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副词用法一、副词的概念副词(adverb,简写为adv)是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词。二、副词的分类 1根据意义分类 (1)方式副词,一般用来回答“怎样地?”这类问题,具有最典型的状语形式,绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成。如: calmly冷静地,carefully仔细地,小心地,carelessly粗心地,patiently耐心地,politely礼貌地,proudly自豪地,properly适当地,quickly快速地,rapidly迅速地,suddenly突然,successfully成功地,wi1lingly情愿地,warmly热情地。 句子中的位置: .修饰不及物动词的方式副词要放在被修饰词之后 1)His sister sings well. 2)The baby is sleeping soundly. .修饰及物动词的方式副词可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后; 如果宾语较长, 也可放在动词和宾语之间 1)He speaks French fluently. 2)All this morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some English letters to her teachers.(2)地点副词,包括表示地点的副词和表示位置关系、方向的副词,如: here这里,there那里,upstairs楼上,downstairs楼下,anywhere任何地方,above在上方,up上面,down下面,east向东,west向西,等。 句子中的位置:地点副词和方式副词(here,there,down,anywhere,everywhere,inside;well,quickly,kindly 常放在宾语之后,或不及物动词之后。其中here,there,up,down等副词与不及物动词go,come,stand,walk, lie等词连用时,副词可置于句首。如句子主语是名词或名词短语时,句子需用完全倒装语序。Eg: 1) There stands the tower 2) Down came the rain 3) We looked for the lost wallet here and there,but in vain (3)时间副词,有的表示确定时间,如: yesterday昨天,today今天,tomorrow明天,等;有的表示不确定的时间,如:recently最近,nowadays现今,still仍然,already已经,immediately,立刻,just刚刚,等;有的表示时间顺序,如:now现在,then然后,first首先,next其次,later后来,before以前,等;有的表示时间频率,如:always总是,often常常,usually通常,seldom很少,never从不,sometimes有时,等。句子中的位置:1、时间副词可以放在整个句子或从句之前或后,并通常放在句末。其中 then,recently可以放在动词之前;still常放在动词之前或系动词、助动词、情态动词之后;而yet常放于句末,并且句子常用否定形式。E.g.1) Ill then turn to my classmates for help 2) We havent finished the work yet 2、表示确定时间的副词和表示地点的副词一般放在句尾. 若句中同时有地点副词和时间副词, 地点副词通常在前, 时间副词在后 3)They went to the Summer Palace yesterday. 4)We often goes there. 5)I will go there tomorrow3、表示不确定时间的副词的位置(如: always, usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, rarely, generally, frequently)当句子谓语是be时, 位于其后; 句子谓语是单个完全动词时, 位于其前; 句子谓语由不完全动词与完全动词一起组成时, 位于第一个不完全动词之后. She always helps her mother with the housework. 2)The old man seldom goes out. 3)He is always the first to come to class. 4)They have already done their homework.(4)程度副词,有时又叫强调副词,有的从程度上强调,用来回答how much这类问题,可用来修饰形容词、副词,有的还可用来修饰动词、介词短语、名词、代词和从句等。如: a bit有点,very很,quite十分,rather颇,much很,just正好,only仅仅等。句子中的位置程度副词除enough之外常放在被修饰词之前,但放于情态动词和助动词的后面。但当very修饰动词时,常与 much连用并置于句末。E.g. 1) I like her very much 2) With one false movement,he nearly loses the whole game 3)The student is very careful with his work. 4)He swims quite well. 5)The boy is old enough to go to school.I often help him these days. 这些日子我经常帮助他。 I always remember the day when I first came to this school. 我常常记得我第一次来学校的那一天。 You mustnt always help me. 你不能老是帮助我。 He seldom comes to see us. 他很少来看我们。 We usually go shopping once a week. 我们通常一周买一次东西。 The new students dont always go to dance. 新学生并不时常去跳舞。重点提示 这类副词一般位于它所修饰的词的前面。如: If you dont try,you will never succeed你如果不尝试,就决不会成功。(修饰动词succeed)It looks a bit ugly as it is它现在这样子很难看。(修饰形容词ugly) So what exactly are you suggesting? 那么,你到底想建议什么呢?(so修饰句子)其它:1、及物动词和副词小品词(down, on, off, in, out, up)组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时, 该名词可放在副词之后或副词之前; 若有代词作宾语时, 则代词一定放在副词之前。 1) He cut down the tree. =He cut the tree down.2)He cut it down. 2、修饰名词的副词放在被修饰词之后 The villagers there are busy getting in wheat. 3、修饰全句的副词通常放在句首 1)Truly he is an honest man. 2) Still, in spite of what you say, I dont think it is true.4、疑问副词,连接副词,关系副词以及修饰整个句子的副词,通常放在句子或从句的前面。 When do you study everyday? 你每天什么时间学习? Can you tell me how you did it? 你能告诉我你如何做的吗? First, let me ask you some questions. 先让我来问几个问题。 How much does this bike cost? 这辆车子多少钱? Either you go or he comes. 不是你去就是他来。 The students were reading when the teacher came into the classroom. 当老师进教室时,学生们正在读书。2根据形式分类 (1)简单副词。如: back在后,just刚刚,enough足够,near在附近,very很,well好,等等。有些简单副词和形容词同形,要根据上下文才能确定其词性,有时意义也不一样,这类词有:cheap, daily, deep, direct, early, enough, far, fast, firm, hard, high, late, low, much, near, pretty, straight, wrong等。如:The bus arrived early这趟车到得早。(副词)an early bus早班车(形容词) (2)复合副词,如:nowhere无处,everywhere处处,somehow不知怎么地,somewhat有点,therefore因此,anyway不管怎样,somewhere在某处,outdoors在户外,在野外,等等。 (3)派生副词(方式副词),许多副词由形容词或分词后面加后缀-ly构成。如: obvious显然的obviously显然地,curious好奇的curiously好奇地,surprising吃惊的surprisingly吃惊地,skilled熟练的skilledly熟练地,等等。注意:以辅音字母y(读作/i/)结尾的形容词变为副词时,要把y变为i,再加-ly,如easily,happily等;以-ll结尾的形容词变为副词时,直接加-y,如chilly,fully等;以辅音字母le结尾的形容词变为副词时,去-le加-ly,如ably,idly,simply等;以-ue结尾的形容词变为副词时,去-e加-ly,如truly等;以-ic结尾的形容词变为副词时,加-ally,如basically,heroically,tragically等。 有些副词有两种不同的形式,一种和形容词同形,另一种由形容词加后缀-ly构成,二者有时没有什么区别,如highhighly,slowslowly等。 副词除了常见的后缀-ly外,还有一些后缀,如:-wise, -ward (s), -ways等。有些副词带有前缀a-,如:abroad, ahead, around, aloud, alike, alone等。3根据功用分类 (1)句子副词,这类副词往往和整个句子具有松散的语法关系,而并非修饰某个动词。如: Surprisingly, the weather report on the evening before the storm said there would be strong winds, but not a hurricane令人惊奇的是,风暴发生之前的那天晚上,天气预报说将有强风,但没有飓风。 Worse still, it could even carry off the baby from its mouth 更为糟糕的是,狮子甚至有可能把婴儿叼走。类似的副词有:actually, by all (no) means, decidedly, evidently, generally, frankly, indeed, in my opinion, unexpectedly, no, now, obviously, yes, undoubtedly, luckily, seriously等。 (2)连接副词,用来连接句子、分句或从句,表示各种关系。表示结果,如:therefore因此,accordingly从而表示添补,如:besides此外,moreover再者表示对比,如:however不管怎样,nevertheless然而表示条件,如:otherwise否则表示时间,如:then然后,lastly最后 (3)解释副词,常用来举例或列举。如: as如,eg(for example)例如,for example例如,ie(that is)那就是 (4)关系副词,常用来引导定语从句,有when,where,why等。如: An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean河口是河流与海洋会合的水域。 Childhood is a time when we solidify our personalities童年是我们形成个性的时期。 This is the reason why he was late这就是他迟到的理由。 (5)缩合连接副词,由先行词和关系副词缩合而成,用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,有when (the time when),where (the place where),why (the reason why)。如: When it will be finished depends on the weather什么时候能完成要看天气。 I dont know where we are going to have this meeting 我不知道这个会放到哪里开。 That is why Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA in 1933 这就是为什么爱因斯坦和他的家属于1933年离开欧洲去美国的原因。带有-ever的副词如whenever (any time when),wherever (any place where),however (no matter how)常用来引导状语从句,表示“任何”、“不论”的意思。如; Whenever we found an unknown plant, we had to describe it in our notebooks我们无论什么时候发现一种不认识的植物,就记在笔记本上。 Sit wherever you like你随便坐哪里都行。 He will never succeed, however hard he tries 无论他如何努力尝试,他都不会成功。 (6)疑问副词,常用来引导特殊疑问句,有when,where,why,how。如: When do you take your next exam? 你什么时候参加下次考试? Why not buy some English tapes? 为什么不买些英语录音带呢? Where did you last have it? 你最后一次有这东西时是在什么地方呢? How are you getting on with your English lessons?你的英语课学得怎么样?(7)感叹副词。如: How well he looks!他看起来多么健康啊!三、副词在句中的用法1修饰动词Advertisements appear everywhere in modern society广告在现代社会无处不在。I havent read that book carefullyIve just only dipped into it我没有认真读过那本书,只是随便翻阅过。 2修饰形容词Training by yourself in a gym can be highly dangerous。你独自在体育馆训练是非常危险的。I think at the beginning wed rather have some fairly quiet and peaceful music我认为开始时我们应该来点稍微轻柔平和的音乐。 3修饰副词He worked out just how much the light would bend; he could also work out how far the stars would appear to have moved他把光的弯曲度计算了出来;他还能把星球看上去移动了的距离也计算出来。If the feeding place was toward the sun, the dancer headed straight upward during the straight part of the wagging dance如果喂食地点向着太阳,跳舞的蜜蜂在跳摆尾舞的直线部分就一直向上。 4修饰全句You are obviously a person of great courage显然你是个极有勇气的人。 Often, all we need is a good friend who will listen to us while we“talk things through”往往我们所需要的,不过是一位能倾听我们“畅叙衷肠”的好朋友。 Then it turned in a semicircle, ran straight again, and turned in another semicircle to the opposite side然后它转半个圈,再沿直线跑,在另一边又转半个圈。 5副词的其他用法Now the computer has touched the lives of everyone, even people in faraway villages现在计算机已经触及每个人的生活,甚至触及到遥远乡村人们的生活。(ever修饰名词people) The fire has been out for half an hour火已熄灭半小时了。(副词作表语) I went to see him only to find him out我去看他,不料他不在家。(副词作宾语补足语) Dont put off until tomorrow what should be done today今日事今日毕。(副词作介词宾语) I hope youll enjoy your stay here希望你在这里过得愉快。(副词作定语)四、副词的句法功能一. 作状语,各类副词的排列顺序一般为: 方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词He behaved well here yesterday.1. 作状语,修饰动词Dont drive so fast. 别开得这么快。 2. 作状语,修饰形容词Its a very interesting film. 这是一部很有趣的电影。 3. 作状语,修饰其他副词He speaks English quite fluently. 他英语说得很流利。 4. 作状语,修饰全句Perhaps he will come back later. 或许过一会儿他会回来二. 作表语I must be off. 我得走了。 三. 作主补He was seen out. 有人看到他出去了。 四. 作宾补We saw him out. 我们看到他出去了。 五. 作定语People here are very friendly. 这里的人们很友善。(副词作定语,应放在名词的后面。)五、比较等级:副词和形容词一样,也有它的比较级和最高级形式. 可以参考形容词的变换形式。但以词尾 -ly 结尾的副词(除 early )须用 more 和 most 。 hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earliest much more most warmly more warmly most warmly 单音节副词的比较级是在副词后面加上 -er 构成的,最高级是在副词后面加上 -est 构成的。 near nearer nearest hard harder hardest 多音节副词的比较级是在副词的前面加上 -more 构成的。 最高级是在副词前面加上 -most 构成的。 warmly more warmly most warmlysuccessfully more successfully most successfully 有些副词的比较级和最高级形式是不规则的。 well-better - best little - less - least Much- more - most badly - worse - worst far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest) 副词的比较级和最高级用法同形容词的比较级用法基本一样。 最高级形式句中 the 可以省略。 He works harder than I. 他比我工作努力。 Lucy gets up earlier than Lili. 露西比丽丽起床早。 He runs fastest in our class. 他在我们班跑地最快。 He dives deeper than his teammates. 他比他的队员潜水深。 Its true that he speak English more fluently than any of us. 他英语讲的确实比我们任何人都好。 Our school team play football best in our region. 我们校队在我们地区足球踢得最好的。副词比较级和最高级的形式副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样 一般 副词 hardharder hardest fastfaster fastest latelater latest earlyearlier earliest 特殊 副词 well better best much more most badly worse worst little less least 但是,开放类副词即以后缀ly结尾的副词不能像形容词那样加er或est,如: quickly more quickly most quickly quietly more quietly most quietly 注: early中的ly不是后缀,故可以把y变i再加er和est副词比较级和最高级的形式语法 Grammar in use形容词的比较级和最高级 (1)构成A 大多数单音节形容词的比较级和最高级的构成是在其原级后面加上-er和-est:small-smaller-smallestnew-newer-newestB 许多单音节形容词只有一个元音字母,其末尾为一辅音字母。在比较级和最高级形式中,这个辅音字母要双写:big-bigger-biggestthin-thinner-thinnestC 许多单音节形容词以-e结尾,如 nice。这些形容词只需在原级形式后加-r和-st:large-larger-largestnice-nicer-nicestD 有些形容词以-y结尾,而在-y前是一个辅音字母。这些形容词一般有两个音节。变为比较级和最高级时,-y要变成-i,末尾再加-er和-est:easy-easier-easiestheavy-heavier-heaviestE 但有少数形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记,如:good-better-bestbad-worse-worstF 大多数较长的形容词(即有两个以上音节的词)可与more连用构成其比较级形式,与most连用构成其最高级形式。比较级和最高级的基本用法原级比较的基本用法1. 原级比较由“as形容词或副词(或再加名词或短语)as ”构成“原级相同”比较句,表示两者比较;其否定式,即“程度不及”比较句型为“not so(as) 形容词或副词as”,而且asas结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite等表示程度的词修饰1) Walking briskly for thirty minutes will burn as many calories as .A to run for fifteen minutesB running for fifteen minutesC you run for fifteen minutesD fifteen?minute walking2) The gorilla(大猩猩), while A not quite as curious than B the chimpanzee(黑猩猩), shows more persistence C and memory retention(记忆力) in solving D a problem.3) Alaska is twice A as larger B as C the next largest D state, Texas.2. “as (so)名词as名词”进行名词比较,这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词,但如果第一名词前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语,应当用so而不用as4) Thomas Jeffersons achievements as an architect rival his contributions a politician.A suchB moreC asD than5) I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter. (88年考题)A thatB soC thisD as3. 表示“是几倍”时用“twice; three times等 + as 形容副词as.” eg. 1)This book costs twice as much as that one. 这本书的价钱是那本书的两倍。2)He has four times as many books as I have 他拥有的书是我拥有的四倍比较级1. 比较级由“形容词(副词)比较级than,”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加”。连词than后可接句子,也可接名词、代词、名词短语、介词短语、动词、动词不定式、?ING结构和?ED结构,有时也可省去than。6) Natural mica(云母) of A a superior B quality is cheapest C to obtain than synthetic D mica.7) She is older than .A any other girl in the groupB any girl in the groupC all girls in the groupD you and me as well as the group8) Josephine McCrackin joined A the “Santa Cruz Sentinel” in 1905 and, until her death fifteen years late B , remained C active in journalistic D work.2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致9) The purpose of the research had a more important meaning for them than .A oursB with usC for ours it hadD it did for us10) Sound travels air.A faster through water than through B faster than through water andC through water faster andD where it is faster through water than through11) Gerbrand von den Feckhout, one of Rembrands pupils, followed A the style of his teacher so implicitly that B his paintings C are sometimes confused with his master D .最高级1. 最高级用于三者以上比较,形容词的结构形式是“定冠词形容词最高级名词表示范围的短语或从句”(如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place等)12) The more A fearsome of all the B animals in C the Western D Hemisphere is the grizzly bear.13) Of all economic A problems, inflation continues to be B a C most significant in its daily impact on D people and business.14) , the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction.A All the activitiesB The activitiesC Of all the activitiesD It is the activities2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级可以不用定冠词the例题解析1) B为正确答案。2) B错。改为 as ,和前面的as和形容词原形curious 一起构成同程度比较。3) B错。 改为as large。4) C对。动词rival(胜过、匹敌)前后是两个相比较的成分achievements(成果)和 contributions(贡献),由于前面的名词后出现了短语 as an architect,故空白处也应用as,使前后对比成分一致。5) B为正确答案。6) C错。应改为比较级cheaper。比较级后并不一定跟接连词than,有时在其间有名词或名词短语(被形容词所修饰),介词短语,不定式或其他成分隔开。7) A为正确答案。“She”作为单个不能跟全组比(C和D不对),也不能跟全组所有相比,因为“她”也是其中一员,自然“她”不能跟自己相比。这里“She”比较的是“这组中的任何一个”,所以A对。8) B错。应改为比较级later,因此处实为与1905年相比晚15年,故应使用比较级。9) D为正确答案。10) A为正确答案。11) D错。 改为his masters。12) A错。 改为most。13) C错。改为the, significant是多音节形容词,在此处应用最高级形式(在前面加 the most),注意句中的“of all ”。14) C为正确答案。本句空白处缺状语,A和B全为名词短语,不符合条件;D为句子,和空白后面的句子没有任何联系,故亦应排除。只有C正确,和后面的最高级the most familiar前后呼应。特殊表达法一、形容词与副词的同级比较: 由“as(so)as”引出,其否定式为“not so”或“not asas”,考生还应注意下列含有“as”结构或短语的句子1. as such:表示上文所指明的事或人He is a child,and must be treated as such. 他是个孩子,必须被当作孩子对待。2. as much:表示“与同量”Take as much as you like. 拿多少都行。I would gladly have pa
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