影响花生产量的气象学因素及对策.doc

/ / / / 影响花生产量的气象学因素及对策花生是我国主要的油料经济作物之一，山东省是花生生产大省，年总产300万t，占全国的1/4；667 m2均产量250 kg，比全国高近50 kg；出口量占全国的70以上。全省常年种植面积86.67万hm2，仅次于河南省。山东省新泰市是我省花生重点生产地区,又是当地重要的农业经济作物,本文在田间农业气象试验研究的基础之上,对影响花生生育期的气象因子进行了分析,阐述了天气花生间的关系,并对提高花生产量,更好地开展农业气象服务,防灾减灾,促进农业高质高产提出相应气象服务对策。Peanut is one of the main oil crops in our country, in shandong province is the largest peanut production, annual output of 3 million t, make up about a quarter of the country; 667 m2 production 250 kg, higher than the national nearly 50 kg; More than 70% of the exports of the country. The province perennial plant area of 866700 hm2, second only to the henan province. In xintai city in shandong province is the key production of peanut in our region, it is important to the local agricultural economy crops, this paper on the basis of field experiment of agrometeorological research and meteorological factors of affecting peanut growth period was analyzed, and expounds the relationship between weather - peanuts, and to improve the peanut production, better carry out the agriculture meteorological services, disaster prevention and mitigation, promoting agricultural high quality high yield, put forward corresponding countermeasures of meteorological service. 1 花生各生长期的所需的基本气象条件1 peanut required at each stage, the basic meteorological conditions 1.1 热量条件 花生原产于热带丘陵山区的河谷地带，是一种喜温、较耐旱、怕涝的一年生豆科作物。生长季节要求平均气温20.0以上，但因品种不同对热量条件的要求也不完全一致1。一般晚熟花生要求温度较高，全生育期需积温3 300.03 600.0，生育期150180 d；中熟种需积温2 850.03 100.0，生育期130160 d；早熟种需积温2 700.03 000.0，生育期130 d以下。1.1 peanut is native to the tropical heat condition hilly mountain river valley, is a kind of thermophilic, drought-tolerant, afraid of waterlogging annual leguminous crops. Growing season requires more than the average temperature of 20.0 , but because of the variety of heat condition requirements is not entirely consistent 1. Generally late peanut high temperature required, should be in the whole stages 3 300.0 3 600.0 accumulated temperature, growth period of 150 180 d; Cooked in 850.0 and 850.0 need to accumulated temperature of 2 3 , the growth period of 130 160 d; Precocious species need 2 700.0 3 000.0 accumulated temperature, growth period under 130 d. 1.2 水分条件 花生的生长发育对水分的需求量较大，一般每生产1 kg干物质需耗水450 kg以上，667 m2产250 kg花生，全生育期耗水量约为300 m3。花生在整个生育过程中，随气温的升高水量逐渐增多，到花期达最大值，以后逐渐减少。总的趋势是两头少，中间多。但是由于年际间的变化和花生生育期间降水分布的不均衡，花生的需水关键期水分还未全部满足。1.2 moisture conditions peanut growth and development of water demand is bigger, average water consumption per 1 kg of dry matter production more than 450 kg, 667 m2, to produce 250 kg of peanut, water consumption is about 300 m3 in the whole stages. Peanuts in the entire process of birth, along with the temperatures of water gradually increased, to the flowering of maximum value, gradually reduce in the future. The general trend is small at both ends, the middle more. But due to the change between the interannual and unbalanced distribution of precipitation during birth, peanut peanut the critical period of water requirement of all moisture has not yet satisfied. 1.3 花生全生育期的光照条件 光照是花生生长发育的能源，是花生生育期的主要气象因素之一。花生在苗期对光照反应虽很敏感，但由于此期植株个体较小，一般年份，雨量稀少，所以光照能满足需要。在结荚饱果期，叶片逐渐衰退，光照充足，开花多而集中；光照不足开花量显著减少。一般此阶段每天要求有8.010.0 h的光照。产量与光照的关系是正相关关系。但由于气候变化的原因,造成花生产量忽高忽低,花生的品质也受到不同程度的影响。有关气象条件变化或气候异常对花生生长发育及产量的影响关系复杂。1.3 peanut lighting lighting is peanut growth and development in the whole stages of energy, is one of the main meteorological factors peanut growth period. Peanuts at seedling stage responded to light is very sensitive, but as a result of this period the plant individual small, average year, rainfall scarce, so the light can satisfy the need. In podding full fruiting, blade gradually recession, sufficient sunlight, flowering and more centralized; Insufficient light flower quantity significantly reduced. This stage generally requires 8.0 10.0 h in the light every day. Production and light is a positive correlation relationship. But due to climate change, causing the peanut yield high and low, the quality of the peanut is also affected by varying degrees. On meteorological conditions change or climate anomaly on peanut growth and yield influence relationship is complex. 2 影响花生产量的气象因素2 meteorological factors which influence the production of peanuts 2.1 平均积温 据新泰市30年气象历史资料统计：20.0的年平均积温3 028.8，年平均积温时间为125 d （5月18/日-9月19日），满足早、中、晚熟各品种对热量的要求。2.1 average accumulated temperature according to the meteorological history statistics: xintai city 30 years average annual accumulated temperature of 20.0 or 028.8 3 , the average annual accumulated temperature for 125 d (May 18 / day - 19 September), meet the early, middle and late each type of caloric requirements. 2.2 平均日照时间 新泰地区此期间平均日照时间为 6.7 h，多数年份不能满足要求，因此，此期间光照不足，是影响花生产量的重要因素之一。光照对花生花粉发芽力也有一定的影响，特别是在盛花期，对花生花粉发芽力影响较大，在温度和湿度正常的情况下，日照时间少，花粉发芽率明显降低。2.2 average sunshine time xintai area average sunshine time was 6.7 h during this time, most of the year cant meet the requirements, therefore, this period illumination is insufficient, is one of the important factors which influence the production of peanuts. Light is have certain effect on peanut pollen germination force, especially in full bloom, to peanut pollen germination force influence is bigger, in under the condition of normal temperature and humidity, sunshine time is little, the pollen germination rate is decreased obviously. 2.3洪涝 4-5月是新泰春雨季节,降水强度不高,气候多变,往往连续出现阴雨低温。7-8月是全年降水高峰期，降雨时间长、范围广、强度大，降水相对变率低，造成洪涝灾害。雨水过多、过强常造成土地受淹。雨期长、雨量大、光照弱,影响花生开花坐果和结荚。根据新泰市的农业发展的现状，为进一步做好农气服务水平，主要加强了以下几个方面的工作，使其逐渐构建农业气象服务体系。2.3 flood xintai is 4-5 month rain season, precipitation intensity is not high, climate changeable, often appear continuous overcast and rainy at low temperature. July and August is the peak rainfall, rainfall time is long, wide scope, intensity, precipitation relative change rate is low, causing floods. Too strong, too much rain caused flooding in the land. Often Rain period long, rainfall is large, light is weak, flowering and podding fruit while influence of peanuts. According to the present situation of xintai citys agricultural development for further agricultural gas service level, mainly to strengthen the following aspects of work, make its gradually build the agrometeorological service system. 3 针对花生生产的农气服务体系3 for peanut production of agricultural service system 1）充分利用好基础气象资料，及时准确的将气象信息资料传达到农民的手中。广播、电视、手机短信平台、网络等传播平台进行及时有效的发布，指导农事。例如：当花生播种期 需当5厘米的地温达15.0时，即开始播种，在新泰一般在5月上旬，花生覆膜种植最佳播期为4月下旬。我们将以农民易于接受的方式及时发布到农民手中。2）建立和完善农业气象灾害监测预警系统。要充分利用现代科学技术，用信息技术实现气象灾害预警系统的科学化和系统化，建立一套完善的农业气象灾害预警系统。对影响花生产量的几个重点时期进行重点观测，加强针对性。在充分发挥政府部门在农业气象灾害救助工作中主导作用的同时，还要注重商业保险，通过商业保险建立起一种社会互助的经济保障体系。商业保险不但可以适应灾害发生的不确定性，而且还能协调各地区之间发展的不平衡性，同时，能更好地集中全社会力量对灾害损失进行补救，使农业气象灾害造成的经济损失得以弥补。然而，农民对农业气象灾害的保障认识程度还不够高，因此，政府应在加大对受灾农户补偿力度的同时，还应采取宣传、讲解等措施，提高农户购买商业保险的意识。锅炉配件除了政府政策性基本保障及商业保险的大力协助外，农业气象灾害救助还可以通过社会捐助、个人积累保障等措施扩充救灾资金，进而完善农业气象灾害的社会保障体系。3）加强农气的中长期预报能力的建设。依托科技进步，不断提高天气预报准确率和重大灾害性天气预和预警的能力；依托社会的电视、广播和通讯科技发展能力和现代通讯技术，把针对广大农民和农业生产的实用气象信息无缝隙的及时送到农民的手中。通过信息加工系统，再借助有专业素质分析能力的专家队伍，对收集到的部分农业气象灾害信息及时、高效地进行甄别、整理、分析、加工，分类建立农业气象灾害的资料档案，政府的相关部门再进行分析预测，提出相应的规避风险的预警对策；预警信息的监测需要借助一定的媒介定期或不定期地向农业部门和农民进行发布，让农民第一时间了解农业气象灾害的情况，还要加大力度建立农业气象灾害信息接收系统，向市、县及乡镇部门传达信息，建立气象灾害信息服务网络2。4）构建农业减灾的教育宣传体系建设。实现防灾减灾的首要措施是要提高防灾减灾的意识。防灾减灾意识受社会意识、生产力发展水平、政策规范导向、灾害文化背景、官员主体素质、农民主体素质等因素制约，防灾减灾意识不是单纯的一个意识，而是灾害意识、忧患意识、参与意识的一个综合体，只有经过长期艰苦的努力才能得以提高。农民可以通过报纸、杂志、电视新闻媒体等多种渠道了解防灾减灾知识，提高对灾害的认识程度，充分利用现代科学技术了解防灾减灾应采取的措施。从长远利益和全局利益出发，政府部门要提高防灾减灾意识，对灾减灾作出正确的决策选择，同时，政府部门还要充分利用学校教育这一途径，加强对农业气象灾害预防和控制知识的普及，让孩子从小就对农业气象灾害有所了解，提高孩子的减灾防灾意识。5）着力加强农业气象预报服务工作，积极开展农业气候年景预测和预估技术研究，积极支持针对设施农业和特色农业的气象服务技术方法研究，进一步增加农业气象服务信息。6）进一步增加对农业气象科研 、塑料土工格栅技术开发和服务的投入 ，市 、区二级气象部门农业气象科研和服务人员要经常走出去，深入农业生产第一线，根据天气变化适时指导农民利用气象信息和技术，进一步加强气象科学普及工作，让农民了解气象，让气象走进农村，服务农民，切实做好农业气象服务工作。7）依托“3S”等高新技术，完成细网格各地 （特别是山区 ）的气候资源分布调查和农业气候区划，让农村基层的干部，农业技术人员和广大农民及时了解本地的气候资源分布情况，以利于各地农业种植结构把积极开展人工增雨和防雹工作作为建设社会主义新农村的重要举措，认真组织作业，政府部门应当不定期组织对当地人工增雨和防雹的效益进行科学评估。8）气象部门应当在重大气象灾害发生前，通过各种媒体及时向社会发布预警信息，特别是向订制气象手机短信的农民用户及时发布对农业生产有影响的气象信息。9）防灾减灾是各级政府的职责，在那些条件较差的山区行政村（特别是自然村）政府部门应当安装必要的广播装置，要及时把气象预警预报信息通过电话等方式通知给村委会，由村干部负责，及时通过大喇叭广播的形式把气象预警、预报信息通知到每一个农民家庭，使广大农民群众对突发的气象灾害提前做好预防，起重机配件把气象灾害造成的生命和财产损失降到最低限度。1) make full use of good basic meteorological data, timely and accurate meteorological information to convey to the farmers. Radio, television, mobile phone short message platform, network transmission platform to release timely and effective guidance of farming. For example: when the peanut sowing time need when 5 cm of the ground temperature of 15.0 , which began to sow, in xintai in early may, the coated peanut planting the best sowing date for late April. We will be released in a timely manner in a way that is easy to accept by farmers to farmers. 2) establishing and perfecting agricultural meteorological disaster monitoring and early warning system. Should make full use of modern science and technology, using information technology to realize the scientific and systematic meteorological disaster warning system, establishing a perfect agricultural meteorological disaster warning system. To influence the production of peanuts, a few key key observation period, strengthen the pertinence. In government departments into full play leading role in agricultural meteorological disaster relief work at the same time, also pay attention to the commercial insurance, through the commercial insurance to establish a kind of social mutual economic security system. Commercial insurance can not only adapt to the uncertainty of disasters, but also can coordinate of the imbalance in development between regions, at the same time, better able to concentrate all social forces to remedy of disaster losses, make the agricultural meteorological disasters caused economic losses to make up for. Farmers for agricultural meteorological disasters, however, the high security awareness is not enough, therefore, the government should increase the strength of the compensation for the affected farmers at the same time, also publicity and interpretation of the measures should be taken to improve the awareness of farmers to buy commercial insurance. In addition to basic security and commercial insurance vigorously to assist the government policy, agricultural meteorological disaster relief can also through the social donation, the accumulation of personal safeguard measures such as expansion of disaster relief funds, and improve the social security system of agricultural disaster. 3) to strengthen the construction of agriculture gas of medium - and long-term forecasting ability. Relying on scientific and technological progress, constantly improve the forecast accuracy and major disaster weather forecast and early warning of capacity; Relying on social TV, radio and communication science and technology development capacity and modern communication technology, practical for the broad masses of farmers and agricultural production are seamless timely meteorological information sent to the hands of farmers. Through the information processing system, and then with the help of a professional quality analysis ability of experts team, to collect some agricultural meteorological disaster information timely and effectively are screened, sorting, analysis, processing, agricultural meteorological disaster data files on classification, relevant government departments to analysis forecast, proposes the corresponding risk early warning countermeasures; Monitoring of early warning information needs to refer to certain media regularly or not regularly to the department of agriculture and farmers, the farmers for the first time know agriculture meteorological disasters, but also stepped up efforts to establish a system of agricultural meteorological disaster information received to the municipal, county and township departments convey information, meteorological disaster information service network 2. 4) construction of agricultural disaster reduction education propaganda system construction. To realize the first measures of disaster prevention and mitigation is to raise awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation. Awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation regulated by social consciousness, the level of productivity development, policy guidance, disaster officials cultural background, the subject quality, the farmer main body quality factors such as constraints, consciousness is not simply a consciousness on disaster prevention and mitigation, and instead of disaster consciousness, suffering consciousness, participation of a complex, only after a long, hard effort to improve. Farmers can through newspapers, magazines, TV news media and other channels to understand the knowledge of disaster prevention and mitigation, and increase the degree of understanding of disasters, make full use of modern science and technology understanding of disaster prevention and mitigation measures should be taken. From long-term interests and overall interests, the government departments should raise awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation and in disaster relief to make the right decision to choose, at the same time, the government departments to make full use of school education this way, strengthen the agricultural meteorological disaster prevention and control the spread of knowledge, let the children from an early age with agricultural meteorological disasters, raise childrens awareness of disaster prevention and reduction. 5) enhance agricultural meteorological forecast service work, actively carry out prediction and forecast technology research agricultural climate conditions, and actively support for facility agriculture and characteristic agriculture meteorological services technical method research, further increasing agricultural meteorological information service. 6) to further increase the investment of agricultural scientific research, technology development and services, city, district secondary meteorological department of agrometeorological research and service personnel should often go out, first into agricultural production line, according to the weather changes timely guide the farmers to use climate information and technology, to further strengthen meteorological science popularization work, to let farmers know the weather, let weather into rural areas, services to farmers, agricultural meteorological service work earnestly. 7) based on 3 s high and new technology, such as complete fine mesh (especially mountains) around the agricultural climate zoning of climatic resources distribution survey and to make rural grassroots cadres, agricultural technicians and farmers in a timely manner to understand the local climate resource distribution, to facilitate agricultural planting structure around the work actively carry out artificial precipitation enhancement and hail proof as the important measures for construction of new socialist countryside, earnest organization operation, government departmen