xs必修三四语法复习.doc

戴氏教育蜀汉路校区 学生： 教师：唐老师必修三四语法复习重难点讲解：高一英语必修三中的主要语法点有：被动语态，动词不定式和定语从句，另外还涉及了主谓一致、间接引语及连接词的用法。一、被动语态专题复习（一）被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：（1）am/is/are +done （过去分词） 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. （2）has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.（3）am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here.（4）was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.（5）had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.（6）was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.（7）shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.（8）should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.（9）shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.（10）should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式（1）带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.（2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.（3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.（4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.（5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态（一般时态和完成时态）。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.（二）如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者（这时可省 by 短语）。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）（三）It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说，It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）（四）谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1. 英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock. （指门本身有毛病） The door wont be locked. （指不会有人来锁门，指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。例Your reason sounds reasonable.（五）非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1. 在need，want，require, hear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing（to be repaired）.这房子需要修理。2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。The picture-book is well worth reading.（The picture-book is very worthy to be read.）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.（to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。）试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? （此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。）4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5. 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive （for me）to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）.（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动，被动表被动。然而，由于古英语的影响，下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?（六）介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction（is being constructed）.2.“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief （令人难以置信）， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope. 我们的成功始料不及。例The rum our is beyond belief（=cant be believed）.3.“above+名词”结构，表示“（品质、行为、能力等） 超过、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise.=His honest character cannot be praised enough.4.“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale（出售）, for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. （= That house is to be sold）.5.“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight（在视野范围内），等。例The book is not yet in print.（=is not yet printed）6.“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale（出售），on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。Today some treasures are on show in the museum （= are being showed）.7.“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control （控制不了），out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach（够不着）, out of fashion（不流行）等。例 The plane was out of control （cant be controlled）. 。8.“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission.（七）被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1. 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例The glass is broken. （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy. （被动语态）2. 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例The door is locked. （系表结构）The door has already/just been locked.（被动语态）3. 被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired.【典型例题】1. 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析（1） In some parts of the world, tea _ with milk and sugar. （NMET1993）A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served（2） This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.（NMET2002）A. killed B. is killedC. was killed D. was killing（3） Have you moved into the new house? Not yet, the rooms _. （NMET1991） A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting（4）When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春2003）A. are not decided B. have not been decidedC. is not being decided D. has not been decided（5）The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets _.A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked二. 高考对非谓语动词语态的考查当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。（1）Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. （NMET2002）A. to see B. to be seenC. seeing D. seen（2）While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need. （上海1996）A. to persuaded B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded（3）I feel it is your husband who _ for the spoiled child. （上海2002）A. is to blame B. is going to blame C. is to be blamed D. should blame练一练：1. The computers on the table _ Professor Smith.A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to2. What do you think of the book?Oh, excellent. Its worth _ a second time.A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read3. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed _. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch4. This page needed _ again.A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked5. _ many times, the boy still didnt know how to do the exercisesA. Having taught B. Having been taughtC. taught D. Teaching【模拟试题】1. If city noises _ from increasing，people _ shout to be heard even at dinner.A. are not kept；will have to B. are not kept；haveC. do not keep；will have to D. do not keep；have to2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are _and perfected now.A. developed B. have developedC. are being developed D. will have been developed3. _ the sports meet might be put off.Yes，it all depends on the weather.A. Ive been told B. Ive told C. Im told D. I told4. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed5. Rain forests _ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.A. cut B. are cutC. are being cut D. had been cut6. The new suspension bridge _ by the end of last month.A. has been designed B. had been designedC. was designed D. would be designed7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has brokenC. was broken D. had been broken8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set upC. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up9. That suit _ over 60 dollars.A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost10. Look! Everything here is under construction.Whats the pretty small house that _ for?A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building11. Do you like the material?Yes, it _ very soft.A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt12. It is difficult for a foreigner _ Chinese.A. write B. to write C. to be written D. written13. I have no more letters _ ，thank you.A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. typed14. Take care! Dont drop the ink on your shirt, for it _ easily.A. wont wash out B. wont be washed outC. isnt washed out D. isnt washing out15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to _.A. be put up B. give inC. be turned on D. go ou 高中英语语法复习 必修四Unit 主谓一致主谓一致知识总结归纳（一）概述：主语与谓语的一致：在英语表达中，谓语动词的形式要和主语的人称和数保持一致。主要体现在动词，助动词 do,have 以及一般现在时态中的动词形式。谓语动词与主语保持一致的基本原则：语法一致，就近一致和意义一致。名词或代词做主语有人称和单，复数之分，动词的单数就是第三人称单数形式，而动词的复数形式动词的原形。例句：1. I am seventeen,and he is sixteen.2. There is a desk in the room, but there are no chairs in it.3. John gets up at six oclock every morning.4. What is the latest news about the Olympic Games ?5. The family are sitting at the breakfast table.（二）语法一致：1. 由and连接的两个名词或代词做主语：（1）这部分主语表示的是两个人或两件不同的事物，谓语动词用复数形式。例句： My brother and I have both seen that film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting. Reading, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.（2）这部分主语表示具有两个身份或性质的同一个人或一个完整的事物，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting. War and peace is a constant theme in history. One more knife and fork is needed. The statesman and poet was engage din warfare all his life. Law and or derhas been established. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fish and chips is a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is thenational flag of U.S.A.（3）这部分主语前面有each, every,many a,no 等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。例句： Each doctor and（each）nurse was givena new shirt. No sound and no voiceis heard. Many a boy and girl has made the same mistake. Every minute and every second is precious.2. 动名词，不定式，主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： Reading is a great pleasurein life. Tolive means to create. That we need more time is obvious. What is neededis food and medicine.3. 表示时间，金钱，距离，重量的复数名词表示数量做主语时，被视为一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式 。例句： Three thousand miles is along distance. Eight hours of sleep is enough.4. 不定代词 anyone, anything, everyone,everything, someone,something, noone, nothing, each theother 等做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例句： Is anybody goingtotell him the news ? Someone wants to see you.（三）就近原则由连词 or, eitheror,neithernor,not onlybut also, 连接的两个名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词和离它最近的哪个名词或代词的人称和数一致。例句：1. Either you or Jean is to besentto New Zea land.2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.4. GeorgeorTomis wanted.注意：There be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。例句：1. There are nt any letters in the mail for you today.2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.名词后面带有 with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as,ratherthan短语共同做主语时，谓语动词与这些短语前面的那个名词的数一致。例句：1. All but one were here just now.2. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.3. An expert,together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.4. You as well as I are wrong.（四）意义一致1. 代词none, neither, all的不可数形式还是复数形式由它们指的内容决定例句：（1）All hope has gone.（2）All are agreed on this point.（3）Is there any milk in the fridge? No, there is none.（4）None has returned from the meeting.2. 集合名词group, class,family, army, enemy,team等名词的单，复数形式根据它们强调的内容而定。例句：（1）The class were all cheerful.（2）The team were taking over some new plays.（3）The group are reading the newspapers.（4）The army is going tore main in this town.（5）The army have rescued the travelers.3. 限定词短语 all of; none of; a lot of; 以及分数/百分数+of .修饰名词构成的名词短语做主语时，谓语动词的形式由 of 后面的名词形式决定。例句：（1）None of the sesuggestions are very helpful.（2）I dont think any of us wants to work tomorrow.（3）Two-fifths of the students in the class are from Arabic-speaking countries.难点突破1. 主谓一致的考查主要体现在单项选择和短文改错两个题型中。同学们在练习和应试时，遇到这样的题时，要牢记主谓一致的三个基本原则。一定要根据句子内容抓住关键的主语部分。同时还要考虑句子的时态和语态。2. One of+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词与复数名词一致。3. The only one of+复数名词做定语从句的先行词时，定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。例句：Jim was one of the boys who were late for class.Jim was the only one of the boys who was late for class.【典型例题】例1 E-mail, as well as telephones,_an important partindaily communication.A. is playing B. Have played C. Are playing D. play例2 Either John or his friends _ to blame for the bad results.A. are B. is C. was D. Has been例3 The conductorand composer_by a crowd of people.A. Are greeted B. is greeted C. greets D. Have been greeted例4 The trousers _you well, madam.But thecolour_me.A. fit; dont suit B. fits; doesnt suit C. fits; dontsuit D. fit;doesntsuit例5 The Smiths family, which _ rathera large one, _ very fond of theiroldhouse.A. were; were B. was; were C. were; was D. was; was例6 He is the only one of the students who _a winner of scholarship for three years.A. is B. are C. Have been D. Has been例7 Three fifths of the police_in the school near the town.A. has trained B. Have trained C. has been trained D. Have been trained短文改错片段：1. Now my picture and the prize is hangingin the library.2. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.3. But not all information are good to society.【模拟试题】1. Is there anybody in the classroom ?No, the teacher,together with the students _ to the playground.A. go B. went C. Has gone D. Have gone2. Are these your sheep ?No. Mine _on grass at the foot of the hill.A. Are feeding B. feed C. is fed D. is feeding3.Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women _a verygirl with two bright eyes.A. was B. are C. were D. there was4. Mr. Bush,together with his wife and daughter_going to Japan next week.A. are B. is C. will be D. would be5. Not the teacher but the students _ excited.A. is B. has C. are D. have6. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _all that I can spare to talk with you.A. are B. was C. is D. were7. _of the land in that district_covered with trees and grass.A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifths; are C. Two fifth;are D. Two fifths;is【试题答案】 Unit24非谓语动词动词除了在句子中充当谓语外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质动词的非谓语形式，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语等，称作非谓语动词，包括动词不定式、分词和动名词。 高考重点要求：1、掌握不定式、分词、动名词在句子中的作用2、区分不定式、分词作定语和状语的异同3、掌握不定式、动名词作宾语，不定式和分词作宾补的惯用结构4、注意非谓语动词与句子谓语动词的时间关系，以确定非谓语动词的时态形式5、弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，以确定非谓语动词的语态形式第一节 知识点概述一、动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可以担任主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。（一）动词不定式的特征及用法1.动词不定式的构成及特征“to +动词原形”构成动词不定式，是一种非谓语形式，在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。2.动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语和状语。作主语例如：To learn English well is not easy. 或 It is not easy to learn English well.动词不定式作主语时，往往用it作形式主语，这种句型可归纳为下面的句型：It is + adj.+ 动词不定式如果要说明不定式的动作执行者，可以用forIt is + adj.+ for sb. to do sth.作表语My wish is to become a teacher.作宾语Most of us like to watch football matches.作宾语补足语He told me to be here on time.作定语I have nothing to say about that thing.作状语He stopped to have a look.3.动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式not + to + 动词原形例如： He asked me not to make such a mistake.4.动词不定式与疑问词连用疑问代词who, what, which和疑问副词when, where, how, why等后面可以接动词不定式，构成动词不定式短语，可以在句子中作主语、宾语