英诗的节奏和格律.doc

英诗的节奏和格律诗常被看作是用“节奏创造的美”。它不仅供人阅读与欣赏，而且是供人吟诵的。一首诗往往包含若干诗节（stanza或strophe）:每一节诗又分若干行（verse或line），每一行诗又可分成若干音步（foot）.每一行诗又可分成若干音步（foot）。音步是由重读音节按照一定的规则排列而成的，由此产生诗的格律（meter或measure）。英诗讲求节奏（rhythm）与和声（harmony）：而节奏与和声来自诗的格律，音步和韵脚。英诗的格律，音步和韵脚是有一定规律的，对这种规律的研究与描述便是：作诗法（prosody）。在每一个音步中，我们常用“”代表重读音节，称作“扬”；用“-”表示非重读音节，称作“抑”。依照重读音节与非重读音节的排列规律，我们可以把英诗的格律分为以下几种：抑扬格 （Iambus; the iambic foot），即构成一行诗的每一个音步都是由一个非重读音节加上一个重读音节构成的（）.例如： I wan / derd l one / lyas / a cloud. That floats / on high / oer vales / and hills. (Williams Words worth, The Daffodils) And oer / the hills, / and far / away Beyond / their ut/ most pur/ ple rim, Beyond / the night, / across / the day, Throu all / the world / shefol / lowd him. (Lord Alfred Tennyson, The Day-dream. The Departure IV)扬抑格 （Troches; the trochaic foot）,即每一个音步都是由一个重读音节加上一个非重读音节构成的 （ -） - - - -Art is / long, and / Time is / fleeting, (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, A Psalm of Life) - - - Men of / England, / wherefore / plough - - - For the / lords who / lay you / low ? (Percy B. Shelley, Song to the Men of England) 扬抑抑格 ( Dactyl; the dactylic foot),即每一个音步包含一个重读音节加上两个非重读音节 （ - -）。 - - - - - - Merrily / merrily / shall I live / now - - - - - - Under the / bloss om that / hangs on the / bough; (William Shakespeare, The Tempest)抑抑扬格 (Anapaest; the anapaestic foot), 即由两个非重读音节加上一个重读音节组成一个音步 （- - ） - - - - - - - - Like a child / from the womb, / like a ghost / from the tomb,- - - - - - I arise / and unbuild / it again, (Percy B. Shelley, The Cloud)以上四种格律是英诗的最基本的， 也是最常用的格律。还有三种比较少见的格律： 抑扬抑格 （Amphibrach; the amphibrachy foot, 即一个音步由三个音节组成，其中第一和第三音节为非重读音节；第二音节为重读音节（-）扬扬格 (Spondee), 即一个音步内的两个音节全是重读音节。（） 抑抑格 （Pyrrhic）,即一个音步内包含两个全是轻读的音节。（- -）。一个诗行可以有不同数目的音步；根据诗行所含有的音步，有以下：（1） 一音步（monometer）:Thus I Pass by And die(2) 二音步 (dimeter): Rich the / treasure, Sweet the/ pleasure.(3)三音步（trimeter）: O well/ for the fish/ermans boy, That he shouts / with his sis/ter at play! O well / for the sail / lad, That he sings / in his boat / on the bay!(4) 四音步（tetrameter）: Soldier,/ rest! Thy / warfare /oer Sleep the / sleep that / knows not/ breaking, Dream of/ battled / fields no/ more, Days of/ danger,/ nights of/ waking. (this is trochaic tetrameter)(5)pentameter: The cur/few tolls/ the kell/ of part/ing day, The low/ing herd/ winds slow/ ly oer/ the lea, The plough/ man home/ ward plods / his wear /y way And leaves / the world/ to dark/ ness and/ to me. ( This poem is iambic pentameter)(6) Hexameter: On a / mountain / stretched be/ neath a / hoary/ willow Lay a/ shepherd/ swain and / viewed the / rolling/ billow. ( the trochaic hexameter)(7) Heptameter (seldom used in English poem: Cursed be/ the so/cial wants / that sin/ against / the strength / of youth! Cursed be/ the so/cial lies / that warp/ us from / the liv/ing truth! Cursed be/ the sick/ ly forms / that err/ from hon /estna/ tures rule!(8) Octameter: (seldom used in English poetry But when / I sit down to/ reson,/ think to/ take my/ stand nor/ swerve, While I/ triumph oer/ a se/cret wrung / from natures/ reserve, In you/ come with/ your cold/ music,/ till I/ creep through/ every/ nerve.Image includes visual image, au