大学商务英语教案.doc

商 务 英 语任课教师： 黄洪Unit 1 课文A 世界经济发展 世界经济比以往任何时候都更富裕，但是国家内部与国家之间财富显然分布不均衡。世界上最富裕国家如卢森堡的年人均收入比世界最贫穷国家如塞纳里昂年人均收入高出一百多倍。国与国之间经济发展不平衡倾向表现各异。20世纪50、60年代，发展中国家经济获得了飞速而持续的发展。然而，自80年代以来，除了少数几个主要亚洲国家经济成功地获得快速发展、更多全球开放市场外，其他发展中国家面临了经济不稳，社会福利收效甚微的问题。 全球化并没有缩小贫富国家收入差异。富裕国家比贫困国家往往能更优先进入资本市场，吸引更多外国资本直接投资，更有弹性地应对全球商品市场。现在，埃塞俄比亚居民平均收入不及出生于欧洲或美国居民的1/35，而在50年代，埃塞俄比亚人均收入是发达国家人均收入的1/16。同样，美国目前人均收入比尼伯尔人均收入从50年代的19倍上升到了27倍。世界上大多数最贫困国家或多或少在某种程度上相对滞后。尤其是70年代中期以来，发展中国家经济增长进入停滞与不稳定的交替期，只有少数几个发展中国家在最近几十年能持续增长，这些国家中尤以两个世界人口大国中国和印度著名。 中国可以看作是成功进行体制改革的例子。20世纪70年代后期改革开放以来，中国经济一直保持了高速发展。除一些社会、经济不稳定因素之外，最近20年，中国经济改革所取得的成就解决了几千万人的温饱问题。因为没有现存的改革经验可借鉴，中国经济改革的过程被看作是“摸着石头过河”。实际上，经济发展是改革的落脚点和最终目标。 中国经济体制改革是以全面提高经济效益为目的，依靠发挥个人积极性，培育各种类型的市场竞争。通常，中国向市场经济的转型过程是个缓慢的经济改革过程，表现在三个不同时期。第一个时期从1978年至1993年，改革主要是改善激励机制和扩大市场对资源的配置范围。这一时期以成功进行农业体制改革和双重价格体系改革为特点；第二个时期开始于1994年，这一时期中国政府决定把最终建立现代市场经济体制作为改革目标；最新时期，重点是处理好由于经济增长所带来的地区差异和贫富悬殊。目前，中国改革仍然面临着挑战，尤其在农业和大型国有企业领域。中国改革的经验就是强调将体制改革看作一个渐进而不是单方面发展的过程。中国经济持续增长得益于成功的经济改革，但不是所有的经济改革都会成功。目前，大多数经济成功增长案例主要出现在东亚，而失败个案多见于非洲大陆。同样，拉丁美洲国家经济发展情况相似，但与世界其他地区相比又各不相同。美国经济仍然一直是全球经济增长的引擎，但中国、印度和一些发展中国家的崛起也变得日益重要。他们树立了经济发展的榜样，即经济的持续增长可以通过改革并不完善的体制和管理而带动。对大多数战后冲突国家或者经济改革“欠成功”国家来说，最重要的考虑是恢复经济。经济管理在双边和多边经济活动中显得日益重要，国际援助应限制在改善管理上而不是改革的全部。 课文B 入世后中国面临的挑战经济全球化不可逆转。历史经验告诉中国不要因为害怕挑战而闭关自锁。任何国家都不能逃避由国际竞争与合作所带来的变化。中国加入世贸组织带来了根本性变化，代表着中国对外改革开放迈上了一个新台阶。在世贸组织的框架内，中国所要面对的基本要求和义务就是遵守世贸组织的一系列国际条款。也就是说，中国的经济活动和国际贸易必须遵守体现先进的现代市场经济的国际规则。这种先进文化能消除贫困、愚昧并带来财富。然而，现代市场经济与计划经济中形成的中国传统观点和思维模式并不兼容。中国面临的挑战难以避免地主要表现在思维、管理和经济运行机制等许多方面。计划经济下形成的传统思想会发生巨大的变化。例如，看到有人变得富有，人们会认为是因为腐败，受贿和裙带的关系；有时，人们也会轻视私有或者集体经济；所有这一切主要是因为中国经济传统上轻视商业的原因。我们所面临的挑战就是要改变人们不合时宜的想法，为私有和集体经济创造良好的法律、政策、财政、人性化和公众性的社会环境。只有如此，中国企业才能增强竞争力，以免入世后被外国企业所击败。中国经济面临来自管理活动中政府干预太多的挑战。中国政府所要做的就是要改善管理经济的能力以应对市场经济体制的需求。人们逐渐认识到计划经济模式下通过政府垄断不能保持好现代经济系统的正常运作。解决这些问题的唯一途径就是下放权力，给与企业更多的独立自主权，允许它们面向市场。将政府直接管理经济转变为间接的宏观经济调控例如政企职责分开，减少政府干预企业的经济活动，取消指令性计划代之以税收，信用和汇率等经济手段。从市场经济的角度来看，计划经济的传统结构应进一步打破，政府与市场的关系也应合理重构，破除行政垄断以促进经济发展和社会进步，改善道德规范和国家竞争意识，增强企业的国际竞争力。为应对入世挑战，中国一直寻求并采用有效的措施以调整国内经济，如：1 保持适当的经济增长速度；2 调整好经济结构与发展新型产业；3 加强环境建设和环境保护；4 推动农业产业化提高农民收入；5 建立社会保障体系；6 解决好失业问题；7 推进城市化进程；8 深化体制改革转变政府职能；9 建立现代企业制度；10. 创造良好政治环境发展私有企业和中小型企业。另外，为了深化各经济领域的改革，应该进一步转换国有企业的运行机制以满足市场经济的要求；应该明确企业的权力与义务；政企分开；科学地管理企业。再者，经济增长方式也应该从劳动密集型转变为劳动集约型。当然，公司和企业自身也应努力重新调整和适应新形势。如果他们不能对市场经济变化做出迅速的回应，在激烈的竞争中许多公司和企业就会被淘汰出局。总之，机遇与挑战并存。加入世贸组织不仅可以发展中国经济，也可以推动世界经济的发展，为亚洲和世界经济注入新的活力。案例分析 入世后中国汽车工业作为一名普通办公室职员，期待着从削减进口关税政策中受益，王晓丽决定这个月以128,880元人民币购买一辆韩国现代系列“伊兰特”牌进口小汽车。人们普遍认为中国汽车工业是入世以来的最大受害者，而国内汽车消费者却能从低价购买进口小汽车中受益非浅。长期以来，中国汽车工业受政府的双重保护：实行高进口关税和实行进口配额准入制度。正是在这些措施的保护下，国内小汽车、卡车、公共汽车、特殊用途汽车和汽车零配件等一系列汽车工业企业得以建立和发展起来。加入世界贸易组织对政府保护下的国内汽车工业将产生强烈的冲击，逼迫国内汽车行业提高技术水平、降低成本和价格。对汽车制造商们来说，最有效而又直接进入市场的方式就是降低产品成本和削减产品价格以低廉的价格赢得顾客。调查显示当国产汽车价格高于进口汽车价格时，只有20-25%潜在的汽车消费者愿意购买国产车；当国产汽车价格等于或者低于进口汽车时，40-47%宁愿购买国产车；当国产车价格低于同类进口车的80%时，国产车消费者数量会上升到55.5-87%。按照世贸组织所应承担的义务的要求，中国从2004年1月1日起已经将进口汽车关税降至30%，另外，中国于2005年初取消了汽车及零配件的配额限制。为了削减关税，中国已经于2006年7月1日将小汽车，SUV车(运动实用车，越野车)和小型公共汽车的进口关税从28%降至25%。中国进一步削减进口汽车关税掀起了新一轮汽车价格战。韩国现代Coupe价格从2006年初￥350,000降至￥198,000；通用汽车已经把G2.5型“别克”车价格标准压低了12%约合人民币￥258,000元；而大众汽车将其Passat降低6.5%约合人民币￥229,000元。国外汽车制造商纷纷将其最新进口款式引进到在中国的合资企业。如占一半中国进口汽车市场的“佳美”牌小汽车最近开始在广州的丰田汽车合资企业制造。结果，为了促销制造商家不断地削减价格，国产车与进口车的价格差在缩小，进口配额而带来的限制也越来越小。“汽车制造商不得不进一步削减价格以保持和提升市场份额”分析家们说，“因为事实上中国汽车的价格整体偏高。”许多中国消费者等着购买比以前更便宜的进口汽车。尤其是那些高消费品市场可以节省消费者许多费用。例如对于花数万元的汽车购买者来说可以比以前少付几千元。进口车进一步削减价格战开始在持观望态度的消费者中展开。对王晓丽来说，购买了“伊兰特”小汽车后感到非常满意，她兴奋地说，“我实现了我以前以合理价格购买进口车的梦想”。练习题答案Text A A Survey of World Economy Answer the following questions according to the text:1. Why isnt the world economy developing equally?The process of globalization has not yet closed the income gap between poor and rich countries. Richer countries, for instance, tent to have preferential access to capital markets, to attract more foreign direct investment, and to be more resilient than poorer countries in responding to shifts in global commodity markets. In the 1950s and 1960s, developing countries experienced strong and sustained economic growth. Since the 1980s, however, a trend towards increasing divergence has set in, with a limited group of countries, most of them in Asia, achieving rapid economic growth and gaining from more open global markets, while much of the rest of the developing world has faced economic instability and made few gains in human well-being.2. Why can China be taken as an example of successful ongoing institutional change?The Chinese economy has been growing at a rapid pace since the initiation of its reform policies in the late 1970s. The institutional reform process has been guided in the general direction of improving overall economic efficiency by providing individuals with incentives, by fostering competition among different categories of market players.3. What are the three stages of Chinas transition to a market economy?In the first stage, reform had been carried out incrementally to improve incentives and to expand the scope of the market for resource allocation. In the second stage Chinese Government decided to set the eventual establishment of a modern market system as the goal of reform. The third stage has put a stronger emphasis on the need to deal with the growing regional and income disparities generated by the accelerated growth process. 4. Which benefits more from globalization, Africa or Asia?At present, most of the successful growth stories have occurred in East Asia, while most growth collapses have been seen in Africa. Asia is achieving more rapid economic growth and gaining more from open global markets.II. Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding Chinese or English equivalents：resource allocation体制改革social and economic volatility持续增长 modern market system全面提高经济效益 international support不完善的管理imperfect institutions双边和多边经济活动. Practical WritingTo: Mr Rice, Managing DirectorFrom: Clyde Martinez Date: March 15, 2007Analysis on the Worlds GDP percentages in 2006 As requested by the Managing Director on 10 January 2007, I have analyzed the worlds GDP percentages in 2006. Accounting for 25% of the world economy, American economy has been increasing and has created a miracle in the history of American economy development. Japan remains the worlds second largest economy, accounting for 9%. Total GDP of European Union, the third largest population in the world, is more than twice the GDP of Japan, and close to that of America. Statistics show that China, along with the successful economic reform, is nearly the same with Italy, the worlds 6th biggest economy. However, the overall economic situation in Africa neglected in the figure is still critical. It is obvious that Africa needs further efforts to keep up with the pace of world economic integration.Recommendations/Proposals1. keep the normal export level with Japan. 2. send more sales representatives to EU countries.3. expand trade with China further and larger. 4. add more direct investment in Africa. III. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the writer：1. Since the 1980s, most developing countries experienced strong and sustained economic growth and gained much from more open global markets. (F)2. The process of globalization has closed the income gap between developing and developed countries. (F)3. Three-stage strategy is the gradual process of Chinas economic reform for the transition to a market economy. (T)4. Currently, economic development has been laid down as the ultimate goal in Chinese economic reform. (T)5. Compared with Africa, Asia benefits more from globalization. (T)6. Compared with other regions in the world, growth performance in Latin America has been rather different, but its uniform among the countries in the region. (T)7. The economies of China, India and a few other large developing economies are good examples of sustained growth generated through small governance changes and with initially imperfect institutions. (T)8. Comprehensive reforms should be first achieved to improve specific areas of governance weaknesses instead of international support. (F)Text B Challenges China Faces after Entering WTOI. Answer the following questions according to the text.1. Why should China enter WTO?Globalization is an irreversible trend. Historical experiences have taught the Chinese not to close the door just because of challenges. No country can side-step the changes brought about by international competition and cooperation.2. How do you understand the sentence: “No country can side-step the changes brought about by international competition and cooperation.”?Historical experiences have taught the Chinese not to close the door just because of challenges. China cant develop in isolation from the rest of the world. Lagging behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks! Entering WTO presents a new stage of reform and opening to the outside world. 3. What challenges is China facing?Inevitably, China will face the challenges characterizing mainly by many aspects: mind, management, and operation mechanisms.4. What kinds of measures should China adopt to develop economy after entering WTO?According to experts, China should adopt effective measures to manage economy. These mainly include:. Keeping moderate developing speed of economy; . Fine-tuning economic structure and developing new style industry; . Enhancing force on environmental construction and protection; .Boosting industrialization of agriculture and increasing peasants income;. Establishing social security system; . Solving unemployment problem; . Propelling urbanization; . Deepening system reform and transforming the function of government; . Setting up modern enterprise system; . Creating more favorable political environment for development of private enterprise and small and medium-sized enterprise.5. What effect will China exert on the world after entering WTO?Chinas accession to WTO can promote not only the development of Chinese economy, but also that of the world economy and it will inject new impetus into the progress of Asian economy and world economy.II. Fill in the table below by giving the corresponding Chinese or English equivalents. Macro-regulatory system行政垄断 transformation of governments functions市场经济rights and responsibilities行政干预 small and medium-sized enterprise指令性计划the form of economic growth现代企业制度.Here is a crossword puzzle. You can rely on the information below and find the exact words in the text.1TRANSFOR2ME3IN4TERVENESEPPOM5ONOPOLY6CNTOSI7MM8INDUSTRIALPBMNEIATLG9GII8LETTOMIYBEOAN10UNEMPLOYMENT. After entering WTO, China will face challenges in many aspects: mind, management, and operation mechanisms. Please complete the form according to the information given in the text：Aspects Reasons ChallengesMeasuresmindpeoples traditional mind;the idea of belittling commerce in tradition;the outdated ideology to create a favorable legal, policy, financial, human, public opinion and social environment for privately-owned and collective economiesmanagementtoo many administrative interventionsplanned economic system to devolve power to lower levels;to give economic activities more autonomy;to break up administration monopoly operation mechanismsthe rights and responsibilities undefined; the functions of the government and enterprises unseparated quite a few companies and enterprises pushed out of the market under intense competitions.by defining the property rights and responsibilities;by separating government and enterprises;by changing the form of economic growth from the extensive to the intensive typeCase Study Automobile Industry After Chinas Entry into WTOQuestions for Discussion1. What do you think of the price trend in the domestic automobile market?2. For what reasons did Wang Xiaoli decide to purchase an imported car this month?3. How can domestically-made motor vehicles survive the foreign ones?4. What measures should be taken for the domestic automobiles to complete with the imported ones?Unit 2金融市场概览彼得是一家企业的工业工程师，月收入3000美元。他把工资分为三部分：一部分用于购买衣、食、住、行等生活必须品；一部分用来投资股票；另一部分用以偿还一笔利率为5%的15年期的150，000美元的抵押贷款，每年偿还10，500美元，其中包括500美元的利息。我们对货币相当熟悉，因为人们几乎天天接触货币。人们取得货币收入，用货币购买商品、支付劳务。现在大部分的货币都是纸制货币或金属货币。但是过去人们也常常使用商品充当货币，比如贝壳就是中国历史上的第一种实物货币。如今，随着电子技术在银行的业务经营中的运用，无形货币应运而生，而借贷卡、信用卡和智能卡在类的银行塑料卡也将逐步取代现钞和支票，成为广泛运用的支付工具。有两种基本的货币活动：货币收支和货币借贷。货币收支，通常称为货币流通，是指货币的取得和使用。由于货币在时空上分布的不均衡，货币往往时多时少、此余彼缺。于是就出现了以信用为基础的货币借贷，即以偿还本金和一定利息为条件的借贷活动。利息是向他人提供货币所取得的收入而利率则是决定利息高低的关键，它是利息与本金的比率。 货币收支和货币借贷，密切联系，相互渗透，形成了一个新的范畴-金融，即货币的融通。因此，金融市场就是融资场所。货币市场是指交易一年期以内短期债务凭证的市场,资本市场指的是交易一年期以上的长期资产和债务凭证的市场。国际金融市场是本国居民在国内金融市场以外与非本国居民从事金融资产交易活动的场所。比如，美国居民在美洲银行的储蓄活动属于国内金融交易活动，而瑞士银行吸纳日本企业家的美元存款则属于国际金融交易的范畴。由于电讯系统和数据处理方面的进步，国际金融市场超越国界，日益趋于一体化。最引人注目的案例非1997年夏天发生的东南亚金融危机莫属。让我们回顾一下这一历史事件：7月发生的泰国金融危机迅速蔓延整个东南亚，10月香港、印尼遭袭，11月波及韩国。该危机由索罗斯量子基金的袭击直接所致。由于东南亚国家采用与美元挂钩的浮动汇率制，因此一旦兑美元的汇率急剧变化，则几乎所有东南亚市场的股价下跌，损失惨重。我们面临的一个主要的问题就是寻求诸如国际货币基金组合、世界银行的援助。在1997-1998年的亚洲金融危机中，国际货币基金组合和其他援救组织分别向泰国、印尼和韩国提供了高达172亿美元、430亿美元和570亿美元的资金，来帮助他们恢复经济、重构外汇储备。亚洲金融危机提醒我们：我们生活在同一个星球上。导致此次危机的原因如下：1、 货币价值过度膨胀，经济泡沫 2、高利率吸引短期资金3、 将外资作为维持国际收支均衡的主要动力4、 缺乏监管机制，导致过度风险借贷5、巨额投资资金突然迅速外流直接导致这场危机。当然，外汇储备不足，国际收支不均衡是引起国际投资者密切关注、突然袭击的重要原因。然而，金融危机是可以预见的。因此，我们可以采取有效措施比如加强宏观经济调控、改善外汇结构、密切关注金融市场变化等避免金融危机的发生。如果必要的化，我们还可以寻求国际组织的帮助。股 市 运 作20年前由约翰.肯尼迪和丹尼斯.哈维共同创建的肯尼迪.哈维公司。五年前，前任董事长丹尼斯患癌症去世，这使得公司董事会失去了主心骨，最后由丹尼斯的儿子马修担任董事长一职，因为他拥有500多万股股票，占公司股份的52%。为了建立一家分公司，公司必须大量增加法定资本。因此，董事们建议召开董事会讨论上市事宜。公司通过该提议，这样任何人都可以自由购买、交易公司股票。但董事们提议发行一种特殊的股票，只有内部员工才可以低价交易这种股票。 我们分析一下以上这个案例：没有资金，企业无法取得成功。企业最初的资金来源于股东。为了给新的分公司融资，企业决定发行股票。股票是股权凭证，说明股票的持有者有权获得债权人索取后的资产。由于股权代表对企业的所有权，只要拥有企业51%以上的股份，就可以控制董事会的选举权、人事配置权，或者只要公司业绩无法满足大多数股东要求，还可以改革现行的董事会结构。作为资本市场的一部分，股市是某一特定企业交易股票的场所。由投资银行在一级市场负责新股发行业务。像美林银行等投资银行是买卖双方的中介。然而，已发行的股票通常在二级市场上交易，纽约股票交易所、美国股票交易所是二级市场的典范，另外还有一个柜台外交易市场，该市场专门用于二级市场以外的交易。1971年，纳斯达克电脑报价系统应运而生。季若莱斯是一名销售经理，他将一半的时间用于办公室工作，另一半时间出门会见顾客。但是最近他打算在工作之余购买一些股票，因为股票行情持续下跌，而且美联储刚刚公布下调利率0.25%。下一步就是让人头痛的选股，因为这就好比大海捞针。最后，通过仔细观察股市变化，他选择了1000股通用汽车。通用汽车是道琼斯指数中的一支蓝筹股，所以他估计会得到可靠的收益。让我们迅速的浏览一下到9月底的股市情况：股市闪亮收盘，道琼斯指数涨至11689.24，涨幅为0.17%。蓝筹股表现强劲，麦当劳、英特尔、IBM等重要的上市公司均出现上涨。通用汽车股票上涨至32.28美元，涨幅2.8%。该股上涨的原因是法国雷诺、日本日产与通用汽车结成三方联盟的协商进展顺利。人们投资股市，是为了获取投资收益，他们可以通过底价购买，高价抛售，从中赚取差价，但是股市是有风险的，无法保证固定收益。在以上季若的案例中，通用汽车的蓝筹股确实是上涨了，但这并不意味着其股票价格一定会上涨。事实上，股市是最敏感、最具投机性的场所。股价会不停的上涨或下跌。股价通常与公司的业绩牢牢绑在一起。如果公司的经营业绩上升，那么股价看涨，否则，股价看跌。利率下降，股市会飙升。某个上市公司的丑闻被暴光了，股市则会跳水。它可以拖累大盘向下。安然公司就是一个典型的例子，其股票经历了从牛股，熊股到垃圾股的整个过程。因此，投资股市时，我们必须了解大量的信息，比如经济是增长还是下跌，通涨指数，利率以及其他影响上市公司业绩的信息，此外，投资者可以通过阅读上市公司的公开财务报告获得诸如每股投资回报率等相关数据，还可以参考股票价格指数和股市指标获得关于现行股价和股市涨跌的信息。 尽管股市有诸多不确定因素，六分之一的美国成年人仍投资股市，这也使得股票交易量大大增加。为什么呢？这是因为他们梦想着在股市上能大发横财。练习题答案Text A Financial Markets in GeneralI. Answer the following questions according to the text1. Is allocation of money in equilibrium at all times?No, the allocation of money is lopsided in various areas at different date. Therefore, the quantity of currency is more or less.2. Under what condition is credit conducted?Credit is conducted on the condition that the principal and the interest should be paid back later.3. What are finance and financial markets?Finance is usually defined as financing of money by penetration of payment, borrowing and lending of money. Financial markets are the markets for financing funds. There are two types of financial market: money market and capital market.4. What distinguishes money market and capital market?A way of distinguishing markets is on the basis of the maturity of the securities. The money market is a financial market in which only short-term debt instruments are traded while the capital market is the market in which longer-term debt and equity instruments are traded.5. What methods can be used to prevent financial crisis?We can take measures such as strengthening macroeconomic control, improving foreign trade structure, watching the financial markets closely, and if necessary, we can apply for the help of those international organizations II. Fill in the table by giving the corresponding Chinese or English equivalents.currency circulation智能卡raising money支付工具stock market利率commercial paper金融中介financial crisis in southeast Asia外汇储备III. Fill in the blanks with corresponding words in the box.In this rapidly changing economy, (1)_ are linked in a wide network of individuals, enterprises, government agencies, news agencies, commercial banks, the central bank, securities firm, investment companies, insurance companies, and various funds. These participants have different (2) _ when they operate in financial markets. They use the financial markets to (3) _ the funds for short periods of time or to finance long-term investment. Commercial banks, for example, tend to lend in the money markets to (4) _ their short-term liabilities. Insurance companies and pension funds tend to lend in the (5) _