英语专业毕业论文（设计）-中西方酒文化对比x.docx

河北大学2012届本科生毕业论文（设计）IntroductionChina and the Western countries both have a long history in making wine and wine is a symbol of the good things both in China and Western countries and it also occupies an important position in peoples daily life. Western culture takes an important place in human beings culture. But different cultural backgrounds in China and Western countries formed different kinds of wine culture. The paper compares the commons and differences from the type of wine (classified the wine from the raw material, wine content, the way of making wine); the pup buildings (from the pub functions and buildings, and the pub services) and the wine drinking manners (the drinking emphasis points, the toast manners) between China and Western countries. Wine culture is a mirror of one country material life and it reflects the civilization of one country to some extent. So after reading people will know more clearly about the wine cultures both in China and Western countries.Comparisons from different standards 1.1Comparison of raw materials of wineChina and some Western countries (such as ancient Greece, ancient Rome) both have a long history about making wine. The main raw material of wine was crops both in prehistoric China and Western countries. Cereal took an important place in the raw material of making wine. Nevertheless, latterly because the weather, economy, politics and some other reasons the untreated material changed gradually.However, there are different from the origins of making wine and the raw materials are different. Unique raw materials make different kinds of wine. In, Agricultural Era Chinese people planted rice and cereal, at that time people didnt have grapes which were brought in from Central Asia after Hans open-up at the borders policy and Zhang Qians traveling to Western countries successfully opened the Silk Road. So the original wine was made in cereals and it was called rice wine. Cereals were the singular icy material at that time in China. There is likewise another reason which makes the difference of raw material between China and Western countries. In agriculture times productive forces were so low and the crops always just for eating and they didnt have sufficient products to make wine with them. So the government had ordered to forbid making wine with them. Therefore, wine production could reflect the ironic or not of the harvest of crops. Wine attached itself into agriculture and it was a part of agriculture. In primeval times, China was suited to plant five kinds cereals and if the production was abundant and people would have enough surpluses to make wine. Nonetheless, the production of crops was limited at that time. In a word, the production of crops was limited and people needed the crops to satisfy their everyday life needs so the wine which made in crops was less. The reprehension of Chinese wine was liquor and the liquor mainly could stand for the Chinese wine culture. The Western countries also used cereals at that time. Then, later the raw materials were changed in the West for some factors. The cradle of western civilization was in Greece and it located in the Balkan Peninsula which was surrounded with many mountains and islands. So the soil was barren and it wasnt suitable for growing of crops. It furthermore had bad weather which was not suited planning. With the population growing and alien countries invasion, the available lands were less and less so the production of crops was limited and then they didnt have enough crops to make wine. So the depressed production of crops just was enough to eat and they didnt have enough crops to make wine. The crops barely satisfied the peoples daily life needs. Nevertheless, some Western countries grapes were extensively planted. So the wine in Western countries was beer and grape wine in primordial times. The grapes would take place crops to make wine. And the land was suits for the growing of grape and grapes was planted extensively. So the raw material of wine was grapes and thats the reason why the wine was made with grapes in Western countries.1.2 Comparison of Alcohol ContentsWine is distinguished by color, flavor and alcohol contents. Different classified standards make different kinds of wine. Both In China and Western countries wine are chiefly divided into three principal species according to alcohol contents. There are still, nature and sparking both in China and Western countries the sparkling wine was familiar by others, the still wine and natural wine. Wine can be separated into three kinds according to the alcohol content points: Affair wine (alcohol divide in 40 degrees above), moderate wine (alcohol divide in 20 to 40 degrees), and minimal alcohol content in wine (less than 20 degrees). Wine is continually replaced by some juices. In China the most famous sparking alcohol (also called white wine) are Mao-tai, Wuliangye, Beijing Gotou some other contents maybe lower. The degree ranges from 20 to 50 degrees. The highest alcohol contents can reach the 70 degrees. Lanzhou old cellar production bases of 73 degreesAccording to the contents of wine, it can also be divided as white wine which contains starch in the raw material. The characters of white wine are colorless and transparent and the brain is pure. Alcohol contents of white wine are above 30 degrees. The wine is also divided into different odor typesThe first type is faint scent liquor. The representative is Shanxi Almond flowers Fenjiu. It is known to the world by its vibrant clear, faint scent and intermixed tasty flavor. Second odor type Luzhou-flavor liquor and the representative are Sichuan lushly Old Cellar. It has extensive fragrance after drinking. The third type is yellow wine. It was named because of its yellow-bright color. The best advantage of this kind wine is it can be stored. The longer you store the fragment it will be. It is also wholesome. And the alcohol contents of yellow wine are 8 to 20 degrees. They have been drinking most people. The fourth of wine is fruit wine which is mainly making fruits. It has various types and the alcohol content of this kind wine is about 15 degrees. The fifth kind wine is medicinal liquor. It is in the liquor of white wine, and then added some Chinese herbal medicine and sugar and it has two principal functions which are Lady tonic and the extraction of restorative materials, and thus improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. This kind of wine is chiefly made in China. Western countries seldom have this kind of wine. The other is beer and it is commonly drunk by the people both in China and Western countries. It is predominantly made with barley. The content of bees is about 2 to 5 degrees and some of minimal alcohol degree of beer can be regarded as a kind of drink. It is comprehensively drunk both in China and Western countries. But wines are predominantly classified as dry alcohol and sweet alcohol according to whether the grapes sugar is allowed to ferment completely (called dry alcohol), or whether some residual sugar has been left (called sweet alcohol) in Western countries. Some kinds of famous sparkling wines in Western countries are Champion(Champion is the legitimate one of the wine, and the grapes of raw material production, wine brewing, aging and sales, are subject to strict control.), brandy.(Brandy is a kind of spirit and it made fruit as unprocessed material, through fermentation, distillation, storage and a brewing. And two of them have been famous around the world. Some kinds of wines also have a high degree; the brandy can reach 40 after being reconciling with Cocktails 1.3 Comparison of the Way of Making There are two kinds of wine owing to the distinctive ways of making both in China and Western countries. There are fermented wines and distilled wines. Each of them has some nice reprehensible in China and Western countries.Sundry kinds of those liquors have been produced by the way of fermentation. Fermentation is the use of corn juice as raw materials, by fermentation and gets the low-degree line, such as rice wine, beer and wine forehead and wine fermentation hair. The fermented wine (brewed wine) refers to fermented grain, fruit juice as the raw material, derived by fermentation of low alcohol wine, such as wine, beer, rice wine and fruit wine and other fermented wine. It can be drinking directly without distillation after brewing. This kind of wine has low degree in alcohol and the alcohol contents are between 3.5 to 12. Excitant small, nourishment composition content is high, such as wine, beer, yellow wine, etc. In the West countries there are likewise some kinds of brewed wine and there are in the same way to make. The mainly brewed wine in the West is port wine, ratafee. It take long time and great effort to make fermentation and it additionally needs unlimited investment to make fermentation. It is more easier and it has negligible investment but great production then fermentation, so distilled wine was popular, although it didnt taste as good as fermentation. However, due to its trifling investment distilled wine was given excessive production and the direct effect is the wine is very sparking and most Chinese people feel uncomfortable after drink it. Distillation wine is the wine fermentation materials and fermented grains, etc by distillation and gets high concentrations of distillation wine, there three kinds of wine (QuJiu,(注释) was burning and edible alcohol etc,) which are made through some configuration program and processed into a new wine even with a ready-made wine base, there are six famous distillation wine in the world. There are Brandy(made in European countries).Whisky(are made in Scotland). Vodka(are made in Russia). Gin(made in Netherlands) one of the five hard spirits, Rum(made in the Republic of Cuba), Chinese spirits.Distilled spirits refer to the innovative wine or fermented mash fermentation and distillation wine, grains and other high through distillation wine, such as wine, liquor, bad burn. There are also some distilled spirits in China. Distilled liquor of grain uncooked material is principally used by distillation after being fermented. Mainly distilled alcohols are distinguished degree liquors. The typical Chinese distilled liquor is Mao-tai Guizhou. In the western world, ferment wines, such as sherry, port, some brandy or other spirits. Champagne is the finest example and it is produced by the process of secondary fermentation in the bottle. Famous distilled liquors are brandy and whisky. In the traditional method, it may take from a few days to several weeks according to the temperature. Chinese liquor is distilled spirits. And now people are familiar with the brandy Whiskey vodka Lamb alcohol is distilled spirits. Federal brewing wine is also called a sugar or starch material raw material after pressed. This kind of wine of low concentration, containing solid matter more, such as wine, beer and rice wine, wine, fruit, etc.Comparisons of the pubsUsed for people to set the clique to a party or the simple drinking of a small hotel. In the world, there are some difference in the pubs building and the environment between China and Western countries. Pubs offer discrete service. In the pubs people can drink, can take parties or hold some additional wedding, funeral parties. Pub is not only a drink shop to sell wine. For centuries, this has been a place where friends can be to chat with their colleagues. It is also can be called businessmen place. Numerous pubs provide discounted accommodations, especially in rural areas. London is known for its pubs. Samuel Johnson once said Gentlemen, humans have so many inventions, but nothing more than a good tavern or hotel can bring more happiness.2.1 comparison of pubs functions and buildings There are many pubs in China and sometimes it is also called hotel. The hotel has a long history. In its lengthy development process, every period has diverse forms. Ancient hotel were variety.The original hotel just professional sold wine and afterward developed to sell wine and provide drinking wine, then added wine dishes, accommodation and other service projects. So it became a place for the literati invited their friends to recite a poem or paint. With our emotional release wine, that bound to, for the spirit of men to natures return. This is all they experience from everywhere, we wine feelings in people in the role.Some of the pubs provided with wine, water and sometimes with accommodation. Most of them are solely for the people who want to relax themselves after work or at the weekend. The mainly function of the pubs was to relax or appoint with others. The buildings were really very straightforward with some stools and chairs, but the decorations were extremely delicate. Pubs have changed over the past few years in China and Western countries. These kinds of pubs have some interesting buildings. Some of them have been four hundred years and the surrounding environments are similarly novel and unique. There are some charming gardens which are available for ornamental plants around the buildings. Special buildings stir peoples interests to have a look. The pub is everywhere, there are several thousands of greatly small with assorted flavours of the tavern, there is no lack of among them hundreds of years of history. The worlds 10 biggest legend pubs which are the celebrity favorites are Harrys in Italy, Blind Beggar in London and so on.2.2 The comparison of the pub servicesSome pubs in China offer with wines, soft drinks, music, dancing ball and even accommodation. It is also similar in the western world, every country has drinks shop. The essence of a decent pub is a feeling of intimacy. It must have nooks and crannies, corners and snugs, where conversations and assignations can take without the world listening in! Most pubs have at least two separate bars, the public bar which is for ordinary people and women is the basic drinking shop, the lounge bar which is for traveling salesman and ladies.1p78 In Western countries some pubs are special; some of them merely sold wine. Customers come there with friends immediately to drink wine and also to relax them. These kinds of pubs have some noteworthy buildings in Europe. Some of them have been four hundred years and the surrounding environments are similarly novel and unique. There are some fascinating gardens which are available for ornamental plants create a moral atmosphere which will attract more and more customers. Even though the pubs in London nonetheless have something unreasonable, because the pubs strictly carry out closing time, usually 10:30 at night. They also close the door in the afternoon, until five or six o clock. The summer season is moist and cool grass is the most beautiful state in England, the bartender smiling shuttle from people in the seam of notebooks to save empty glasses, without any magnificent food. The comparison of drinking mannerThere is enormous difference about the drinking manners between China and the Western countries because the environment, traditional customs and ways of thinking are different. There are two points significantly different.3.1 Different emphasis points on wine tableBoth in China and Western countries people drink beer together. Nonetheless, it is difficult to see people drink elevated contents of alcohol in the Western world. In China, it is common to see that people drink together and the people drinking together are enormously significant. Drinking atmosphere is likewise unusually prominent. Chinas ceremonial drinking of alcohol reflects the respect for the human beings. There are having obvious boundary between guests and masters owing to the traditional customs which has influenced Chinese people for thousands of years. China has thousands years as a feudal society and the Chinese nation have a tradition of noticing etiquette so it influences the drinking manners. It can be seen from the sequence of seats and the sequence of toast. The Masters and the guests have fixed seats; they have fixed orders when they propose a toast during dinner. Who is the first and who is the second must be distinguished. The first toast at the beginning habitually gives the master king and subsequently gives the less respected guests who are not eligible for other peoples respect. If the orders are not in turn, the toast people deserve to be punished. And then the Master bestows toast from some of the most distinguished guests to the less. The toast must be filled and that the toast is also reflecting respect for human beings. There is besides having age sequences when toast others. The younger generation toast to the elders, the lower takes a toast to the higher authorities with the initiative toast, but also pay attention to the master. There are also some games during the drinking such as Cai Jiuling. Hupa Quan, and the purpose of playing games is to allow people to drink more alcohol and enjoy the gathering. It is Chinese drinking culture and it is clear that the people on the most conspicuous position give more respect in the course of drinking wine. People put the empathies on the people themselves, not on the wine itself. It reflects the human beings by the young and old hierarchy of traditional Chinese culture, ethics. Nevertheless, in the western countries, things are different. People put full attention to the drinks and mainly purpose of drinking is getting joy from drinking. It is not worthy to drink with whom but what the drinking it is. The rituals of wine drinking in the West reflect the respect for wine. When people get a cup of wine they watch their color, smell their fragrance, flavor of their products, to mobilize all kinds of sensory to enjoy the wine. There are sequ