畜牧兽医专业英语讲义.doc

畜牧兽医专业英语 Specialized English for Veterinary Medicine讲稿院 系: 动物医学院任课教师: 授课对象: 总 学 时: 40 前 言Preface按照大多数高等院校兽医本科专业的教学计划及培养目标，在畜牧兽医本科专业学生完成2年基础英语学习的基础上，一般于三年级第一学期开设畜牧兽医专业英语(English for Students of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine)选修课程。有的高等农业院校也给硕士研究生开设畜牧兽医专业英语。该课程的教学目的与要求是：学生通过本门课程的学习，达到借助专业词典等工具书能熟练阅读畜牧兽医专业英语书刊并掌握畜牧兽医专业文献英译汉、汉译英的基本技能。本课程重点阐述了动物科技和动物医学的科技英语阅读和翻译的基础知识、科技英语的特殊性、科技词汇的基本结构和构词法、动物科技和动物医学科技英语论文及摘要的撰写、参考文献引录; 以及动物科技和动物医学相关的英语文章, 包括动物科技、动物医学基础知识和专业知识。Chapter 1 General of English for Science and TechnologySection 1 The important of Study English for Science and Technology1.1 Foreign languages for Science and Technology is a individual subjectForeign languages for Science and TechnologyLanguages for special Purposes ( LSP)English for Science and TechnologyEnglish for Special Purposes (ESP)1.2 The important of Foreign languages for Science and Technology1.3 Request of study in Foreign languages for Science and Technology1. 3.1 Study English book and magazine using dictionary1.3.3 Translation English book and magazine using dictionary1.3.4 Know how to write abstract for English paper1.4 Study methods of English for Science and Technology1.4.1 Understand study aim and plane1.4.2 Study methods1.4.3 Mastery the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar Pseudotuberculosis Pseudo-tuberculo-sisImmunoassay Immuno-assayImmunochemical Immuno-chemical1.4.4 Reading methodsSection 2 The formation and development of several foreign language in normal using in the world2.1 The major language in the worldThere are 2700 nationality and 5651 languages, but there are not words in three fourth. There are 500 languages studied by philologist.There are 70 different kind words published in foreign countries.English 60%German 11%Russian 11%France 7%Japanese 3%Spanish 2% Others 8% 2.2 The origin and development of several major languages in India and Europe 希腊 东希腊文 斯拉夫文 俄文腓尼基文 古希腊文 法语西希腊文 拉丁文 意大利语 西班芽语 英语 日尔曼语 德语2.3 The significance of study foreign languages for science and technology from study languages in India and EuropeSection 3 The general character and individual character in English for science and technology and public English 3.1 The general character in English for science and technology and public English The English for science and technology is the branch of general English. The basic words are come from general English. The grammar is as same as general English.3.2 The difference of English for science and technology and public English 3.2.1 The character of comma language in English for science and technology. The meaning of vocabulary is proprietary and stability do, make, take There is no feeling in English for science and technologyThere are no figure of speech, overstate and parallelismIt is a written language 3.2.2 The characteristic of vocabulary in English for science and technology. International There are 70% vocabulary come from Latin and Greece in medicine and veterinary. Using normative written verb discover (find out) observe (look at).Using derivative adjective verb add -able, -ed, -ing, -ivebreath breathing, breathed, breather, breathlessnoun add -al, -ic, -iouselectron electronic, electropolar, electropositive3.2.3 The character of grammar structure in English for science and technology1) Using noun and word groupThe title of paper(1) Methods of detecting drug-resistance in chicken coccidian(2) The pathway of cell death induced by lead in Wish cells (3) Establishment of a Radiorecepter Assay (RRA) capable of measuring serum bioactive LH/CG in a wide variety of species 2) Using passive voiceThe Toxplasma gondii infection were found in animals as early as in 1950s in Fujian province of China. During the next twenty-odd years much progress was made and more than 100 papers were published.3) Using participle and non-predicate as adjective(1) The sounds heard in the heart are due to the closing of the valves. (2) A zoonotic disease is defined as a disease shared by animals and humans.4) Using more than two clause(1) Such use as we are able to make of helpful bacteria and such control as we have of harmful ones depend upon our knowledge of their habits.(2) Water provided to the hogs was sampled and soil from the site of most recent slurry spread was collected.5) Using it as antecedence subject(1) It makes no difference to take this medicine before or after meals.(2) It can be concluded that bovine embryo recloning is similar to the embryos cloning except for the embryos low in vitro development ability.6) Using preposition word group These cases are grouped by the severity of the disease.7) Using as guidance active and positive sentences As the illustration shows As has been statedAs followsChapter 2 Three basic of English for science and technology Pronunciation vocabulary grammarSection 1 PronunciationSection 2 Word-formation in words of science and technology2.1 The derivational expansion of general English words 2.1.1 The basic general words Basic words : 3500-4500Morpheme (word element), basic words: prefix, stem, suffixThe basic Chinese words : 3500There are only 2900 different Chinese words in Chairman Mao florilegium.2.1.2 Formation of wordsNew words: skylab moonquake E-mailThere are three methods of formation words:1) CompoundingUsing two or more words form one new words.(1) Compound nounA. Noun + noun newspaper test-tube bookwormB. Adjective + noun green-house White-house darkroom C. Gerund + nounSleeping-bag freezing-point working-tableD. Verb + nounGrindstone workshop sawdustE. Adverb + nounOutbreak overcoat overbridgeF. Pronoun + noun He-goat she-wolf G. Verb + adverbMake-up break-down get-togetherNoun + prepositionEditor-in-chief father-in law son-in-law(2)Compound adjectiveA. Adjective + noun First-hand second-hand low-temperature high-temperatureB. Adjective + Adjective light-blue red-hotC. Noun + Adjective color-blind world-wideD. Adjective + noun + ed (d) small-sized open-mindedE. Noun + participle man-made snow-coveredF. Noun + present participle Man-eating earth-shakingG. Adverb + participle far-reaching well-informedH. Adverb + preposition + noun Up-to-date out-of-dateI. Numeral + noun (+ed) five-year (plan) four-corneredJ. Adverb + adjective ever-green over-sensitiveK. Adjective + participle ready-made good-lookingL. Noun + noun + ed iron-willed strong-willed weak-willed(3) Compound pronoun Pronoun objective case or possessive pronoun + self (selves) Himself ourselvesIndefinite pronoun (some, any, no, every) + body (one, thing ) Everybody, anybody something, nothing(4) Compound verbA. Adverb + verb : overcome upholdB. Noun + verb sunbathe(5)compound adverbA. Noun + noun sidewaysB. Noun + adverb headfirst C. Adjective + noun meanwhile D. Preposition + noun before-head 2) Affixation It is called derivative method to change the meaning with prefix or suffix.A. Prefix can case the meaning change without change of parts of speech.Unfair, dislike, amoral, superman, cooperate, foretell,Bicycle, tricycle, pentagon, sexangleB. Suffix can case the change of parts speech, and sometimes the meaning of word changed.Piglet, armlet, friendship, happiness, childless3)Conversion Parts of speech change (1) Noun turned to verb: form to form, heat to heat (2) Adjective turned to verb: slow to slow, direct to direct (3) Adjective turned to noun:Wounded the wounded, beautiful the beautiful (4) Adverb turned to verb: down to down2. The word of special purpose extension in vertical and horizontal1) The words of special purpose in vertical extension(1) The words from Greece and Latin word element50-70% English words are come from Greece and Latin.A. The compound method from Greece and Latin word elementsMany derivative words are compounded from more than three word elements Polyavitaminosis poly- a- vita- amin(o)- osis Polyuria polytrophy aminoacid acidosis leucocytosis Leucocyt(a)emiaB. One stem of organ can composed to new word with suffix of disease, symptom, skill terminology organ -algia -rragia -otomy -rrhaphy -plasty -it is -oma -osis -celeEntero- entero- entero- entero- entero- entero- entero- entero- entero- entero- algia rragia tomy rrhaphy plasty tis celegastro- gastro- gastro- gastro- gastro- gastro- gastri- gastro- gastro- algia rragia tomy rrhaphy plasty tis sis celehepato hepatal- hepato- hepato- hepato- hepati- hepato- hepato- hepato- gia rragia tomy rrhaphy tis ma sis cele C.Vertical extension in some hematology noun terminologyhaemocyte haemocytoblast myelo- myeloblastlympho- -blast lymphoblastmono- monoblastmegacaryo- megacaryoblast erythro- erythroblastpro- + myelo + cyte promyelocytemeta- + myelo + cyte metamyelocyteFurthermore, above mentioned the cell words can added with other suffix , e.g. blast(o)osis, -cytohaemia, -oma etc. 2) The character of Greece and Latin and rule of synthesis(1) The morphem of Greece and Latin is as same as common English word structure, and it is divided into prefix, root and suffix.A. Prefix: Greece and Latin preposition, number or word derivation e.g. a- aleukia, anti- antibody, dys- dyscontrol,B. Root: Greece and Latin words change e.g. entero- enterotoxin, thoraco- thoracotomy, haemo- haemorrhagiaC. Suffix: Greece or Latin suffix or word changeD. e.g. itis enteritis, -osis babesiosis, -tomia enterostomy (2) Divided into primary word derivative and compound wordsPrimary word: entero-, stoma-Derivative word: primary + prefix or suffix anti- + toxinum antitoxinCompound word: compound from two or more wordsHaemo- + thorax haemothorax(3) The major rule of formation and connection in stemA. Stem and prefix mostly come from single meaning Take off the suffix of single meaning word , if the end of word is consonant, it need s to connect “o”. But if it is vowed, it does not need to change. But spleen is coming from Greece spleen, the suffix is needing to add “o” , splenoo-. B. When the stem has prefix, there is a vowel in front of the stem, the vowel is taken out in the end of prefix . If there is a vowel in front of the stem, the vowel is kept.Enter (o) + it is, “o” meet “i”, take out “o” enteritisEntero + rrhagia, “o” meet “r”, keep “o” enterorrhagiaC. If “o” take out , two consonant add “o”, it is difficult to know the stem,adding “-” in the middle.Chondro-osteodystrophia, intra-abdominalD. gastro- + -enter(o)- +-it is, “o” meet with “e”, keep “o” gastroenteritis 2) Come from general English words with new meaningenergy, base, normal, cell3) New words(1) Compound new words from Greece and Latin atom, a + tomos , bicycle (bicyclette France)(2) Condensation from first wordLaser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation Rader Radio Detection and Ranging(3) Compound from head and tail of wordsTransfer + resistor transistor, Positive + electron positron(4) Take part word instead of whole wordGram-molecular-weight mole or mol(5) Change wordTelevision televise, laser lase , diagnosis diagnose(6) Reverse the wordFrequency quefrency, filter lifter(7) Condensation wordAtom-bomb a-bomb, undersea boat u-boat (8) Condensation of LatinEt al. (et alifi), e.g. (exampli gratia), ie. (id est)2. Horizontal extension of special words Using Greece and Latin stem 1) Latin For the name of animal, plant, microorganism, parasites and drugs etc. Nephritis haemorrhagicaaa, Bacillus mallei zopf, Natrium chloratum2) Translate to special words from Latin by different countriesAvitaminosis (L. E. W.), Avitaminose(F. G. ), Avitaminosi(I.)Septicaemia haemorrhagica suum (L.)Haemorrhagic septicemia swine (E.)Septicemia (haemorphagique) du pore (F.)Haemorrhagische septikamie der schweigne (G.)3. Harf English wors and phrasse of Science and technologyIt means that using and meaning are changed from general English.Specimen, sample, germ, case, carrierSection 3 Grammar for English of science and technology1. Using passive voice One third verbs are using passive voice in English for science and technology. Because the article of science and technology are introduced the outcome and results.1) The sentence without person Using passive voice is more confidence.Research was being done.Parasites have to be controlled. Parasites have controlled.2) expression the necessary and responsibilityThe instruments need to be sterilized.There are several factors to be considered.3) Expression item, plan and aimThe results of research are to be published soon.The results of research are (was) published.4) Expression the probability and tendencyThese animals are liable to be attacked by germs.5) Expression the performer in passive voiceThe operation was performed by the surgeon.6) Expression the method and mannerThe solution is weakened by the addition of more water.7) The subject is animal, plant and other substanceDecay is accelerated by enzymes.8) Expression inverted sentence orderBy the addition of water, the solution is weakened2. Using noun and noun word group instead of verb or adjectivenoun verb, preposition adjective and adverb If we compare Type A with Type B, we will find that Type A is more advantageous to our purpose.* A comparison of Type A with Type B shows that Type A has more advantageous to our purpose.3. Using more non-predicate verb phraseTo determine the number of cells, a sample is put under a microscope.l The cell units were found to be filled with living substances.4. Using more participle as attributeThe quantity of oxygen liberated to atmosphere by growing vegetation is obviously very large.5. Using subjunctive moodBut for the heat of the sun (if there were no heat of the sun), nothing could live.6. Using fixture sentenceIt is ( or verb) + adjective(or noun) + that (clause)It is common knowledge that water is made from oxygen and hydrogen.Chapter 3 The style and structure of sentence in English for science and technology Section 1 Stylistics in English for science and technology A. Chinese is different from English on oral expression.E.g. # I want to ask you a question.* Id like to ask you a question. * May I ask you a question?B. Style in English is different from Chinese. The English for Science and technology has special individual character in word, grammar and structure of sentence. 1. The structure of style is rigor, concision and briefness . 1) We made a hole in a cork and pushed into a narrow glass tube. Then we pushed this into neck of a bottle which we had filled with colored water. When we did this some of the colored water went up into the tube. We marked the level of the colored water in the tube was marked. Then the bottle was placed into a pan of hot water. Almost immediately, the water level in the tube fell slightly, but then it started to rise until the water overflowed.* 2) After a hole was made in a cork, a narrow glass tube was inserted and the cork was inserted into neck of a bottle filled with colored water. On doing this, some of the colored water rose in the tube. The level of the colored water in the tube was marked. Then the bottle was placed into a pan of hot water.Almost immediately, the water level in the tube fell slightly, but then it started to rise until the water overflowed. 2. The article of science and technology is strictness, refine, in focus and concision.1) This piece of metal expanded when it was heated. It will contract when cooled. l Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled.2) The chick embryos are chopped up and are put into a jar, then they are poured into a large flask. An enzyme is added to break down the tissue. 3) There is a choice in article for science and technologyA. Tin resists corrosion by air or water.B. Tin is resistant to corrosion by air or water.C. Tin has a resistance to corrosion by air or water.Section 2 Structure of sentence in English for science and technologyOne sentence has subject, predicate verb, object and modifier parts.The basic parts are subject and predicate. The modifier parts are attribute, adverbial and complement.3. Type of sentence 1) Simple sentenceAll of us must learn Dr. Bethune.2)Compound sentenceAfter liberation the incidence of occupational and epidemic diseases has dropped remarkably, the general health condition of the workers has greatly improved.3)Complex sentenceThat China is a big country with all kinds of resources is