英语论文参考文献格式写法(超详版).docVIP

Learning Skills Help SheetLearning Advice CentreReferencing & BibliographiesReferencing is an important part of any piece of academic writing. References provide evidence that you have read key theories and ideas in order to develop knowledge of your subject. They also show a courtesy to the original author of these theories or ideas and allow the reader (your tutor) to distinguish between what you have read and your own ideas, interpretations and conclusions. Incorrect or bad referencing in your work will be interpreted as plagiarism which is a serious academic offence that will result in disciplinary action.How to referenceThe two most common systems for citing references are the Harvard system (also called the author/date system) and, for law students or in dissertations, the numeric system. Different subject areas use slight variations of these systems (and other systems do exist) so you must consult your course/module handbook for clarification of the specific conventions that you are expected to use within your subject area(s).References need to appear in two places:1. within the body of your writing include: authors surname, year of publication and, if quoting, the exact page number from which the quote is taken;2. in the bibliography include at least: authors surname, initial(s), year of publication, title of text/chapter, edition, publisher & place of publication; see page 3 for specific details that apply to referencing different sources.1.1 References within the body of the text - Harvard SystemThere are two ways in which you can reference, or cite, another persons work: a) by paraphrasing; this shows you have fully interpreted what you have read - see Learning Skills Help Sheet on How to Paraphrase;b) by quoting directly; follow with a comment to show relevance/understandingIf the direct quotation is more than two lines, you should indent it as a separate paragraph e.g.:As Cottrell (2003, p.148) points out “Our views of what is intelligent can prevent us from developing our minds to their full potential. People who feel they are not very bright or not very creative probably will fulfil that estimation of themselves. On the other hand, positive thinking and constructive mental activity develop the mind.” Citing secondary sources:If you are referencing a work cited by the author of the text you are reading, you should cite the original work as being within a secondary source i.e. what you have read, not what the writer of the book you are reading has read, using the following method:According to De Bono (1994, cited in Cottrell, 2003, p.148), “clever people are often hampered by their apparent intelligence in two ways:” they are good at arguing and defending their point of view; they indulge in negative criticism which is a quick, easy and dramatic way of proving someone wrong. Contd You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email m.oconorwestminster.ac.uk or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.Learning Skills Help SheetLearning Advice CentreReferencing & Bibliographies1.2 Referencing within the body of text - Numeric SystemThe exact same rules and principles apply to paraphrasing and quoting however, rather than inserting the author surname and year of publication within the text, a superscripted number is inserted at the end of the paraphrase or quote, and the reference appears as a footnote at the bottom of the page e.g.:There were many changes in the British diet in the period after 1870. Fruit became more common, especially in the form of fruit jam. Even the fish-and-chip shop dates from the same period. Hobsbawm, H., (1990), The Eating Habits of the British People, p. 162 (Note: See bottom of this page for associated footnote.)To insert footnotes using Word, click on the place in your document where you want to insert the footnote.Then click on the Insert menu, select Reference, then click on Footnote.Another window will then open that will allow you to format the footnotes manually, if you require.Once the footnote has been inserted in the text and it appears at the bottom of the page, click next to the number at the bottom to add the reference details: author surname, initial(s), publication year, title of work/article, page number, etc.Once you have referenced an author for the first time using the numeric system you do not have to repeat that same reference in full again. If the same work is referenced consecutively on the same page use:ibid. = (from the Latin ibidem, meaning the same) orop.cit. = (from the Latin opere citado meaning in the work already cited)If the same work is referenced on another page, list the authors surname, initials and date of publication again followed by op.cit. and the page number.Different page numbers for the citations you use must be listed with each footnote (see example below). ibid., p. 163Contd You can make an appointment with the Learning Advisor if you wish to receive more individual advice on your independent learning skills. Email m.oconorwestminster.ac.uk or phone 020 7911 5000 ext. 2364.Learning Skills Help SheetLearning Advice CentreReferencing & Bibliographies contd2. References in the bibliographyAll sources referred to in your essay must be listed in alphabetical order according to the authors surname (NEVER first name) in the bibliography using the correct formatting as follows:BooksHeinz, E., (2000), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, LondonIf there are two authors you must list both authors names e.g.:Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2001), A History of Baked Beans, Arnold, London If there are more than two authors, name the first author followed by et al (Latin meaning and others) e.g.:Heinz, E., et al., (2002), The Bean and Other Legumes, Routledge, New YorkIf the book has more than one edition, you must state which edition you have used e.g.:Heinz, E., and McDonald, R., (2006), A History of Baked Beans, (2nd Ed.), Arnold, LondonAn article in a book Johnson, S., (1998a), The Cornflake in History, In: Jennings, N., (Ed.) Food for Thought, Edinburgh University Press, UK Journal articles Johnson, S., (1998b), Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism, Cultural Studies 11, 1: pp.3244This means that an article by Sarah Johnson called Deconstructing the pre-millennial diet: Special K and postmodernism was published in the journal Cultural Studies, volume 11, number 1, on pages 32 to 44. This issue of the journal was published in 1998. Where you have referenced two or more separate works by the same author that were published in the same year, add alphabetical notation after the publication year in both the text and bibliography to distinguish between the works. (See examples above.)E-journal articlesJimenez, R., (2003), Sex Differences in L2 Vocabulary Learning Strategies, International Journal of Applied Linguistics 13, 1, pp.54-77, online, available from: /htbin/ids63/procskel.cgi Accessed 13/10/2006For e-journals/books you must state that it is an online resource, cite the URL and include the date you accessed it at the end in addition to including the journal volume/number and the publication year, as above. Learning Advice CentreLearning Skills Help SheetReferencing & BibliographiesArticles from the internet: Treat Internet articles exactly as you would a book or journal. It is never acceptable just to use Internet as the source or to only cite the URL. Wherever possible identify the author and, if possible, use the name of the website page as the article/chapter title and state the date you accessed the site e.g.: Holmes, A., (2000), Greenpeace wins media war, online, available from: http:/www.independent.co.uk/international/green25.htm Accessed 25/10/2006.If you cannot find & state the authors name, use the name of the organisation, e.g.:BBC, (2007), Northern Ireland: The Troubles, online, available from: http:/www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/troubles/the_troubles_article_01.shtml Accessed 30/04/2007. Newspaper articlesList the writers surname and initial(s), year of publication, title of article, title of newspaper followed by the full date of publication, section of the paper and page number, e.g.:Ratner, C., (2000), Magazine sparks love feud, The Independent, 10 October 2000, Thursday Review: p.14Reference to a ThesisList the surname, initials, year, title, type of thesis, name of institution submitted to:Smith, J., (2005), Linguistic Significance of Teenage Slang in the UK, (PhD), University of WestminsterTV ProgrammesFollowing the series title list the number and title of the episode, year, transmitting channel followed by the full date and time, if known, of transmission.Venice, Episode 4; Death, (2004), BBC 2, 12/12/2004Contributions in ProgrammesIndividual speakers or contributors to programmes should be referenced by name followed by year, programme title, channel and date of transmission e.g.:Brown, G., (2007), Live Treasury Questions, BBC Parliament, 29/03/2007DVD/VideoList the title, year of production, format, Directors name, production place and organisation, e.g.:Dogma, (1999), VHS, Directed by Kevin Smith, View AskewLearning Advice CentreLearning Skills Help SheetReferencing & Bibliographies contdUsing RefWorksRefWorks is a very handy online tool that, with correct use, enables you to:o create a database of reading lists that can be organised into folderso create a bibliographic list that can be imported into your word documentTo log in to RefWorks use your Athens userna