定推测， must have +v-ed表示对过去事实的肯定推测，而则表示过去应该做某事而没有做）1、The ground is so wet, it must have rained last night.2、She must be a doctor, I think.3、I should have called you last week, but I was too busy then.九、 几组形容词及副词区别题（注意比较级、最高级、倍数表达; likely/possible/probable; worth/worthy; too much/much too; already/yet等）1、His books are three time as many as my books.2、The Nile river is the longest river in the world.3、It is much too hot tonight.4、The harder he worked, the happier he felt.十、 主谓一致题（往往出题者都是考谓语动词选单数这种情况，如each,every,everyone这样的词作主语以及Mary, like many other girls likes listening to music这样的题）1、The moral of the officers and crew was very high.2、Each boy and each girl in the city is asked to go to school.3、Neither the quality nor the prices have changed.(近位原则)十一、 动词及动词词组区别题（常考的有raise/rise/arise/arose; spend/cost/take/pay/afford; wound/injure/hurt/damage; find/findout/discover/invent; hit/strike/ring/beat; tell/say/speak/talk; join/join in/take part in等以及我所讲过的动词短语）1、Can you tell the difference between these two words?2、He joined the army three years ago.十二、 主句用将来时，从句则用一般现在时（或现在完成时）表将来题1、They will leave the classroom when they have finished writing.2、We will start to work as soon as our teacher comes.十三、 名词所有格以及名词后面有限定时则该名词前一定要加定冠词the题（名词的格有以下两种情况，Tombook, 以及 the books of our school，特别是用of表示的所有格我们一定要习惯这种表达）1、Beijing is the capital of China.2、He cant