山东农业大学农业专业英语三篇论文专业术语及部分翻译.docVIP

山东农业大学考试专用论文一Optimum crop density 最优栽种密度Grain amaranth 籽粒苋Combine yield 联合收割机产量Adapted genotype 采用的基因型Morphological characters 形态特征Shoot biomass 地上生物量root biomass 地下、根生物量Split plot design 裂区设计Stem diameter 茎粗Plant height 株高Harvest index 收获指数Plant population 植物种群Population pressure 种群压力Hand thinning 人工疏果Amino acid 氨基酸Grain yield 粮食产量Seed loss 种子损失Grain water content 粮食水分含量Unsaturated fatty acid 不饱和脂肪酸Inflorescence head 花序头Field study 田间试验Analysis of variance=ANOVA 方差分析Stationary ear thresher 固定脱粒机error term 误差项Non-linear regressions非线性相关关系Significant effect 显著差异、效应Multiple comparisons of means 均数多重比较Soil level 土壤水平Emergence rate 出苗率Interspecific competition 种间竞争Intraspecific competition 种内竞争Uniform distribution 均匀分配Optimum crop densities for potential yield and harvestable yield of grain amaranth are conflicting最佳密度对苋科植物的潜在产量和最佳产量是否有影响仍有争议AbstractGrain amaranth is a C4 crop with potentially increasing cultivation area. Yet, no standards exist for optimum plant density. The aim of the study was to determine how crop density affects amaranth morphology, biological grain production and combine yield. A field experiment was conducted under semiarid conditions (9.8 C, 546 mm) in Eastern Austria during 2002, 2004 and 2005. Two adapted genotypes (Amaranthus cruentus, Amaranthus hypochondriacus) were established at five densities (8, 17, 35, 70, 140 plants m2) by hand thinning at a row spacing of 37.5 cm. The obtained densities at harvest averaged across years and genotypes were 8, 15, 32, 54, 89 plants m2. Plant samples were hand-harvested for the determination of morphological characters, grain and total shoot biomass. Subsequently a plot combine was used for harvesting the plots. Rising plant population reduced the number of branches and the stem diameter from 11 plant1 and 19 mm for the lowest density to 2 plant1 and 8 mm for the highest density, respectively. Overall plant height decreased with rising density except for 2004 when plant height was highest at medium densities. Grain production and seed number decreased in parallel from 35 g and 48,000 seeds plant1 to 3 g and 4800 seeds plant1, respectively. Thousand seed weight was not affected. Grain yield slightly decreased from 270 g m2 at densities of 8 or 17 plants m2 to 240 g m2 at densities of more than 70 plants m2. Total shoot biomass did not respond to crop density, thus the harvest index decreased from 0.36 for 8 plants m2 to 0.29 for 140 plants m2. Rising density reduced seed losses during combine harvesting from 62 to 16 g m2. Consequently, combined grain yield was similar among plant populations and ranged between 220 and 240 g m2. Grain water content at harvest decreased from 31% for the lowest density to 27% for the highest density. In conclusion, amaranth stands produce highest grain yields at low plant populations. However, for combine harvesting, a plant density of more than 50 plants m2 is most suitable. Small plants with thinner stems, reduced branch number and low grain moisture facilitate mechanical harvest and reduce seed losses.籽粒苋是一种种植面积潜在增加的C4作物。然而,尚无最佳种植密度标准的存在。这项研究的目的是确定作物密度如何影响苋属植物形态、生物粮食生产和组合收益率。2002年、2004年和2005年，一个田间试验(9.8C,546毫米)在奥地利东部半干旱条件下进行了。两个适应基因型(繁穗苋, 千穗谷)被建立在通过37.5厘米行距上人工间苗而来的5个密度梯度(8,17,35,70,140株/m2)上。不同基因型和密度的年均收获量为8,15,32,54,89株/ m2。为了确定形态特征、谷物和总生物量的关系，植物样本是人工收获。随后一个小区联合收割机被用来收获实验小区的作物。植物种群的增加减少了分支的数量和茎直径，从最低密度的11个分支/株和19毫米茎干直径到最高密度的2个分支/株和8毫米茎干,分别。总的来说，作物株高是随着密度增加而降低的，除了2004年最高株高出现在了中等密度水平 。粮食产量和种子数减少并行，分别从35 g和48000个种子/株植物到3 g和4800个种子/株植物。千粒重不受影响。籽粒产量略有下降，从8或17株/ m2密度的270克/ m2 到密度超过70株/ m2的240克/ m2。目标生物总量没有回应作物密度,尽管收获指数从8株/ m2的0.36 下降到 140株/ m2的0.29。密度增加在种子联合收获上的损失从62 g/ m2减少到16g/m2。结果, 在不同植物种群的联合籽粒产量是相似的并介于220240克/ m2。收获期粮食水分含量在从最低密度的31%下降为最高密度的27%。总之,苋类作物较低的植物种群产生最高的粮食产量。然而,对于联合收割,植物密度超过50株/ m2是最合适的。茎细,减少分支数和较低的粮食水分的小植物能促进机械收获和减少种子的损失。ConclusionRising population pressure drastically reduced stem diameter, number of branches per plant, number of seeds per plant as well as grain yield per plant, while total aboveground biomass yield was not affected. Number of plants per area compensated for reduced yield per plant to some extent, but harvest index and consequently biological grain yield declined with rising density. As seed losses also decreased, the effect of crop density on combined grain yield was not significant. Thus, for farming practice crop stands of more than 50 plants m2 can be recommend with regard to stem diameter, plant height, seed losses and grain moisture which are significant parameters for combining suitability.种群增长的压力大幅减少茎杆直径,每个植株的分支数,每个植物的种子数量以及每棵植株的谷物产量,而总的地上部生物量产量没有影响。每个区域的植物数量增加在一定程度上弥补每植物产量的减少,然而收获指数,最终生物产量与上升的密度呈负相关。种子损失也减少,作物密度对联合谷物产量的影响不显著。因此,对于农业实践作物站50多个植物/ m2有利于与杆直径,株高、种子和谷物水分损失相关的适用性相结合的重要参数。论文二kernels per spike穗粒数, 1000-kernel weight (TKW) 千粒重and harvest index(HI) 收获指数, spikes per unit land每单位土地穗数。Cultivar height , 品种株高the top internode, 顶部节间the basal internode, 基部节间Leaf area per culm, 单茎叶面积，leaf area index (LAI), 叶面积指数net photosynthetic rate(Pn), 净光合速率photosynthetic activity duration (PAD) 光合活性持续时间organic matter content有机物质含量, available phosphate 有效磷available potassium 速效钾sowing, jointing, booting 播种期， 拔节期， 孕穗期P2O5 五氧化二磷K2O 氧化钾Randomized block design 随机分组设计Edged effect 边缘效应Heading stageNeck paniclenode 穗颈节Effective leaf area 有效叶面积Li-3000 便携式叶面积测量仪Li-6400 Portable photosynthesis device 便携式光合作用测定装置Curve fitting equations 曲线拟合方程Variance analysis 方差分析Correlation analysis 相关分析Parabolic curve 抛物曲线Photosynthetic capacity 光和能力Spikelet differentiation 小穗分化genetic improvements 基因改良agronomic traits 农艺性状physiological basis 生理基础cultivar development 品种改良Genetic development 遗传发育Rotation system 轮作系统Effects of genetic improvements on grain yield and agronomic traits of winter wheat in the Yangtze River Basin of China(遗传改良对（生长在)中国长江流域的冬小麦的籽粒产量和农艺性状的影响)Abstract:翻译Wheat is an important food crop worldwide. Genetic improvements have contributed much to wheat production since the 1960s. (小麦是世界重要粮食作物。自上世纪60年代起，遗传改良大大推动了小麦产量。)Verifying the evolution of agronomic traits and the physiological basis of grain yield will facilitate breeders and agronomists in developing new wheat cultivars, with the aim of stable And high yields. （为了高产稳产的目的，验证农艺性状的进化和粮食产量的生理基础将有利于育种家和农艺师开发新的小麦品种。）Thirty-five wheat cultivars, bred or widely planted in the Yangtze River Basin from 1950 to 2005, were grown in field experiments under three N rates(0, 112.5, and 225kg N ha1) from 2006 to 2009 In Nanjing, China. （在2006年到2009年期间，35个从1950年到2005年选育和广泛种植在长江流域的小麦品种，以三个施氮水平（0，112.5，和225公斤氮每公顷）在中国南京进行田间试验种植）Wheat grain yield, kernels per spike, 1000-kernel weight (TKW), and harvest index(HI) increased linearly with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 2000s, whereas spikes per unit land decreased significantly with cultivar development during the same period, and stabilized with further genetic improvements in cultivars. （随着品种改良，小麦籽粒产量，穗粒数，千粒重（TKW），收获指数（HI）从20世纪50年代到21世纪初呈线性增加，而同一时期，每单位土地穗数随着品种改良显著下降，而且随着品种进一步遗传改良得到稳定。）Grain yield, kernels per spike, and TKW differed with N rate and with cultivar. （粮食产量，穗粒数和千粒重随施氮量和品种不同而产生差异。）Grain yield, spikes per unit land, and kernels per spike increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, but TKW and HI decreased. （粮食产量，单位土地穗数，穗粒数随N施肥量不断增加显著提高，但千粒重和收获指数降低。）Cultivar height decreased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s, and remained relatively stable in subsequent cultivars. （随着20世纪50年代到80年代的品种改良，品种高度降低，并在后续改良品种中保持相对稳定。）The proportion of the length of the top internode to total plant height increased with cultivar development from the 1950s to the 1980s and thereafter fell, while the length of the basal internode (BI) maintained a shortening trend. （小麦节间长度占总株高比例在20世纪50年代到80年代的品种改良期间升高，随后降低，而基部节间的长度（BI）保持一个缩短的趋势。） Leaf area per culm, leaf area index (LAI), net photosynthetic rate(Pn), and photosynthetic activity duration (PAD) of the Flag leaf increased with cultivar development. (随着品种改良，旗叶（剑叶）的单茎叶面积，叶面积指数（LAI），净光合速率（Pn），和光合活性持续时间（PAD）增加。)Leaf area, LAI, and Pn increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer, while PAD did not. （叶面积，叶面积指数（LAI），净光合速率（Pn）随不断提高的氮肥施肥量显著增加，而光合活性持续时间（PAD）未增加.)Single spike yield increased linearly with genetic development in cultivars, and these increases mainly resulted from increasing kernel number and weight, which were closely related to source size and cultivar. (伴随品种的遗传发育，单穗产量呈线性增加，这些增长主要归因于不断增加的穗粒数和千粒重，而这也正与源的大小与品种密切相关。)Grain yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, PnMax, PAD, and single spike yield; single spike yield was positively correlated to leaf area, LAI, PnMax, and PAD, suggesting that grain yield improvements were mainly associated with improvements in the source (leaf area, LAI, Pn, PAD, etc.) and sink (single spike yield).（粮食产量与叶面积，LAI, PnMax, PAD和单穗产量呈正相关；单穗产量又与叶面积，LAI, PnMax,和PAD呈正相关，这表明粮食产量的提高主要是与源（叶面积，LAI, Pn, PAD等）和库（单穗产量）的提高有关。） Sinksource ratios increased with genetic development of cultivars, suggesting that productivity per leaf improved and that sinksource relationships have reached close to optimum in the Yangtze River Basin. （库源比随品种的遗传发育而增加，这表明单叶产量提高了,而且库源在长江流域接近达到最佳值。）Furthermore, breeding for high yield should be related to improvement in kernels per spike and TKW per unit land and increased sinksource ratios with a feasible LAI, and N fertilizer management should be considered during breeding for higher yields.（此外，高产育种应与每穗粒数和单位土地的千粒重的提高，基于可行叶面积指数的库源比率增加有关，在进行更高的产量育种中，应考虑氮肥的施肥管理。)论文三1: control treatment 控制实验组2; soil degradation and erosion 土地退化和腐蚀3. soil and water run-off 水土流失4. gross margin 净利润5. EPPO code 植保代码6. overwintered cover crop 越冬性覆盖作物7. pairwise multiple comparison 两两多重比较8. a linear mixed-effect model 线型混合效应模型9. A spearman rank-order correlation 斯波尔曼顺序相关性10：homogeneity of variance方差齐性11: arcsine square root transformed 平方根反正弦转换12: log transformed对数转换13. normal distribution 正态分布14. R Foundation for Statistical Computing 2011 R统计计算软件Regulation of cover crops and weeds using a roll-chopper for herbicide reduction in no-tillage winter wheat（采用辊斩波器调控覆盖作物和杂草以减低免耕冬小麦除草剂的使用)Abstract: 翻译There is increased interest for no tillage systems as they contribute to soil and water protection and can reduce labour and fuel costs. （对免耕系统的研究兴趣不断增加，因为它有助于土壤和水的保护，还可以减低劳动力和燃料成本。）In such systems, cover crops and weeds are usually regulated before sowing the main crop using nonselective herbicides, usually glyphosate. However, less herbicide-dependent regulation methods are desirable to reduce risks emanating from the widespread herbicide use. (在这种系统中，在播种主要作物前，通常使用非选择性除草剂-草甘膦覆来控制覆盖作物和杂草，通常。然而，对于降低广泛使用除草剂所产生的风险，减少使用依赖除草剂控制的方法是可取的。（然而， 减少使用依赖除草剂进行控制的方法有助于降低广泛使用除草剂所产生的风险）Therefore, a two-years field study was conducted in Switzerland to evaluate the ability of a roll-chopper to regulate cover crops instead of using the non-selective herbicide glyphosate. In addition to this, it was tested whether cover crops have the ability to suppress weeds. The experiment was performed with a total of 11 different cover crops (oilseed radish, white mustard, blue lupine, common vetch, spring oat, amaranth, buckwheat, sunflower, phacelia, and the cover crops mixtures of field bean and spring oat as well as spring oat, common vetch and field pea). (因此，在瑞士进行了为期二年的田间研究，评估辊斩波器替代非选择性除草剂草甘膦控制覆盖作物和杂草的能力。此外，研究也测试覆盖作物是否有抑制杂草的能力。本实验共研究11种不同的覆盖作物（油菜萝卜，白芥，蓝色的羽扇豆，苕子，春季燕麦，荞麦，苋菜，向日葵，钟穗花属（杜赓生），以及混合有蚕豆和春季燕麦的覆盖作物，混合有春季燕麦、常见的野豌豆和豌豆的覆盖作物）。In both years, all cover crop species suppressed weeds resulting in reduced weed dry matter production in autumn compared to the control treatments where no cover crop was sown. (在这两年中，对照没有播种覆盖作物的控制处理，所有的覆盖作物品种都抑制了杂草导致（使）秋季杂草干物质减少。)In spring, soil coverage of weeds was similar in all treatments when the cover crops were regulated with glyphosate. In contrast, soil coverage of weeds was significantly higher when cover crops were regulated with a roll-chopper.( 在春天，当覆盖作物由草甘膦调控时，在所有的控制中，杂草的土壤覆盖相似。相反，当覆盖作物由辊斩波器调控时，由杂草的土壤覆盖明显高出很多。)In the first study year, soil coverage of weeds was about sixty times lower when the cover crops were regulated with glyphosate compared with regulation with the roll-chopper, while in the second study year it was about nine times lower.( 在第一年的研究中，对比受到辊斩波器的调控，当覆盖作物由草甘膦调控时，杂草的土壤覆盖率低约六十倍，然而在第二年研究时，此数值为大约低九倍。)Winter wheat yield was higher in both years when glyphosate was applied to regulate cover crops and a selective herbicide in spring compared to using a roll-chopper and no herbicide application. It seemed that cover crop regulation method in autumn was the major factor determining weed density in spring as well as winter wheat yield. (两年期间，当使用草甘膦控制覆盖作物并在春天使用选择性除草剂时，冬小麦产量高于使用辊斩波器并不使用除草剂调控下的产量。看起来，在秋天使用覆盖作物的调控方法是确定春天杂草密度和冬小麦产量的主要因素。)The present study indicates that cover crops have the potential to reduce weeds in no-tillage systems. (目前的研究表明，覆盖作物在免耕系统中具有减少杂草的潜力。)Mechanical regulation of cover crops using a roll-chopper offers the possibility to reduce herbicide use, however, roll-chopping cover crops as a stand-alone regulation tool would not reduce natural weed populations sufficiently to sustain winter wheat yield. (使用辊斩波器对覆盖作物进行机械调节，为降低除草剂的使用提供了可能性，然而，滚切覆盖作物作为一个独立的调节工具，不会有效减少天然杂草种群以维持冬小麦产量。)However, roll-chopping combined with other weed management strategies such as selective herbicide application might be sufficient to achieve a main crop yield comparable to the standard treatment using glyphosate.(然而，滚切覆盖作物结合其他方法，如使用选择性除草剂的杂草管理策略，与使用草甘膦的标准治疗对比，可能会有效地达到主要作物产量。）Introduction: 翻译Conservation tillage systems, including its most extreme form of no-tillage, where no soil movement occurs at all, contribute to ecological and economical food and feed production while protecting the soil and the environment. （保护性耕作系统，包括其最极端的形式免耕，即耕作中没用任何土壤移动，在保护土壤和环境的同时，促进了生态和经济型粮食及饲料的生产。）In general, in such production systems, soil degradation and erosion (Triplett and Dick, 2008; Prasuhn, 2012), soil and water run-off (Hobbs, 2007) as well as soil nutrient losses (Soane et al., 2012; DeLaune and Sij, 2012) may be reduced compared with conventional tillage systems. （整体而言，在这种生产系统下，与传统的耕作系统相比，土壤退化和侵蚀，水土流失和土壤养分的损失都减少了。）Moreover, the increased soil biological activity (Anken et al., 2004) may lead to increased nutrient and water availability for the plants (Hobbs, 2007) and generally to an improved soil quality (Holland, 2004; Triplett and Dick, 2008, Melero et al., 2011). Additionally, labour, mechanisation and fuel costs are lower (Chervet et al., 2007; Soane et al., 2012). （此外，增加土壤生物活性可能导致（使）植物养分和水分供给增加，并通常改善了土壤质量。此外，劳动力，机械和燃料成本较低。）Despite these advantages, the actual estimated area cultivated by no-tillage comprises only 1% of arable land in Europe (Kassam et al., 2009), the area differing depending on the country (Epperlein et al., 2008). （尽管有这些优点，实际估算的免耕栽培面积仅占仅欧洲耕地面积的1%，并随国家不同而不同。）In Switzerland the area under no-tillage reaches approximately 6% . This low adaptation is caused mainly because such cropping systems require a substantial change in the routine of daily farming life and in the local agricultural tradition. （在瑞士免耕土的大约占6%。免耕的低适应性主要是因为这种种植系统需要就平时的种植生活和当地的农业传统做出重大改变。Ultimately, weed management is often the limiting factor in the adaptation of cropping systems with reduced tillage intensity . 最终，杂草管理往往是限制以减少耕作密度为特征的种植系统的原因。（限制以减少耕作密度为特征的种植系统的原因往往是杂草管理）In notillage systems before sowing the main crop, weeds are generally controlled by applying non-selective herbicides, usually glyphosate. （播种主要作物前，在免耕系统中，一般采用非选择性除草剂草甘膦来控制杂草。）Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide worldwide. The widespread use of this herbicide in no-tillage systems has recently received concern, because of the development of glyphosate resistant/ce to weed biotypes.（草甘膦是全球最广泛使用的