语法专题十非谓语动词.doc

非谓语动词一、基本分类 非谓语动词分为三类：分词(现在分词和过去分词)、动名词和动词不定式。它们具有名词和形容词的某些特征，因而可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。1分词(1)感官动词或使役动词后的现在分词作补语表示动作正在进行，不定式作补语表示动作发生的全过程。I saw him walking across the road.(正在穿过马路)I saw him walk across the road. (看到过了马路的全过程)(2)及物动词的过去分词(done)与现在分词的一般被动式(being done)都有被动意义，前者表示动作完成，后者表示动作正在进行。The picture fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(已经被钉在墙上了) The picture being fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(正被钉在墙上)注意：不定式有表将来之意。The picture to be fixed on the wall was presented by a friend.(将要被钉在墙上)(3)分词的独立主格结构：如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，需用一个独立结构(即保留分词的逻辑主语)或者由一个with / without引导的介词短语表达。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.His work finished, he prepared to go home.With his work finished, he prepared to go home.2动名词(1)动名词作定语表所修饰词的用途，而现在分词表动作或状态、特征。(2)动名词的复合结构作宾语，动名词的逻辑主语可用宾格代词或不带所有格。但作主语不行。Do you mind my / me / Tom smoking here?My / Toms smoking here annoyed her.(3)动名词作主语还可用于“There be no动名词”结构和布告形式的省略中。There is no knowing what he will do next.No smoking.3动词不定式(1)不定式作介词宾语时，如前面有实义动词do(各种形式)，则不定式不带to；否则不能省to。He did nothing all the morning but watch TV.He said nothing but to sleep.(2)不定式作定语时，如果不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，且不定式的动词是不及物动词，不能漏掉介词。I want a small room to live in. I need a nice pen to write with.(3)不定式作感官动词和部分使役动词(let, make)的宾补，动词不定式不带to，但句子变成被动语态时，要带to。I saw him go into the room. He was seen to go into the room.二、过去分词 过去分词是非谓语动词一种重要形式，它在句中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。1过去分词作定语过去分词作定语，作用相当于一个定语从句。Whats the language (that is) spoken in that area? 那个地区讲的是什么语言？ The book，(which was) written in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners. 这本书写于1957年，讲的是关于矿工斗争的故事。 2过去分词作状语过去分词作状语，可以表示原因、时间、条件、方式和伴随情况。Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. 有了著名的侦探的指点，年轻的女士不再害怕了。 When heated, water can be changed into steam. 水加热后可以变成蒸气。 Given more attention, the cabbages could have grown better. 如果多注意一些，这些大白菜还可以长得更好。The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. 猎人离开了屋子，后面跟着他的狗。He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 他满脸是汗地冲进屋内。三、动词不定式1省略“to”的动词不定式to是动词不定式常常带有的小品词，是动词不定式的标志。但在下列情况下它常常被省略掉：(1) 作感官动词see，watch，hear，feel，notice等的宾语补足语时。We felt the house shake. 我们感到房屋摇晃。(2) 作使役动词make，let，have等的宾语补足语时。She lets us meet her at the station. 她让我们去车站接她。(3) help后的宾语补足语前可带to也可不带to。She helped her mother (to) prepare for Christmas. 她帮助母亲为圣诞节做准备。2疑问词动词不定式疑问词what，which，how，where，when等可以和动词不定式连用，构成不定式短语。“疑问词动词不定式”可以作主语、宾语、表语等。When to start off hasnt been decided yet. (作主语)什么时候出发还没决定。The question is which bus to take. (作表语)问题是乘哪辆公共汽车。四、动词ing形式动词ing形式(包括现在分词和动名词)有一般时和完成时两种形式，并且也都有被动语态，在句中可以作主语、宾语、状语和补语等成分。高考英语试题中对动词ing形式考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1动词ing形式作宾语在某些finish, enjoy, appreciate, avoid, suggest, consider, imagine, stand, excuse, delay, escape, risk, miss, admit, permit, allow动词的后面只能接动词ing形式作宾语。My brother is now considering changing his present job. The bird was very lucky because it missed being shot by the hunter.2动词ing形式作宾语时和不定式的区别 在forget, remember, regret等动词后接动词ing形式和不定式作宾语在含义上有区别。Remember to put the book on the desk when you leave the room.(记得去做某事)I remember putting the book on the desk, but its gone now.(记得做过某事)3动词ing形式作状语 动词ing形式可以作时间状语、伴随状语、原因状语等。“We cant go out in this weather，” said Bob, looking out of the window. The secretary stayed up late last night, preparing a report for the manager. 4动词ing形式作宾补动词ing形式作补语时和前面的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系。It is generally considered bad manners to sit with your feet pointing to others. You will be fired if you are found smoking in the kitchen. 5动词ing形式的完成时和语态动词ing形式的被动式由“being done”构成，它作定语时表示正在进行或和谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作；动词ing形式的完成时由“havingdone”构成，表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作。The stadium being built can hold 50,000 people when completed. Having being shown around the lab, the visitors were taken to the playground. 纵观近年的高考题，考查点是非谓语动词作定语、宾语补足语和状语的区别。一、非谓语动词作定语时的区别 现在分词 (doing) 作定语，表示一个主动的或正在进行的动作；现在分词的被动语态 (being done) 表示一个被动的、正在进行的动作；不定式 (to do) 作定语表示一个将要发生的动作。The meeting (which is) being held now is very important. 正在召开的这个会议很重要。The meeting (which was) held yesterday is very important. 昨天召开的会议很重要。The meeting which will be held tomorrow is very important. 明天将要召开的会议很重要。二、非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别 不定式与宾语的逻辑关系是主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成；现在分词与宾语的逻辑关系是主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成；过去分词与宾语的逻辑关系是动宾关系，表示动作已经完成，多强调状态。I expect them to win the game. 我期盼他们赢得这场比赛。I heard him call me several times. 我听见他给我打了几次电话了。I found her listening to the radio. 我发现她正在听收音机。三、非谓语动词作状语的区别过去分词表示被动和动作完成；现在分词表示主动和动作正在进行；不定式表示目的。Discussed (Having been discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last. 在讨论了多次之后，问题终于解决了。Having finished his work, he went out to play. 完成了工作后，他出去玩了。To catch the first bus, he got up early. 为了赶上早班车，他起得很早。2013年高考英语试题-非谓语动词【2013北京】21. Volunteering gives you a chance lives, including your own.A. change B. changingC. changedD. to change【2013北京】24. the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.A. FindB. FindingC. To findD. Found 【2013北京】29. When we saw the road with snow, we decided to spend the holiday at home.A. blockB. to blockC. blockingD. blocked（2013年高考英语分类解析 分类整理及解【2013福建】22. _ basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.A. Known B. Having known C. Knowing D. Being known【2013福建】32. Anyone, once _ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.A. to be tested B. being tested C. tested D. to test【2013湖南】25. The sun began to rise in the sky, _ the mountain in golden light. A. bathedB. bathingC. to have bathedD. have bathed 【2013湖南】29. You cannot accept an opinion _ to you unless it is based on facts. A. offeringB. to offerC. having offeredD. offered【2013湖南】30. Every day _ a proverb aloud several times until you have it memorized. A. readB. readingC. to readD. reads【2013湖南】31. _ warm at night, I would fill the woodstove, then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it. A. StayingB. StayedC. To stayD. Stay【2013江苏】24. Lionel Messi, the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.A. set B. setting C. to set D. having set【2013江苏】31.Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and to ruins, the city took on a new look.A. reducing B. reduced C. being reduced D. having reduced【2013江西】34.If _ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.A. askedB. to askC. askingD. having asked【2013辽宁】28. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, there was a pile of mail _ for her.A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. was waiting【2013山东】25. The room is empty except for a bookshelf _ in one corner. A. standing B. to stand C. standsD. stood 【2013山东】29. I stopped the car _ a short break as I was feeling tired. A. takeB. taking C. to take D. taken 【2013山东】33. _ at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again. A. Having eaten B. To eat C. Eat D. Eating 【2013陕西】13. Let those in need that we will go all out to help them. A. to understand B. understand C. understanding D. understood【2013陕西】14. The witnesses by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. A. questioned B. being questioned C. to be questioned D. having questioned【2013四川】8. _ which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.A. Not knowing B. Knowing not C. Not known D. Known not【2013四川】10. The airport _ next year will help promote tourism in this area.A. being completed B. to be completed C. completed D. having been completed【2013天津】10. In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words in daily conversations.A. using B. to use C. having used D. used【2013新课标II卷】5.I got to the office earlier that day, the 7:30 train from PaddingtonA. caught B. to have caught C. to catch D. having caught（2013年高考英语分类解解析：山东桥中【2013新课标I卷】22.They might just have a place _on the writing course一why dont you give it a try?A. leave B. left C. leaving D. to leave【2013新课标I卷】35. The sunlight is white and blinding, hard-edged shadows on the ground.A. throwingB. being thrownC. to throwD. to be thrown【2013浙江】7. _how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.A. Hearing B. Hear C. Having heard D. To be hearing【2013浙江】19. There are some health problems that, when _ in time, can become bigger ones later on.A. not treated B. not being treated C. not to be treated D. not have been treated【2013重庆】30. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, me stories till I fell asleep.A. having told B. telling C. told D. to tell【2013重庆】34. The engine just wont start. Something seems wrong with it.A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone【2013安徽】32. in the early 20th century, the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art. A. To found B. Founding C. Founded D. Having founded2012年高考全国英语试题-非谓语动词【2012江西卷】33Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to the new students.AspeakingBhaving spokenCto speakDto have spoken【2012江西卷】35John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter him it.AofferedBofferingCto offerDto be offered2012湖南高考真题21. Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs _ to achieve the final success. A. being done B. Do C. to be done D. to do【2012重庆卷】31. Before you quit your job, _how your family would feel about your decision.A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered【2012重庆卷】28. Were having a meeting in half an hour. The decision _ at the meeting will in the future of our company.A. to be made B. being made C. made D. having been made【2012重庆卷】23._to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A. Having been asked B. To ask C. Having asked D. To be asked【2012辽宁卷】29. This machine is very easy . Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes. A. operating B. to be operating C. operated D. to operate29、【考点】非谓语动词 【2012四川卷】8. I looked up and noticed a snake _ its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.A. to wind B. wind C. winding D. wound【2012四川卷】12. Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car _.A. washed B. wash C. washing D. to wash高666考%【2012四川卷】16. I make $2,000 a week, 60 surely wont make _ difference to me.A. that a big B. a that big C. big a that D. that big a 【2012陕西卷】15._ in a long queue, we waited for the store to open to buy a New iPad .A. Standing B. To stand C. StoodD. Stand【2012陕西卷】22.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but _ an even greater challenge.A. meets B. meeting C. meet D. to meet23. One learns a language by making mistakes and _ them.A. corrects B. correct C.to correct D. correcting【2012北京卷】27. _ with care, one tin will last for six weeks.A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use【2012全国II】15. The old man sat in front of the television every evening, happy _ anything that happened to be on.A. to watch B. watching C. watched D. to have watched【2012全国II】10. Tony lent me the money, _that Id do as much for him.A. hoping B. to hope C. hoped D. having hoped【2012北京卷】32. Birds singing is sometimes a warning to other birds _ away.A. to stay B. staying C. stayed D. stay11. 【2012天津卷】He got up late and hurried to his office, _the breakfast untouched.【C】 A. leftB. to leaveC. leavingD. having left【2012全国新课程】32. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting.A. having compared to B. comparing toC. compare to D. compared to【2012全国新课程】28. The party will be held in the garden, weather .A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit【2012山东卷】35. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in the envelope _. A. providing B. provided C. having provided D. provide【2012山东卷】26. George returned after the war, only _ that his wife had left him. A. to be told B. telling C. being toldD. told 【2012福建卷】22.一 Have you figured out how much the trip will cost?$4,000, or like that.A. anything B. everything C. something D. nothing【2012福建卷】28. China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from in the South China Sea.A. attacking B. having attacked C. being attacked D. having been attacked【2012福建卷】34. Pressed from his parents, and _that he has wasted too much time , the boy is determined to stop playing video games.A. realizingB. realized C. to realize D. being realized【2012浙江卷】11.Its a such nice place, Mother said as she sat at the table_ for customs.A. to be reserved B. Living reserved C. reservingD. reserved【2012浙江卷】8.I think Tom, as the head of a big department, should cither study regularly or_his job.A. quitsB. to quitC. quittingD. quit【2012浙江卷】3.No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when its bettersilent.A. remainB. be remainingC. having remained D. to remain【2012江苏卷】31. an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.A. BasedB. BasingC. BaseD. To base【2012安徽卷】30. When for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. A. asking B. asked C. having asked D. to be asked【2012安徽卷】24. I remembered the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. A. locking B. to lock C. having locked D. to have locked 2011-非谓语动词1.（2011天津卷）7.Passeagers are permitted only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried2.（2011江西卷）32. On hearing a phone call call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr.Gordon immediately rushed home from his office. A. says B.said C.saying D.to say3.（2011天津卷）12._ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated4.（2011北京卷）25. Its important for the figures regularly.A. to be updated B. to have been updated C. to update D. to have updated5.（2011四川卷）2.Ladex doesnt feel like abroad.Her parents are old.A. study B. studying C. studied D.to study6.（2011四川卷）11.Simon made a big bamboo box the little sick bird till it could fly.A.keep B.kept C.keeping D.to keep7.（2011四川卷）16. an important role in a new movie,Andy has a chance to become famous.A.Offer B.Offering C.Offered D.To offer8.（2011全国II）18Sarah pretended to be cheerful,_nothing about the argument. A. says B: said C. to say D. saying9.（2011全国II）15The island,_to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined10.（2011陕西卷）20.More highways have been built in China,_it much easier for people to trave form one place to another. A. making B. made C. to make D. having made11.（2011陕西卷）14.Claire had luggage an hour before her plane left. A.check B.checking C.to check D.checked12.（2011北京卷）33. Sit down, Emma. You will only make yourself more tired, on you feet.A. to keep B. keeping C. having kept D. to have kept13.（2011辽宁卷）23. Twenty students want to attend the class that aims to teach to read first. A. what B. who C. how D. why14.（2011辽宁卷）30. around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering15.（2011湖南卷）29 .Do you wake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day?A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt16.（2011重庆卷）29.More TV programs,according to government to officials, will be produced peoples concern over food safety.A.to raise B.raising C.to have raised D. having raised17.（2011江苏卷）22The fact that so many people still smoke in public place _that we may need nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.A.suggest B.suggests C.suggestedD.suggesting18.（2011江苏卷）31Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused hea