考研英语逻辑关系词代词和文章结构词.doc

1.五类逻辑关系（前三类常考为核心，后二类为非核心）：第一类逻辑关系词：转折，让步，对比（本质：不一致）(1). 转折，对比：however, but, nonetheless, nevertheless, yet*, though*, whereas*, while*, still*（但是）, conversely, contrarily, contrary to, to the contrary, on the contrary, by contrast, in contrast, in comparison（相反地）, compared with (与相比), unlike（不像）, excluding, save, except, except that, except for, other than, barring*, aside from*, apart from*（不包括）(2). 让步：even if, even though, despite, in spite of, granted that, granting that, albeit, notwithstanding, although, though*, whereas*, while*（尽管）, (but) even so, (but) even now, (but) even then（尽管如此）, regardless of, irrespective of, regardless, even*（即使）(3). 转折，让步，对比：while*（尽管，然而）(4). 对比：instead, instead of, rather than, prefer to（与其做不如做）, eitheror（或者或者）, neithernor（既不也不）, other, another（其它）, some,others（一些另一些）; somemost（一些大部分）;somethe remaining(一些剩余的); the formerthe latter（前者后者）; on （the）one handon the other hand; on (the) one sideon the other side（一方面另一方面）; someothersstill others（一些另一些再一些）; against (相对)类逻辑词：no, not, without, hardly, rarely, seldom, barely, scarcely, less（否定功能）, stop, cease（停止）, firstly, at first, previously（曾经）, in effect, in fact, as a matter of fact, actually(其实), oppose, against（反对）, comparison, contrast（对比）, interestingly（有趣的是）, ironically（讽刺的是）, (un)fortunately（不幸的是）, than(比较级), anyway, anyhow（无论如何，不顾）,第二类逻辑关系词：并列，递进，举例（本质：一致）并列：and（和）, or（或者）, also, as well as, as well, too（也）, equally, similarly, alike, likewise, similar to（与相似）, consistent with, parallel with（与一致）, aside from*, apart from*, besides, including（包括）, still*（仍然）, according to(根据), as*, like*, as if, as though（像，如）, the way（按的方式）, as usual（像通常那样）递进：furthermore, moreover, additionally, in addition, in addition to, whats more（并且）, above all（最重要的是）, indeed（的确）, even*（甚至）, not onlybut (also)not simplybut (also)（不仅而且）, more importantly, more significantly(更重要的是), still*, yet*, even*（更 ，后加比较级）举例总分：for example, for instance, such as, like*（例如）, of, among, in, between（在这些当中）举例分总：on the whole, in short, in brief, in conclusion, in summary, in a word, in a nutshell, to conclude, to sum up, all in all, generally, in general, overall, over all（总而言之）, eventually, finally, lastly, at last（最终）举例的分： firstly, at first, first and foremost, in the first place, to begin with, to start with（第一）, secondly, in the second place, in the meanwhile*, meanwhile*, simultaneously* (与此同时) , then*（然后）, 递进词（第二）, thirdly（第三）类逻辑词：并列：“,”, “;” , “” , “()” , namely, viz., that is, or rather, in other words, put another way(即), this/it mean, this/it refer to, this/it signify, this/it suggest, this/it imply, this/it indicate, this/it conveys, this/it infer, this/it demonstrate, this/it show, this/it illustrate, this/it display, this/ it manifest, this/ it depict, this/it boil down to(这意味着, 这指的是), call sth. sth., regard sth. sth. (宾语补足语), 同位语, 同位语从句, same(相同), again, once more(再次), still*(仍然,用于肯定句), yet*(仍然,用于否定句), continue(继续),be动词(是), at the least(至少), at the most(至多), be regarded as, be considered as, be believed as, be envisioned as(被看作)举例：“:”, e.g., include, including（包括）, 数词+名词, all these（所有这些）, conclusion, summary（总结）第三类逻辑关系词：原因，结果，目的（本质：因果）原因：because, as*, for*, given, considering, now that, in that, since*, because of, on the ground of, in view of, in (the) light of, by virtue of, as a result of, as a consequence of, on account of, due to, owing to, thanks to（因为）, after all（毕竟）, for fear of/that, lest(由于害怕, 唯恐)结果：therefore, so, hence, thus, accordingly(因此), consequently, in consequence, as a result, thereby（结果是）, sothat, suchthat（如此以至于）目的：for*, so that, such that, in order to, so as to(为了), in case*（以防）, to(为了)提示词：explanation(n.), explain(v.), account for(解释）, justify, prove(证明), reason(n.), cause(n.v.), account（原因）problem(问题), causal(adj.), resulting(adj.)（结果的）, influence(n.), implication effect(n.)(影响）, consequence(n.), result(n.)(结果), why(为什么), result from(导致于), root in, originate from, launched by, follow(来源于), raise, incur, arouse, affect, result in, bring about, lead to(导致), provoke, spur, urge, force, drive, stir, prompt(刺激,激起), make(使得), attribute A to B, owe A to B（把A归因于B）, A be put down to B（A被归因于B）, A be in response to B, A as a reaction to B(A是B的反应), the problem of A(A的问题在于), by(通过手段), to(为了)第四类逻辑关系词：时间（本质：时间）时间：after(在后), thereafter(此后), before(在前), between, during(在间), later(后来), by, until(直到), in the meanwhile*, meanwhile*, simultaneously* (与此同时), since, ever since, ever after(自从), even as(正当时候), whenever(每当), then*(然后，那时), as*, while*, when*, whilst, once(当), henceforth, from now on(从今以后), until now, hitherto, so far, to date(至今为止)第五类逻辑关系词：条件（本质：条件）条件：unless, barring*, otherwise, or else(除非), when*, in case*, in case of(在情况下), on condition that, as long as, so long as，providing, provided, suppose, supposing, if(如果), only if(只有当), if only(如果是就好了)- 有一个以上功能的词：even; after all; still; yet; for; in case; aside from; apart from; while; as; like; since; barring; in the meanwhile; meanwhile; then; since; when; whereas, simultaneously 易混淆的词：sothat(结果)/so that(目的); suchthat(结果)/such that(目的); accordingly(结果)/according to(并列); only if/if only(条件)/even if/even though(让步)/as if/as though(并列); in case(条件，目的)/in case of(条件); though(让步，转折)/although(让步)2. 代词第一类：he(him, his, his), she(her, her, hers), it(it, its, its), they(them, their, theirs)第二类：this, that, these, those第三类：the former, the latter第四类：other, another, else第五类：so, such第六类：then第七类：some, a few, a little, many, much, somethi