过程装备专业英语考试复习资料.doc

Couple 力偶 Fundanmental 基础的 Negligible 可以忽略的 Moment力矩，力偶 Equilibrium 平衡 Preceding 以前的 Pulley 滑轮，皮带轮 Relegate 归类，委托 Component 分力，分量 Scalar 纯量，标量Truss 桁架，构架 Unknowingly 无意中，不知不觉的 Lowercase 小写的 Visualize 想象，设想 Patently 明白的Perpendicular 垂直的 Vector 矢量，向量 Squash 压缩，压碎 Tangential 切线的，切向 Subscript 下标，脚注Nonetheless 尽管如此 Abbreviate 缩写，简写 Membrane 薄膜，隔板 Revolution 回转，旋转 Cylindrical 圆柱的筒形 Conical 圆锥形的 Hemispherical 半球的 Ellipsoidal 椭圆形的 Torispherical 准球形的 Induce 引起，导致Symmetric 对称的，平均 Curvature 弯曲，曲率 Resist 抵抗，耐得住 Equate 立方程式，使。等于 Meridional 径向的Substitution 代入 Alloy 合金， Crystal 结晶，晶体 Aggregate 集合，集合体 Electrostatic 静电的Conductor 导体，指挥 Wrought 精致的，可锻的 Cast 浇铸，铸件 Ferrous 含铁的 Nonferrous 不含铁的Intake 吸入，入口 Air-intake 空气入口 Manifold 集气管，多样的 Refractory 难溶的耐火的 stock原料，库存specimen试件，试样 appropriate适当的合适的 gauge测量仪器，标距 yield屈服，产出 transverse横（向，截）的sketch草图，画草图 friction摩擦，摩擦力 destructive破坏性的有害的 indentation压痕，凹痕 level-off整平，恢复水平endurance耐久性 hign-stress low-cycle fatigue高应力低周疲劳 disparate根本不同的 phenomenom现象，征兆 impact碰撞，冲击notch切口，缺口，开槽口 pendulum摆，摆锤 diffusion扩散，发散 elevate提升，抬高 turbine涡轮机rupture断裂，破损 crack破裂，裂缝，裂解 propagate扩展，扩张 anisotropy各向异性现象 longitudinal纵向的径向的anneal退火，韧化 normalize正常化，正火 refine精制，提炼 temper回火，使缓和 machinability机械加工性能coarse粗粒的，未加工的， martensite马氏体，马丁体 hypoeutectoid亚共析的 hypereutectoid过共析的 homogenize均匀化thermochemical 热化学的interrelate 互相有关，互相联系constituent 构成的，组成的，成分，要素simplfy 简化，使单纯vessel 容器，槽，罐，船只leakproof 不漏的，防漏的gage 量测仪器，尺度monoblock 整体的单层的code 规范，标准discontinuity 不连续，不均匀transition 过度，转折flange 法兰，凸缘，折边，安装凸缘gasoline 汽油hemispherical 半球形的clad 覆层titanium 钛dish 碟，盘，碟形使成碟形segmental 部分的分片gore 三角地带torispherical 准球形的contour 轮廓，等高线，使与轮廓相符knuckle 转向节万向接头reinforce 加强，补充toriconical 准锥形lixiviate浸出，析出，precipitate使沉淀，析出，沉淀物crystallize结晶，晶化electrolyze使电解（电离）impose发生影响将。强加于quote引用，引证designate指明，指定，表示humidification增湿作用湿润sedimentation沉积沉淀agitation搅拌，搅匀，搅动centrifugation离心作用，分离terminology术语，词汇volatile挥发性的，易挥发的solute溶质，溶解物solvent溶剂，基本组成extraction萃取，提炼leaching浸取，浸提semipermeable半渗透的immiscible不互溶的settling沉降，沉淀Succession 系列，顺序进行，依次Purification净化，提纯Inconsequential 无关紧要的，微不足道的optimum 最优，最有利的invariably 一定，必定，不变的，永恒的endothermic 吸热的，吸热反应的estimable 可估价的，估计的mole 摩尔momentum动量，冲量diffusion扩散，分散，传播compressor压缩机压气机reactor反应器，反应物coefficient系数parameter参量，参数dimensionless无量纲的，无尺寸的tubular管的，筒形的similarity相似性，类似analogy类似，相似（性）whereby由此，从而，靠nomenclature术语，专门用语differential微分的差别humidifier增湿器加湿器fractionater分馏器分馏塔pollutant污染物，三不污染者，empirical根据经验的，实际上的homogeneous同类的 ，均匀的，concentration浓度浓缩，聚集obsolete已废弃的过时的reaactant组分，成分，反应物sequence序列，连续versatility通用性，多面性originate起源于，由。引起coordinate使协调使同等，坐标pulverize磨碎，粉碎roast煅烧，烘烤reverse颠倒，反转，回动 unhindered不受阻碍的 precipitation沉淀作用，沉积，析出 facility 设备，装备 presentation 表示，展示hopper 漏斗unstayed 未加固的无支撑的manway 人孔handhole 受控skirt 裙座anchor 锚，钩子anchor bolt 地脚螺栓saddle 马鞍，鞍座installation 安装，装置earthquake 地震erection 竖立，安装petrochemical石油化工的degradation 降级，退化substitution 代替，取代prevalent 普遍的，流行的assembly 组合，装配assurance 确信保证，保险adverse 不利的，有害的，敌对的radiography 射线照相，X光探伤encounter 遭遇，碰到jurisdiction 权限，管辖权erosion 腐蚀，冲刷lethal 致命的，致死的sustained 持续的,不衰减的transient 瞬态的，过渡encompass 包裹，包含bulk 大多数大体积大量thermodynamics热力学predominantly 主要的突出的kinetics动力学accessory附件，辅助设备inconceivable不可想象的descriptive描述性的，说明的cybernetics控制论encyclopedia百科全书forge向前迈进迎头赶上generalization通则，归纳subject-matter主题，要点mesoscale中间尺度microscope微观尺度macroscale宏观尺度dynamics动力学动态特性continuum连续介质insight见识，理解synthesis合成，综合optimization最优化,优选法integrate使结合，使一体化combustion燃烧，氧化composite合成的，复合的rigorously严格的，严厉的conceive想出，想象systematic有系统的成系统的assumption 假设，设想前提whatsoever 无论什么engender 产生lavish 浪费，滥用telescopic 套管式的chatter 颤动reflection 沉思orifice 口，孔口resonant 共振的lock 水闸evolution 进化，发展encase 包住，把。装入箱overflow 使溢出，溢出servomechanism伺服机构variant 变体异体，变型advent 来到，来临exotic 外来的，由外国引进的，外来物reasoning 推论，推理logarithmic 对数的circa 大约在automaton 自动机器人unostentatious 朴素的，不虚饰的adjunct 附属的，附件limb 四肢corkscrew 螺旋状的clog 阻塞debris 碎片inducement 诱因，吸引力，刺激物bucket 桶，吊桶，挖斗trench 渠multiple 许多的diffuser 扩散器，扩压器vane 叶轮，叶volute 蜗壳prime 最初的，灌注specification技术要求，详细说明，说明书certification 证明，确认鉴定margin 差距，边界mode 形式，状态，振型criterion 判据，准则指标cavitation 气蚀，汽蚀circulate 循环aerate 曝气，充气，使暴露于空气fountain 水源，喷泉sump 污水坑，水坑foundation 基础suction 吸，吸入Cancel out 相约，相消 Statically determinate 静定的 2-in-square 2平方英尺 Pounds per square inch 榜/平方英尺 SI=system international unit 国际单位制 Sodium chloride 氯化钠 Sodium nitrate 硝化钠 heat exchanger热交换器in common共用，共同 more often than not 常常，通常，多半 Cast iron 铸铁 Wrought iron 可锻铸铁 Ferrous metals 黑色金属，铁合金 Nonferrous metals有色金属 Vade mecum手册 gage pressure 表压percentage elongation to fracture断裂延伸率 anchor bolt地脚螺栓 Reduction of ross-sectional area at fracture断裂截面收缩率 youngs modulus of elasticity杨氏弹性模量 Brinell Hardness Number布氏硬度值 Vickers Hardness Number韦氏硬度值 Rockell Hardness Number洛氏硬度值Positive-displacement pump 容积泵 centrifugal pump 离心泵 Lift pump 抽扬泵 screw pump螺杆泵 Reciprocating pump往复泵 check value止回阀 Jet pump 射流泵 1。In this section, we shall consider the conditions that the forces and couples acting upon a body must satisfy in order for it to be in equilibrium.在这一部分，我们将研究为了使一个物体保持平衡，作用在其上的力和力偶所满足的条件 。 2。In particular，these results apply to bodies of finite extent , since such bodies can be thought of as consisting of a large number of very small pieces, or particles. 特别是，这些结果也适用于有限尺寸的物体，因为这样的物体可认为是大量的微体或质点组成。3. It is important to note that Eqs. (1.1) hold for any system in equilibrium, regardless of the material of which it is comprised.重要的是要注意到，方程式（1.1）适用于任何平衡系统，而不管组成该系统的物质是什么。 4. They also apply to moving systems under certain conditions , since Newtons first law ,upon which they are based, applies to particles moving with constant velocity as well as to particles at rest . 在某种条件下，他们也适用于动力系统，因为他们是建立在牛顿第一定律的基础上，而牛顿第一定律既适用与匀速运动的质点，也适合于静止的质点5. The force was found by passing a cutting plane through the member and is , therefore , and internal load.该力是利用穿过杆件的横截面求得的，因此叫做内力或内载荷。6. Becoming used to it now will make later work more convenient .现在习惯用它将使后面的工作更方便。7. A shell of revolution is the form swept out by a line or curve rotated about an axis(a solid of revolution is formed by rotating an area about an axis).回转壳是由一条直线绕过一根轴旋转形成的曲面（回转体是由一个面绕一轴线旋转而成的）8. The analysis of the membrane stresses induced in shells of revolution by internal pressure gives a basis for determining the minimum wall thickness required for vessel shells. 对受内压回转壳的薄膜应力分析为确定容器壳体最小壁厚奠定基础。9. About three-quarters of the elements available can be classified as metals, and about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial importance.大约现在元素四分之三可归于金属，而大约一半的金属都有一定的工业或商业的重要性。10. Individual crystals are composed of unit cells repeated in a regular pattern to form a three-dimensional crystal-lattice structure.单个晶体是由单元颗粒按有规则模式重复而形成的三维晶格。11. A piece of metal is an aggregate of many thousands of interlocking crystals immersed in a cloud of negative valence electrons detached from the crystals atoms.一块金属是成千上万相连晶粒的集合体，而这些晶粒沉侵在从晶体原子中脱离出来的带负电的价电子云。12. The bonding forces ,being large because of the close-packed nature of metallic crystal structures, account for the generally good mechanical properties of metals. 由于金属结晶结构致密本质导致的这种很大的结合力是造成金属一般都具有良好的机械性质的原因。 13 It is predominantly based on mechanical forces which are used to change the appearance and/or physical properties of the materials being worked, while their chemical properties are left unchanged.它（指机械工程）主要以机械力为基础，这些力用于改变被加工材料的表面形状和（或）物理性质，而材料的化学性质则保持不变。14 The expansion of the chemical process industries on the one hand advances in the chemical and technical sciences and on the other hand have made it possible to lay theoretical foundations for chemical processing.化学过程工业的发展，一方面使化学和技术科学向前发展，另一方面可为化学加工工艺奠定理论基础。15 The traditional level of size and complexity at which they have worked on these problems might be termed the mesoscale.化学工程师所研究问题的传统范围，从复杂和规模上来讲，也许都可以称之为是中等尺度的问题。16 Future research at the mesoscale will be increasingly supplemented by dimensions the microscope and the dimensions of extremely complex systemsthe macroscale.未来的中等尺度研究将越来越多地由微观尺度的研究和极端复杂系统的宏观尺度的研究来补充。17 It is also distinguished from fluid mechanics in that the study of transport phenomena makes use of the similarities between the equations used to describe the processes of heat ,mass,and momentum transport. 该学科（指传递现象）不同于流体力学之处还在于传递现象的研究利用了传热、传质和动量传递方程之间的相似性。18 Moreover, if the differential equations and boundary conditions are the same ,a solution need be obtained for only one of the processes since by changing the nomenclature that solution can be used to obtain the solution for any other transport process.而且，如果微分方程和边界条件都相同，则仅需要对其中一个（传递）过程求解，因为通过改变名称，该解可用作任何其他传递过程的解。19 It is important that engineers have an understanding of the physical laws governing these transport processes if they are to understand what is taking place in engineering equipment and make wise decisions with regard to its economical operation.如果工程师想要了解在工程装备中所发生的情况，并就操作的经济性做出明智的决策，那么他们应该对控制这些传递过程的物理定律有所了解，这一点很重要。20 For example , consider a simple heat exchanger ,i.e., a pipe used to heat a fluid by maintaining its wall at a higher temperature than that of the fluid flowing through it.例如，考察一个简单的换热器，即一根管子，通过保持其壁温高于流过管内的流体温度，即可加热流体。21 The fluid enters with a certain concentration of reactant and leaves the tube with a decreased concentration of reactant and an increased concentration of product.流体以某种反应物浓度进入管子，而以减小了的反应物浓度和提高了的产品浓度排出管子。22 The versatility of chemical engineering originates in training to the practice of breaking up a complex process into individual physical steps, called unit operations, and into the chemical reactions.把复杂的工艺过程分解成单个的物理过程（即单元操作）和多种化学反应过程的实践，导致了化学工程的通用性。23 The complexity of chemical engineering results from the variety of conditions as to temperature,pressure, etc., under which the unit actions must be carried out in different processes and from the limitations as to materials of construction and design of apparatus imposed by the physical and chemical character of the reacting substances.化学工程的复杂性源于各种条件如温度、压力等的多样性。由于条件的变化，单元作用就必须在不同的过程中完成。同时化学工程的复杂性还受到由反应物的物理及化学性质所决定的结构材料和设备设计的影响。24 Every industrial chemical process is designed to produce economically a desired product from a variety of starting materials through a succession of treatment steps.每一个工业化工过程的设计都是从各种原材料出发，经过一系列的生产加工歩骤，来经济地生产出期望的产品。25 One design may have low reactor cost , but the materials leaving the unit may be such that their treatment requires much higher cost than alternative designs.也许一种设计方案中的反应器费用并不算高，但从反应器出来的物料后处理费用可能远高于另一些反应器设计方案中的处理费用。26 The design of chemical reactors is probably the one activity which is unique to chemical engineering, and it is probable this function more than anything else which justifies the existence of chemical engineering as a distinct branch of engineering.化学反应器的设计也许是一种只有化学工程领域才涉及的工作。并且可能正是因为这种功能才奠定了化学工程作为工程领域的一个特殊分支而存在的合理性。27 The first question concerns thermodynamics , the second the various rate processes chemical kinetics , heat transfer, etc .第一个问题与热力学有关，第二个问题则与各种速率过程，例如化学动力学及传热学等有关。1.Some are buried in ground or deep in the ocean ;most are positioned on the ground or supported on platforms; and some actually are found in storage tanks and hydraulic units in aircraft.某种（压力容器）是埋在地下或海洋深处，多数是安放在地上或支撑在平台上，还有一些实际上在航天飞行器中的储槽和液压装置中。2. Because hemispherical heads are thinner are thinner than cylindrical shells to which they are attached, the transition area between the heads and shell must be contoured so as to minimize the effect of discontinuity stress. 由于半球形封头比与之相连接的圆柱形壳体要薄，因此，封头与壳体之间的过渡区域逐渐变化，以减小不连续应力的影响。3.Thus, because the required thickness in areas away from the knuckle region is less than the furnished thickness , the excess can be advantageously used in reinforcing nozzles in the areas . 要的厚度小于封头的实际厚度，这样，多余的部分就可以用这些区域内的接管补强。4. For those vessels that will operate