聚合物与环境基础专英第二学期复习资料.docVIP

单词6Composition/Compose组成，组分Functional element功能元素Solid wastes固废Identify鉴定Fabrication制备Refinery精炼厂Residual sludge残渣污泥Encompass包含Interchangeably可交换地Residue残渣Characteristic特征Offensive odor讨厌的气味/恶臭Combustible/Noncombustible可/不可燃物Ferrous/Nonferrous铁的/非铁的Ferrous/Nonferrous metals黑色/有色金属Compose of由组成Ash灰烬Diffuse扩散Semisolid半固Chemical化学品Biological生物制品Flammable易燃物Explosive爆炸性的Radioactive放射性的Landfill填埋Compositing plant合成植物/堆肥厂Incineration焚烧炉Solution溶液Well-compacted压实的Sanitary landfill卫生填埋Volume reduction减容/体积缩减量Batch-fed按批投料的 Combustion chamber燃烧炉Vacuum drying oven真空干燥箱Refractory lining耐火内衬Quench water骤冷水 Corrosion腐蚀Incomplete combustion不完全燃烧Energy recovery能量回收Pulverized refuse粉末垃圾Emission释放Fine particulate微粒子Combustible可燃物 易燃的Carbon-containing含碳的Optimize优化Optimal最佳Nitrogen氮Sulfur硫Gaseous pollutant气体污染物Concentration浓度Fluidized bed流化床Pyrolysis热解Wet oxidation湿法氧化Composting堆肥化Anaerobic/Aerobic厌氧的/需氧的Bacteria细菌 fungi 真菌Moisture湿度Windrow料堆Soil conditioner土壤改良剂Aeration通风Complex material复合材料Organic compound有机化合物Decontamination净化 Purify纯化Metal-finishing operation金属表面处理Cyanide氰化物Heavy metal重金属Phenol苯酚Organic chemicals有机化合物Chlorine氯Plasma等离子Hydrogen sulfide硫化氢Chemical fume化学烟雾Liquefied natural gas液化天然气Mercury水银Corrode侵蚀 腐蚀Percolated临界值 渗透值Byproduct副产品Sustainable development可持续发展Premise前提Benchmark 基准Spatial空间的Simultaneously同时地Degradation降解Distribution 分布Biodiversity生物多样性Life cycle thinking生命周期思维Fracture断裂，断面Extraction提取Thermoplastic/Thermoset热塑性/热固性塑料Cascade梯级Fossil fuel化石燃料Synthetic polymer合成聚合物Calorific value热值In excess of超过Elastomer高弹体Coating涂料Adhesive胶黏剂Negative impact负面影响Additive添加剂Leach过滤Toxic substance有毒物The laws of thermodynamics热动力学定律Harmony协同Interconnected相互联系的Industrial ecology工业生态学Dematerialisation去物质作用Life cycle assessment(LCA)生命周期评测Quantify定量/量化Hot spots热点Alternative选择性的 替代物Better design优化设计Constant increase持续增长 线性增长A factor of倍Durability耐久性Reclaiming恢复/再生Disperse分散Deteriorate恶化Grinding研磨Heating加热Extruding挤压Homogeneous均匀的Incorporated in纳入Specification具体要求 规格 说明书 Viability可行性Dioxin二噁英Carbon tax碳税Flexibility弹性Radical自由基End-of-life寿命终止/报废Hindrance/Barrier障碍Hampered限制Constraint约束Myriad无数的Variety种类 Chemical structure化学结构Property性能Functional material功能材料Lightweight重量轻的Specific strength比强度Processability加工性能Durability耐久性Longevity寿命Fabricate制造Elongation at break断裂伸长率Deformation 变形Reversible elongation可逆伸长Modulus模量Laminate层压制件Molecular structure分子结构Stress-strain behaviour应力-应变行为Synthesis合成Structure结构Degradation降解Engineering thermoplastics工程热塑性塑料Linear/Branched polymer线性/支链聚合物Cure固化Covalent bond共价键Three-dimensional network三维网状Solubility溶解度Melting point熔点Glass transition temperature(Tg) 玻璃化转变温度Glassy polymer玻璃态聚合物Thermal degradation热解Amorphous polymer非晶态聚合物Magnitude数量级Monomer单体Macromolecule大分子Reactive functional group活性功能基团Constitutional repeat unit（CRU）重复单元Methylene亚甲基Chain length链长Average degree of polymerisation(DP)平均聚合度Acronyms首字母缩略词Prefixed前缀的Dimer/Trimer二聚物/三聚物Tetramer四聚物Oligomer低聚物Bulk polymer本体聚合物Viscous-flow behaviour粘性流的行为Viscoelasticity粘弹性Feedstock material原材料Thermal cracking热解Ethylene 乙烯Catalyst催化剂Caoutchouc生橡胶Benzoyl peroxide（BPO）过氧化苯甲酰Azoisobutyronitrile（AIBN）偶氮二异丁腈Free radical polymerisation自由基聚合Viscosity 粘性，粘度Melt flow index熔融流动指数Step/Chain growth polymerisation缩聚/加聚Butadiene丁二烯Cyclohexane环己烷Condensation reaction缩聚反应Step growth mechanism缩聚机理Head-to-tail configuration头尾结构Orientation取向Successive连续的Molecular weight分子量 initiation引发Propagation增长Termination终止End groups末端基Morphology形态 形状 名词解释1、Polymer：A naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers2、Elastomer:Any of various elastic materials that resemble rubber (resumes its original shape when a deforming force is removed3、Adhensive:A substance that unites or bonds surfaces together4、Specific strength: Ratio of tensile strength and density5、Durability：Permanence by virtue of the power to resist stress or force6、Incineration: The act of burning something completely; reducing it to ashes7、Radical: Two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule8、Elasticity: The tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed9、Flexibility: The property of being flexible; easily bent or shaped10、Identify: Give the name or identifying characteristics of; refer to by name or some other identifying characteristic property.11、Compost: A mixture of decaying vegetation and manure; used as a fertilizer12、Moisture: Wetness caused by water13、Powdered rubber：Rubber which diameter is mainly less than 1mm14、Modulus: Stress/strain value under force: a coefficient that expresses how much of a specified property is possessed by a specified substance15、Covalent bond: A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule16、Macromolecule：Any very large complex molecule(MW5000)17、Thermoplastic: a material that softens when heated and hardens again when cooled.18、Thermoset resin: synthetic resin, which can undergo a chemical reaction, cross-linked cure to be the not dissolved or melted materials, under heating and pressing, or with the aid of curing agent and UV-light.简答题1. Polymer classification: Resource: natural and synthetic polymersPerformance:Plastic(Thermoplastic and thermosets), rubber (Natural and synthetic )and fiber(Natural and chemical)Application:Common polymer, engineering polymer, functional polymer, biomimetic polymer(仿生高分子), medical polymerMain-chain structure:Carbon chain, heterochain, elementorganic and inorganic polymers 2. Elastomer classification: Thermosetting elastomer(Rubber); thermoplastic elastomer(TPE)3. Adhensive classification: Application methods:Thermosetting, hotmelt, room temperature curing, pressure-sensitive Application objects: Structural, nonstructural, special Shape:Water soluble, (water)emulsion, solvent, solid phase4. Definition of solid wastes: Solid and muddy materials discarded in human producing and living Kinds of solid wastes: According to nature: organic matter and inorganic matter According to shape: solid (bulk, granulous and powdery) and muddyAccording to source: mining, industrial, life, agricultural and radioactiveIn addition, it can be divided into toxic and nontoxicSolid wastes hazard: Pile up largely to waste land resources and pollute the environment Pour into the rives or lakes, to seriously pollute water resources Emit into the atmosphere, to pollute the gas5. Molecular structure: Mass spectrum MS 质谱 Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR 和磁共振 Infrared spectrum 红外光谱6. Powdered rubber classification: Linear chain, half crosslinking and crosslinking according to structure7. Measuring method of TgDifferential Thermal Analyzer (DTA)Differential Scanning Caborimetry(DSC)Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA)The factors to influence the Tg of the polymersChemical structure:Backbone structure: rigidity PE(polyethylene): Tg=-68oCSteric hindrance of substitutional groups and flexibility of side chainIntermolecular forces: polarity and hydrogen bondOther structure factors:Copolymerization Random/atactic copolymerization:TgATgA-BTgBCrosslinking: Free volume reducing, molecular chain movement restraintingMolecular weightPlasticizer agentExternal condition:Temperature rate(direct ratio)External force(inverse ratio)8. General plastics: Polyethylene, PE聚乙烯 Polystyrene, PS 聚苯乙烯 Polyvinyl chloride, PVC 聚氯乙烯 Acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene resin, ABS 丙烯腈 Polypropylene, PP 聚丙烯9. Melt flow index(MFI): Definition：在指定温度压力下，试样熔体每10min通过标准出料模孔的总质量，单位 g/10minMethod：先让塑料粒在一定时间(10min)内、一定温度及压力(各种材料标准不同)下，融化成塑料流体，然后通过直径为2.1mm圆管所流出的克(g)数。10. List the sources and types of solid wastesSources: residential; commercial; municipal; industrial; open areas; treatment plants and agriculturalTypes: food wastes; rubbish; ashes and residues; demolition and construction wastes; special wastes; treatment plant wastes; agricultural wastes; hazardous wastes11. What kinds of solid wastes do you often see? Where are they from?Food wastes: being the animal, fruit, or vegetable residues resulting from the handling, preparation, cooking and eating of foodsRubbish: consisting of combustible and noncombustible solid wastes of household, institutions, commercial activities, etc., excluding food wastes or other highly putrescible material. Ashes and residues: remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke and other combustible wastes in home, stores, institutions, and industrial and municipal facilities for purposes of heating, cooking and disposing of combustible wastes.12. What is the process of composting?Composting is the aerobic decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms, primarily bacteria and fungi. The reactions generate heat, raising compost temperatures during the composting period. 13. The three components of sustainable development: economy, society and environment.P76 Figure6.114. Resource and waste management hierarchy in a decreasing order of desirability: reduction, re-use, recycling, incineration, landfill.P80 figure 6.415. What is life cycle assessment (LCA)?Life cycle assessment is a tool to enable the design of products, which not only minim