议论文写作的最大瓶颈思路扩展.docVIP

议论文写作的最大瓶颈：思路扩展朗阁雅思考试研究中心对即将参加雅思考试的烤鸭来说，在准备雅思写作议论文的过程中，最痛苦的莫过于面对似曾相识的题目却无从下手，看着答卷纸两眼发花，无法落笔。其实考生会出现这个局面很大程度上是由于考生平时积累不够，对生活观察不够仔细，阅历还不足以应付考题所造成的。但是由于中国的教育现状，让考生在考前短暂的准备时间内迅速扩大视野，接触广泛的层面是不太现实的，所以笔者建议考生一定要多看范文，做积累，做好举一反三的工作。如若如此，考生应付考试还是足够的。本文中，朗阁海外考试研究中心写作组的专家将为考生们列举几类雅思议论文的话题，并提供各类话题文章相应的解题方法、结构和思路，希望能帮助考生突破写作的瓶颈。Science and Technology（科学与技术）There are social, medical and technical problems associated with the use of mobile phones. What forms do they take? Do you agree that the problems outweigh the benefits of mobile phones?拿到一个题目第一步审题，我们要找出题干给出的议论的话题，即讨论科技产物手机的优缺点。第二步确立所对应的文章结构。不难发现，此题有两问，第二问是大家熟悉的“do you agree”问题模式，我们可以相应地用单边论证，支持（缺点大于优点）或反对（优点大于缺点）。但是我们都注意到第一问中“they”指代的是social, medical and technical problems, 因此我们必须要回答这一问，即三个方面的缺点不足，根据之前所学的文章的结构安排，我们只能写一到两个优点，相应的，文章的观点只能是支持缺点大于优点。正文先写三段手机使用的缺点，在社会方面，手机的广泛使用最大的影响是面对面交流机会(face-to-face interaction)的减少；在medical方面，显而易见，手机的辐射(radiation)可能导致脑癌，当然，随着手机功能的增加，比如上网、游戏等，青少年经常面对手机，导致近视率(incidence of myopia)的增加。最后在technical上，手机的回收问题(recycling)还没得到完善的解决；另外，手机的干扰对航空系统(navigation system of aircraft)也有消极的影响。通过上述brainstorming, 我们可以挑选三方面中的各一点来完成这三段的写作。First of all, it is obvious that with the proliferation of cell phones, people are prone to reduce face-to-face interaction.Besides, as far as the medical aspect is concerned, the increasing functions of mobile phones contribute to the growing incidence of myopia among teenagers.Apart from health problem, the recycling problems of mobile phones are still under resolution.当然我们还可以写个让步段承认手机的使用的确带来了一些好处，比如在远距离交流、急救、工作等方面都扮演了重要的角色(play a significant role in), 给人们的生活带来了便利(facilitate)。It is undeniable that the wide application of mobile phones has facilitated our lives in various aspects.朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，通常这种单边结构的文章，在每一段论证中，我们都要通过一些例子、对比对照等论证方法来进行扩展，我们可以视字数情况决定写不写让步段。最后，在结尾段自然而然的得出结论：手机使用的缺点远多于优点。Nation and Government（国家与政府）Some people say governments should spend as much money as possible exploring outer space，while others think it is not worthwhile. Instead, governments should make more efforts to improve the living conditions of humans on Earth. What is your opinion?本题的论证焦点是whether governments should spend money on space research。正方的观点是肯定的，而且指出spend as much money as possible，论证这个观点的合理性，我们需要列举outer space exploring所带来的好处，从何角度着手来论证很重要。我们会想到，太空探索对人类的积极意义在于它促进科技进步，而目前太空探索的研究人员正急于寻找一个新的空间或星球供人类居住，或者新的食品来缓解当前地球食品紧张的现状。所以正方的观点可以表述如下：The advocates hold an opinion that the outer space research is thought to be beneficial to human kind, since the technology will be promoted, thereby facilitating peoples daily life in various aspects.这里提到人们的生活得以便利了，我们可以在论证过程中列举在哪些具体的方面人们的生活得到改善，如卫星的装置(the installment of satellite in space)使得远程交流得以实现。我们可以将这个例子表达如下：To illustrate, long-distance communications are realized by the installment of satellites, the outcome of outer space exploration.接着，我们来看反方，他们认为太空探索是不值得的，取而代之的，政府应该把钱投资在地球上，如提高人们的生活水平。反方的观点可以概括如下：However, there are some opponents who insist that the main responsibility of governments is to financially support citizens rather than to study unrealistic possibilities.在反方的论证过程中，我们可以列举政府应该把钱放在哪一个具体项目上，如教育。分论点概括如下：Better educating the next generation is one of the most pressing affairs for governments in present-day society.除了教育，帮助地球上的人们远离饥饿和贫困也是政府的当务之急。通过上述论证，我们可以合理的得出结论，即政府探索外太空的前提(on the basis/premise)应该是要保证地球上人民的生活水平已经有一定程度的提高。Environment and Ecology（环境与生态）Individuals can do nothing to improve the environment. Only governments and large companies can make a difference. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?第一步找到“论证焦点”是improve the environment, 第二步得出文章对应结构。通过审题，我们看到了熟悉的问题模式To what extent do you agree or disagree, 朗阁海外考试研究中心分析认为，这种问题模式所对应的文章往往可以写成“半支持半反对型”的结构，在主体段写作中部分同意上述观点（即只有政府和大公司才能实现改善环境的），部分提出反对意见（即个人也能发挥作用）。接着就轻松的得出正文的安排，前两段承认政府和公司对改善环境所作的贡献，正文第三段在肯定前两者的基础上提出反驳意见，除了政府和公司，人民在保护环境中也出了力。先看政府和大公司如何改善环境，政府为促进环境的改善，已经采取了很多的措施(adopt feasible measures), 如严厉惩罚污染环境的人和机构，提倡使用环保袋，少用一次性产品(disposable products), 另外大公司可以投入资金(investment)寻求探索新能源，彻底解决汽车尾气排放等污染问题。正文前两段结构安排如下：In an attempt to preserve the environment, the related departments have already settled down a range of effective regulations such as severe punishment, to promote the improvement of environment.Besides, with ample funds, the large corporations are qualified to exploit and create new products applying clean energies, thus eliminating the contaminations stemming from old energies.最后，提出个人在保护环境中也能起到关键作用(Perform an essential role in), 从小事做起。请看下面结构安排：Apart from governments and companies, the individuals are well advised to endeavor to make contributions to this campaign, such as refusing to use disposable products.通过上述正文的论证，我们可以在结尾段得出结论，只有三方共同努力(make joint efforts), 对于环境保护才能起促进作用。Energy and Communications（能源与交通）In some countries, air travel has become a much cheaper form of transport than in the past. Some people say this has a positive effect, but other people disagree. Discuss both the two views and give your opinion?此题的问题模式是discuss both views, 要求正文双边讨论。讨论的焦点是air travel as a cheaper form of transport到底是exert a positive effect（积极的影响）还是它的反面：消极。首先说到正方的观点，它使得国家间的旅游成为现实，是很有利的文化传播和交流(cultural spread and interaction)的途径，促进旅游工业的发展，另外它也促进了国际贸易的发展等等。On the one hand, the increasing flights between cities even countries facilitate the cultural spread and interactions and promote the expansion of international trade as well.再来看说到它所带来的负面(negative)影响，它消耗(consume)燃料等能源，从而产生资源短缺(energy scarcity)的局面。缺点可以概括如下：On the other hand, there is an opinion that frequent air traveling exhausts the fuel, leading to energy scarcity.显而易见，正文是双边论证，第一段写了两个优点，第二段列了一个缺点，优点多于缺点，所以我们可以在结尾段得出单边的结论，即积极影响要多于(far exceed/surpass)消极方面，朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生们对文章的结构安排必须要有逻辑性，自己支持的观点在正文论证中就应该对其要有所倾向，这样得出的结论才不会突兀。Population and Economy（人口与经济）In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move out of large cities into regional areas. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh its disadvantages?本真题的话题为move the industries and businesses from the big cities to regional areas。再根据问题模式中出现的advantages和disadvantages，我们可以判断出此题的类型为“陈述利弊”，而朗阁海外考试研究中心建议此类型题目对应的文章结构可以是先写两个优点，再写一个缺点，结尾让步承认缺点的存在，再表达自己的观点优点多于缺点；或相反。首先我们从优点的角度来想这个问题，由于大城市大型公司遍布，越来越多的人留在大城市为了找到合适的工作，而这也产生了很多负面影响，比如住房短缺(housing short