经典考研英语阅读常规体裁模板分析.doc

经典：考研英语阅读常规体裁模板分析Model 1 生物学类题目序号题型归类第1题审题定位题型第2题句间关系题型第3题审题定位题型第4题归纳推导题型第5题段落结构题型The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and exactly what these creatures were reptiles or birds are among the questions scientists have puzzled over.Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharpclaws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V shape along each side of the animals body.The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that represents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T. H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-blooded because flying implies a high rate of metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear evidence that his reasoning was correct.Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became airborne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs hind feet resembled a bats and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel updrafts. The wind that made such waves however, might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.1. It can be inferred from the text that scientist now generally agree that theA enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled them to fly great distances.B structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats.C fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight.D pterosaurs were reptiles.2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds created by waves asA revolutionary.B unlikely.C unassailable.D probable.3. According to the text, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by theA size of its wingspan.B presence of hollow spaces in its bones.C anatomic origin of its wing strut.D presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet.4. The ideas attributed to T. H. Huxley in the text suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?A An animals brain size has little bearing on its ability to master complex behaviors.B An animals appearance is often influenced by environmental requirements and physical capabilities.C Animals within a given family group are unlikely to change their appearance dramatically over a period of time.D The origin of flight in vertebrates was an accidental development rather than the outcome of specialization or adaptation.5. Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the text?A New evidence is introduced to support a traditional point of view.B Three explanations for a phenomenon are presented and each is disputed by means of specific information.C Three hypotheses are outlined and evidence supporting each is given.D Recent discoveries are described and their implications for future study are projected. 答案与考点解析1. 【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题型。该题的答案信息在第二段的第一句，根据本句的内容即可得出本题的正确答案是D。考生要加强对题干的理解和认识，并且要善于找到原文和题干相吻合之处，否则就会失去解题思路。2. 【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道句间关系题型。本题的答案信息在尾段的第一、二句和尾段的倒数第一、二句。从尾段的第二句 “Each hypothesis has its difficulties” (每种假设都有缺陷)可以判断：作者认为“从浪尖上伴轻风飞起”是不可能的。考生要加强对句子之间语意关系的理解。3. 【答案】C【考点解析】本题是一道审题定位题。其答案信息在第三段。题干中问翼龙和鸟类骨骼方面的“不同”。原文第三段中涉及两者相同与不同。第三段的尾句暗示本题的正确答案是C。考生在解题时应加强审题定位的能力。4. 【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道归纳推导题。本题的正确答案在第四段的第一、二、三句。这三句话的内容暗示本题的正确答案是B，即动物的外型通常受环境要求和生理能力的影响。考生在解题时应注意提高对原文信息的归纳推导能力。5. 【答案】B【考点解析】本题是一道段落结构识别题。尾段的第一句对所谈现象提出了三种解释，然后针对每一种解释进行科学上的否定。可见本题的正确答案是B。考生在复习中应该加强对段落结构的识别能力。参考译文第一批会飞的脊椎动物翼龙的化石，已经让古生物学家感兴趣达两个多世纪了。这种有时和大型滑翔机一样重，而且翅膀展开达812米宽的庞然大物是如何克服飞行时的重力，以及这种生物到底是属于鸟类还是爬行动物，对科学家们来讲仍旧是个谜。可能，最少引起争论的意见就是翼龙是爬行动物。它们的头盖骨、骨盆以及后腿都是爬行动物类型。对它们翅膀的解剖学研究证明它们尚未进化为鸟。翼龙每个前肢的大大延长的第四指支撑一个翅膀状的薄膜，其它指头小，而且是典型的爬行动物式，有尖爪。而鸟类的第二指进化成为翅膀的主要支架，翅膀也主要是羽毛构成的。当翼龙四肢爬行时，其它指可以用来抓取。而当它行走或不动时，第四指，连同翅膀，只能向上伸展，在身体两侧呈倒转的V字型。翼龙和鸟类以及蝙蝠在总体结构及比例上很相似。这并不奇怪，因为任何飞翔脊椎动物都要受空气动力的约束。翼龙和鸟都有中空的骨头，这是为了节省重量。不过在鸟类中，这种骨头受内部支柱影响，重量大大增加。尽管爬行动物通常全身鳞片，翼龙却可能拥有毛发。赫胥黎对此解释说，飞翔脊椎动物肯定已经是热血动物，因为飞翔要求一个高新陈代谢率，后者要求一个较高的体温。赫氏设想一层毛发覆盖物可以隔绝身体热量的损失，从而使身体在减轻飞行重量方面更为有效。最近一些有又长又密且厚的毛发的翼龙化石的发现，终于明白无误地证明赫氏的观点是对的。解释翼龙怎样起飞的努力产生以下设想：它们从悬崖上起跳，或从树上起跳或者甚至从浪尖上伴轻风飞起。每种假设都有缺陷。第一种错误地设想翼龙的后爪象蝙蝠一样，钩子似的挂着为飞行做准备。第二种看来也不可能，因为大型翼龙不可能降在树上而不伤害它们的翅膀。第三种假设必须要有高浪来形成上升气流才能实现。然而，能产生此种大浪的风可能对翼龙来说过于猛烈，以至于它一旦升空，就无法控制自己。Model 2 考古学类题目序号题型归类第1题中心主旨题型第2题细节推导题型第3题句间关系题型第4题审题定位题型第5题细节推导题型Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavators grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions known as melekh handles have been found in abundance more than 4,000 examples so far.The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?1. The primary purpose of the text is to proposeA an alternative to museum display of artifacts.B a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession.C a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value from those that have no such value.D the governmental regulation of archaeological sites.2. Which of the following is mentioned in the text as a disadvantage of storing artifacts in museum basements?A Museum officials rarely allow scholars access to such artifacts.B Space that could be better used for display is taken up for storage.C Artifacts discovered in one excavation often become separated from each other.D Such artifacts often remain uncatalogued and thus cannot be located once they are put in storage.3. The author mentions the excavation in Cyprus (line 2, paragraph 4) to emphasize which of the following points?A Ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable, although more rare, than royal seal impressions.B Artifacts that are very similar to each other present cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.C Artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and therefore could be sold, are available in large quantities.D Cyprus is the most important location for unearthing large quantities of salable artifacts.4. The authors argument concerning the effect of the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation is based on which of the following assumptions?A Prospective purchasers would prefer to buy authenticated artifacts.B The price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.C Computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.D Illegal excavators would be forced to sell only duplicate artifacts.5. The author anticipates which of the following initial denials of his proposal?A Museum officials will become unwilling to store artifacts.B An oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the demand for them will fall.C Artifacts that would have been displayed in public places will be sold to private collectors.D Illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of artifacts for resale.答案与考点解析1. 【答案】B【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。本文的中心主旨句在第二段的第一、二句。从这两句话中我们可以推断出本题的正确选项是B。考生在破解此类题型时一定要首先识别出全文的中心主旨句。2. 【答案】D【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。根据本题题干中的“museum basements”可将本题的答案信息迅速确定在第五段首句。通过阅读和理解第五段的首句和第二句，尤其是第二句，我们可推导出本题的正确选项应该是D。考生在解题时一定要善于审题定位，并且要善于联系上下句所陈述的内容。3. 【答案】C【考点解析】这是一道句间关系题。本题题干已将本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段第二句，通过仔细阅读第四段的三句话，并结合第三段结尾的四句话，我们可以推断出涉及“价值”、“数量大”等内容的选项C应该成为本题的正确选项。考生在解题时应十分重视句子之间的相互关系，并且要深入理解和归纳原文所谈论的实质内容。4. 【答案】A【考点解析】这是一道审题定位题。本题题干并没有明确暗示本题的答案信息来源在原文的位置。这是一道较难的试题。但是敏感的考生会根据题干中的“the official sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation”将本的答案信息来源确定在尾段，因为尾段的第一句含有“artifacts were sold on the open market”。尾段的第二句就是题干中所涉及的“effect”。尾段的最后一句就是本题要求考生所寻找出的“assumptions”。可见本题的正确选项应该是强调“authenticated”（被证实，被鉴定的）一词的选项A。考生在解题时一定要善于迅速审题定位，更要善于归纳和推导原文的内容。5. 【答案】C【考点解析】本题是一道细节推导题。本题题干中的“denials”一词把本题的答案信息来源确定在第四段的首句，因为该句中包含“object”（反对，否定）一词。通过仔细阅读第四段的首句，以及其扩展句（第四段的第二句），我们可以推导出本题的正确选项是C。考生在解题时一定要注意原文的细节以及句子之间的关系。参考译文考古学作为一门专业面临两个主要问题。首先，它是穷穷行业中最穷的。只有微不足道的一些资金用来发掘，而可供出版研究成果和保护已发掘遗址的资金就更为可怜。可是考古学家们每天是在和无价之宝打交道。第二，有非法盗掘现象，造成了有收藏价值的文物流入出高价者手中。我的一个或许不合道德的想法，却可以一举为考古发现提供资金和减少非法盗掘现象，我建议，科学考古队或政府部门可以公开出售发掘的文物。这种出售将为考古发掘、文物保存以及成果出版提供充足的资金。同时，还能斩断非法挖掘者对市场的垄断，从而消减这一非法行当对人们的诱惑力。你或许会提出反对：职业考古是为了求知，而不是赚钱。而且，古代文物是全人类文化遗产的一部分，应该留给所有的人来欣赏，而不是要给出高价的人。这我同意。应该卖那些没有独特的艺术、科学价值的文物。不过，你可能会回应说，所有从地里出土的文物都是有科学价值的。这就是我们的不合之处了。理论上说，你认为所有文物都有潜在的科学价值是正确的，实际上，你是错的。我这么说指的是成千上万的古代陶器、灯具之类，它们基本上是同一个模子的复制品。塞浦路斯的一次小型发掘中，考古学家新近发现了一个庭院中有2000件实际上无法区分的小水罐。就是很珍贵的王室御玺的护柄也很多见多于4000件。博物馆储存室绝对不够放置那些将来还会发现的大量文物。甚至没有足够的钱把它们分门别类；结果，它们常会不易查找，难以再让人接触，好像从不曾被发掘出来。实际上，在计算机的帮助下，已售出的文物比藏在博物馆拥挤不堪的储存室中的反而更容易查找到。出售之前，每样文物可被拍照，买主的资料输入计算机。如果已被卖的文物需要用于科学目的，还可以要求买主将它们归还。如果设想公开出售文物后，非法开掘会停止，那是不切实际。但是，对来历不明的产品的需求将下降。如果有一件来源清晰，并被发现它的专业考古学家用地层分析法确定年代的文物存在，谁还会去买一个毫无标志的水罐呢？Model 3 历史学题目序号题型归类第1题中心主旨题型第2题审题定位题型第3题审题定位题型第4题标点符号题型第5题写作手法题型Traditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal points periods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholarly procedure: how one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents ones findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof.Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?” and “How did it happen?” have given way to the question “Why did it happen?” Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why” is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory.Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory derives its “facts” not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the basic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absolute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest” explanation of any event, that other explanations fall short of the truth.Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the past the same determinism that it imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their complexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into a single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.1. Which of the following best states the main point of the text?A The approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method.B Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of psychohistorians.C Areas of sociological study such as childhood and work are of little interest to traditional historians.D The psychological assessment of an individuals behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life.2. The author mentions which of the following as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?A The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative form.B Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars.C Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic diagram.D Events in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure.3. The author of the text suggests that psychohistorians view history primarily asA a report of events, causes, and effects that is generally accepted by historians but which is, for the most part, unverifiable.B an episodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood, work, and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare.C an uncharted sea of seemingly unexplainable events that have meaning only when examined as discrete units.D a record the way in which a closed set of immutable psychological laws seems to have shaped events.4. The author of the text puts the word “deepest” (line 14, paragraph 3) in quotation marks most probably in order toA signal her reservations about the accurac