杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸.doc

杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸杭 州 师 范 大 学 2009 年招收攻读硕士研究生入学考试题 考试科目代码： 724 考试科目名称： 综合英语 说明：1、命题时请按有关说明填写清楚、完整； 2、命题时试题不得超过周围边框； 3、考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负； 4、 5、I. Directions: There are fifteen blanks in the following passage. Choose the proper words given below to fill in the blanks and write your answers in the Answer Sheet: 15% A) Love B) seen C) what D) sought E) whichF) good G) achieved H) releases I) suspicious J) abbessK) that L) relieves M) fly N) passion O) shineP) terrible Q) terribly R) sacrificed S) knowledge T) where I have sought_1_, first, because it brings ecstasy- ecstasy so great _2_ I would often have _3_ all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it _4_ loneliness- that _5_ loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless_6_. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have_7_, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I _8_, and though it might seem too _9_ for human life. This is _10_ - at last - I have found. With equal _11_I have sought_12_. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars _13_. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean(毕达哥拉斯的) power by _14_ number holds sway above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have _15_. 2009 年 考试科目代码 724 考试科目名称 综合英语 （本考试科目共 9 页 本页第 1 页）杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸II. Proof reading and error correction: 10%Direction: There are errors in the following passage. No line has more than one error and some lines are correct. You should proofread the passage and correct them in the following way: Put a tick “” for the correct line, “_” for replacing, “” for adding a wording, and “/” for deleting a word.Please write your answers in the Answer Sheet.Clearly the war brought a great deal of inconvenience with most Americans. _1_About 15 million men entered the armed services but for these approximately 6 _2_million remained in the United States, usually in bases far removed from their hometowns. Their wives often removed houses to be near them and this movement _3_helped to accentuate the accommodation difficulties being felt in many urban areas.At the time, about 5 million people drifted the farms to the cities, despite the fact that _4_wartime agriculture enjoyed a permanent boom. And, as in World War I, thousands of _5_Negroes were migrated from the Deep South to find work in the industry _6_of the Northern and Far Western states. Here they met varying degree of racial _7_hostility, frequently prompted by the overcrowding that characterized the cities _8_for World War II. .Yet the American Negroes managed to advance both socially and _9_economically during that was in fact a period of major social upheaval. _10_ III. Cloze (15%) Fill in the blank with the most appropriate words. Please write your answers in the Answer Sheet.Some people think that sexism- these different roles for females and males - should be 1 . They 2 such roles as appropriate and beneficial to society. I believe these people are being unjust in thus advocating 3 of the sexes. Sexism in textbooks has, in fact, been found to have 4 effects on children. For example, Coleste Brody shows that in textbooks boys learn that 5 role behavior is distasteful, while girls learn that masculinity is the highest valued 6 attainable - yet something they are not supposed to attain. This conditioning has a negative effect because boys will not see girls as equals and in 7 will be likely to discriminate 8 females. Also, the insignificance or absence of females in junior high and high school texts subtly conveys to the female student the 9 that women are less important in the world of adults 10 men are. This assumption makes equality between the sexes extremely 11 to achieve. Those people who advocate sex discrimination and see no 12 in its existence are13 their arguments entirely on values and attitudes that they themselves have learned. They are comfortable people who are thus unconcerned about the obvious 14 of equality which may cause discomfort to others. I see 15 in textbooks as 2009 年 考试科目代码 724 考试科目名称 综合英语 （本考试科目共 9 页 本页第 2 页）杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸unneeded and harmful to children who might prefer to make up their own minds about how they wish to live their lives, rather than being programmed to follow societys present unfair pattern. IV. Reading Comprehension: 20%Read the following texts or paragraphs and answer the questions by choosing A, B, C, or D. Please write your answers in the Answer Sheet. Passage One:Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks that attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give me better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.Attractive women executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive women; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight success was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than that of attractive overnight success.Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine and an attractive man masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the “ masculine” qualities required. This is even true in politics. “ when the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Anne Brown , who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduates to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told that the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in order they would vote for them.The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.(1) The word “ liability” ( para.1) most probably means _. A. misfortune B. disadvantage C. instability D. burden(2) In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness _.A. reinforces the feminine qualities requiredB. makes women look more honest and capableC. is primary importance to womenD. often enables women to succeed quickly 2009 年 考试科目代码 724 考试科目名称 综合英语 （本考试科目共 9 页 本页第 3 页）杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸(3) Browns experiment reveals that when it comes to politics, attractiveness _.A. turns out to be an obstacle to menB. affects men and women alikeC. has as little effect on men as on womenD. is more of an obstacle than a benefit to women(4) It can be inferred from the passage that peoples views on beauty are often _.A. practical B. prejudice C. old-fashioned D. radical (5) The author writes this passage to _.A. discuss the negative aspects of being attractiveB. give advice to job-seekers who are attractiveC. demands equal rights for womenD. emphasize the importance of appearancePassage Two:Water problems in the future will become more intense and more complex. Our increasing population will tremendously increase urban wastes, primarily sewage. On the other hand, increasing demands for water will decease the amount of water available for diluting wastes. Rapid expanding industries which involve more and more complex chemical process will produce larger volume of liquid wastes, and many of those will contain chemicals which are noxious. To feed our rapidly expanding population, agriculture will have to be intensified. This will involve ever-increasing quantities of agricultural chemicals. From this, it is apparent that drastic steps must be taken immediately to develop corrective measures for the population problem.There are two ways by which this pollution problem can be dwindled. The first relates to the treatment of wastes to decrease their pollution hazard. This involves the processing of solid wastes “prior to” disposal and the treatment of liquid wastes, or effluents, to permit the reuse of the water or minimize pollution upon final disposal.A second approach is to develop an economic use for all or a part of the wastes. Farm manure is spread in fields as a nutrient or organic supplement. Effluents from sewage disposal plants are used in some areas both for irrigation and for the nutrients contained. Effluents from other processing plants may also be used as a supplemental source of water. Many industries, such as meat and poultry processing plants, are converting former waste products into marketable byproducts. Other industries are exploring potential economic uses for their waste products.(6) The purpose of this passage is _A. to acquaint the reader with water pollution problemsB. to alert the reader to the dwindling water supplyC. to explain the industrial uses of waterD. to demonstrate various measures to solve the pollution problems(7) Which of the following points is not included in the passage?A. Diluting wastes needs a certain amount of waterB. Demands for water will go up along with the expanding populationC. Intensive cultivation of land requires more and more chemicals.D. Industrial development includes the simplification of complex chemical processes. 2009 年 考试科目代码 724 考试科目名称 综合英语 （本考试科目共 9 页 本页第 4 页）杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸(8) The readers can conclude that _A. countries of the world will work together on pollution problemB. some industries are now making economic use of liquid wastesC. byproducts from wastes lead to a more prosperous marketplaceD. science is making great progress in increasing water supply(9) The author gives substance to the passage through the use of _A. interview with authorities in the field of water controlB. definitions which clarify important termsC. opinions and personal observationsD. strong arguments and persuasions(10) The word “ prior to” probably means _A. during B. before C. after D. beyondPassage Three:In developing a model of cognition, we must recognize that perception of the external world does not always remain independent of motivation. While progress toward maturity is positively correlated with differentiation between motivation and cognition, tension will, even in the mature adult, militate towards a narrowing of the range of perception and in the lessening of the objectivity of perception.Cognition can be seen as the first step in the sequence of events leading from the external stimulus to the behavior of the individual. The child develops from belief that all things are an extension of its own body to the recognition that objects exist independent of his perception. He begins to demonstrate awareness of people and things which are removed from his sensory apparatus and initiates goal-directed behaviors. He may, however, refuse to recognize the existence of barriers to the attainment of his goals, despite the fact that his cognition of these objects has been previously demonstrated.In the primitive being, goal-directed behavior can be very simply motivated. The presence of an attractive object will cause an infant to reach for it; its removal will result in the cessation of that action. Studies have shown no evidence of the infants frustration; rather, it appears that the infant ceases to desire the object when he cannot see it. Further indications are that the infants attention to the attractive object increases as a result of its not being in his grasp. In fact, if he holds a toy and another is presented, he is likely to drop the first in order to clutch the second. Often, once he has the one desired in his hands, he loses attention and turns to something else.In adult life, mere cognition can be similarly motivational, although the visible presence of the opportunity is not required as the instigator of response. The mature adult modifies his reaction by obtaining information, interpreting it, and examining consequences. He formulates a hypothesis and attempts to test it. He searches out implicit relationships, examines all factors, and differentiates among them. Just as the trained artist can separate the values of color, composition, and technique, while taking in and evaluating the whole work, so, too, the mature person brings his cognitive learning strengths to bear in appraising a situation.Understanding that cognition is separate from action, his reactions are only minimally guided from conditioning, and take into consideration anticipatable events. 2009 年 考试科目代码 724 考试科目名称 综合英语 （本考试科目共 9 页 本页第 5 页）杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸The impact of the socialization process, particularly that of parental and social group ideology, may reduce cognitively directed behavior. The tension thus produced, as for instance the stress of fear, anger, or extreme emotion, will often be the overriding influence.The evolutionary process of development from body schema through cognitive learning is similarly manifested in the process of language acquisition. Auditing and speaking develop first, reading and writing much later on. Not only is this evident in the development of the individual human being from infancy on, but also in the development of language for humankind.Every normal infant has the physiological equipment necessary to produce sound, but the child must first master their use for sucking, biting, and chewing before he can control his equipment for use in producing the sounds of language. The babble and chatter of the infant are precursors to intelligible vocal communication.From the earliest times, it is clear that language and human thought have been intimately connected. Sending or receiving messages, from primitive warnings of danger to explaining creative or reflective thinking, this aspect of cognitive development is also firmly linked to the needs and aspirations of society .11. How does the child develop his cognition?A) Strong motivations give rise to perception.B) He holds the conviction that things around him are parts of his extended body and later on gives it up.C) Parents and teachers play a key role in his development of cognition.D) He believes that objects around him are independent of his perception.12. What stimulates adults motivational cognition?A) Predictable presence of opportunities.B) Visible signs of opportunities.C) InstigatorsD) Approachable information.13. What is the influence of socialization process?A) It may produce tension.B) It may cause extreme emotions.C) It may reduce ones cognitively guided behavior.D) A), B), and C)14. What links cognitive development to the needs of society? A) Practical purposes.B) Natural human cognitive development.C) Language.D) Sending or receiving messages.Passage Four:Many readers assume that, as a neoclassical literary critic, Samuel Johnson would normally prefer the abstract, the formal, and the regulated to the concrete, the natural, and the spontaneous in a work of literature . Yet any close reading of Johnsons criticism shows that Johnson is not blind to the importance of the immediate, vivid, specific detail in literature, rather, he would underscore the need for the telling rather than the merely accidental detail.In other ways, too, Johnson s critical method has much in common with that of the Romantics, with whom Johnson and, indeed, the entire neoclassical tradition are generally supposed to be in conflict. Johnson was well aware, for example, of the sterility of literary 2009 年 考试科目代码 724 考试科目名称 综合英语 （本考试科目共 9 页 本页第 6 页）杭州师范大学硕士研究生入学考试命题纸criticism that is legalistic or pedantic, as was the case with the worst products of the neoclassical school. His famous argument against the slavish following of the three unities of classical drama is a good example, as is his defense of the supposedly illegitimate tragicomic mode of Shakespeares latest plays. Note, in particular, the basis of that defense: That this is a practice contrary to the rules of criticism, Johnson wrote, will be readily allowed; but there is always an appeal from criticism to nature. The sentiment thus expressed could easily be endorsed by any of the Romantics, the empiricism it exemplifies is a vital quality of Johnsons criticism, as is the willingness to jettison laws of criticism when to do so makes possible a more direct appeal to the emotions of the reader. Addison s Cato, highly praised in Johnsons day for its correctness, is damned with faint praise by Johnson: Cato affords a splendid exhibition of artificial and fictitious, manners , and delivers just and noble sentiments, in dict