非谓语动词专题.doc

语法专题(七)非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的句法功能二、非谓语动词的形式(以make为例)三、关于非谓语动词的几种被动形式的使用和区别四、不定式、V-ing形式和V-ed作不同句子成分的用法区别1.不定式、V-ing和V-ed作状语的区别(1)不定式结构常用作目的状语，表示结果常见于下列搭配：soas to；suchas to；enough to；tooto；never to.，only to(通常是一个未曾料到的不愉快的结果)。这样考过(2009全国)The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom.Alooked at Bto look atCto looking at Dlook at解析：句意：当这位著名的女演员走进入教室时，所有的孩子都转过头去看她。此处用to look at表目的。答案：B(2009福建三地五校)She returned home from the office，only _ the door open and something missing.Ahas found Bto be found Cto find Dfound解析：由句意：她从办公室回到家，结果发现门开着，也丢了东西。知only to find作结果状语，表出乎意料的结果。答案：C(2009湖南十校联考)If the food tastes nice，well buy some；if _，_.Ano; no Bnot; notCnot; no Dno; not解析：第一空用not; if not表“如果不”，在此相当于if it doesnt taste nice；而第二空也用not，相当于we wont buy。答案：B(2009北京朝阳区)Peters mobile phone was left in a taxi accidentally，never _ again.Ato find Bto be foundCfinding Dbeing found解析：彼得的手机偶然落在一辆出租车上了，再也没找到。此处用不定式做结果状语，手机做句子主语，因此与find是被动关系，故选B项。答案：B(2)现在分词作状语表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、让步和结果；过去分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件和让步。现在分词与逻辑主语之间为主动关系，过去分词与其逻辑主语之间为被动关系。这样考过(2009上海)A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city，_ all four people on board.Akilled BkillingCkills Dto kill解析：句意：一架小型飞机在城东五英里外的山坡上坠毁，机上四人全部丧生。用kill的现在分词形式killingwhich killed作结果状语。答案：B(2009福建)In April,2009，President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao，_ the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy.Amarking BmarkedChaving marked Dbeing marked解析：句意：2009年4月，胡主席在青岛检阅了海军舰队，这也是中国人民解放军海军成立60年的标志。答案：A(2008浙江)_ that he was in great danger，Eric walked deeper into the forest.ANot realized BNot to realizeCNot realizing DNot to have realized解析：题意为“没有意识到自己正处于很大的危险之中，艾瑞克走进了森林更深处”。realize和句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，所以用现在分词作状语。不定式作状语表示目的或者结果，与题意不符，故可排除B、D两项。答案：C(2009四川)_ many times，he finally understood it.ATold BTellingCHaving told DHaving been told解析：句意：他被告知了好多次，最后他终于懂了。这道题考查非谓语动词。句子主语是he，句子前是一个非谓语动词结构，he与动词tell存在被动关系，而且动作存在先后顺序。答案：D2不定式和V-ing作宾语的区别(1)疑问代词/副词动词不定式。这种结构常用于下列动词后：know，make up ones mind，decide，find out，learn，understand，wonder，forget，see，settle等。也可以用于介词后。这样考过(2007海淀)Have you thought about_to give her as a present?Awhat BwhoCwhich Dwhere解析：考查疑问词加不定式的用法。此处根据句意应用what。答案：A(2007东城)I used to work in a nursery before so I know_to expect in this new job.Awhat BhowCwhy Dwhatever解析：what什么；how如何；why为的原因；whatever无论什么，任何东西。What to expent in this new job.作know的宾语，what作expect的宾语。答案：A(2)不定式结构一般不作介词宾语。介词接v.-ing作宾语。特例：but，except表示“除外”时，其前如有行为动词do的各种形式，不定式的符号to须省略，其他情况下要用带to的不定式。这样考过?(2009江西重点联考)_ the tonics(补品)are probably not harmful_ your wallet，Heller thinks that people who try them may not realize how highly caffeinated they are.AWhile; except for BAs; except forCWhile; except to DAs; except to解析：语境为：虽然补品也许无害除了对钱包之外但是Heller认为尝试补品的人可能没有意识到它们的咖啡因含量有多高。此处while表示“尽管，虽然”，用来引导让步状语从句；句中的to表示对象。答案：C(3)只能跟to do作宾语的动词：agree，pretend，afford，appear，attempt，choose，dare，decide，be determined，fail，happen，hope，learn，manage，offer，refuse等。这样考过?(2009北京石景山区)I hope _ with her about that during the time we _ at college.Ato talk; studiedBto have talked; are studyingCto talk; were studyingDto have talked; were studying解析：句意为“我希望上大学的时候就已经跟她谈谈那件事。”答案：D?(2008河北唐山摸底)Will the Johnsons leave for Australia this spring?No，they finally decided _.Anot to leave Bnot leavingCnot to Dnot to be leaving解析：当不定式的内容和前面的重复时，不定式可以省略，但不定式的符号to不省略，其否定形式为not to。这里是decided not to leave的省略。答案：C注意：既可以跟to do又可以跟sb.to do的动词有beg，expect，promise，want，wish，would like/love；可以跟to do但不可以跟sb.to do的动词有hope，decide，refuse，manage，pretend，offer，plan，agree等。(4)只能跟V-ing作宾语的动词有：imagine，escape，cant help，enjoy，miss，allow，advise，consider，delay，excuse，feel like，finish，forbid，give up，keep，mind，permit，practise，put off，suggest等。这样考过?(2008上海高校春季)As a new driver，I have to practise _ the car in my small garage again and again.Aparking Bto parkCparked Dpark解析：practise vt.“实践，练习”，其后必须接动名词，不能用不定式作宾语。句意为：作为新司机，我不得不在我的小车库里一遍又一遍地练习停车。答案：A?(2006北京)I cant stand_with Jane in the same office.She just refuses_ talking while she works.Aworking; stopping Bto work; stopping Cworking; to stop Dto work; to stop答案：C注意：上述大多数动词可在V-ing前加上逻辑主语，逻辑主语通常用名词或代词的所有格表示，也可用它们的宾格表示：Do you mind their/them making noises here?你介意他们在此吵闹吗？(5)有些动词既可以跟不定式作宾语，也可以跟动名词作宾语。区别如下：love，like，hate，prefer跟V-ing表示习惯性动作或行为；跟to do表示某次具体的行为。forget，remember，regret跟V-ing表示事情已做过；跟to do表示事情还没做。这样考过?(2009海淀)He loves breathing fresh air in the suburbs and _ in the morning sunshine.ASit BsittingCsits Dis sitting答案：Btry跟doing表示“试着做”；跟to do表示“尽力做”，相当于seek to do/attempt to do/make an effort to do。这样考过?(2007南京)Id like to learn more about the Doha Asian Games.Better try_the CCTV website，and you are likely_the information in no time.Ato visit; to get Bto visit; gettingCvisiting; to get Dvisiting; getting解析：try doing sth.意为“试着做某事”；be likely to do sth.“有可能做某事”，be likely后不可接动词ing。答案：Cmean跟V-ing表示“意思是，意味着”；跟to do表示“打算做”。这样考过?(2006湖南)If you think that treating a woman well means always _her permission for things，think again.Agets Bgot Cto get Dgetting 解析：mean doing意思是，意味着，mean to do打算要句意：如果你认为善待妇女(女性)就意味着事事都要得到她的批准，那就再想想吧。答案：Dconsider跟V-ing表示“打算做某事”；跟sb./sth.to do表示“认为”。begin/start跟V-ing/to do意义上无区别，但如下三种情况常使用不定式：a该二词用于进行时：Its beginning/starting to rain.开始下雨了。b物作主语：The ice began/started to melt.冰开始融化。c其后的非谓语动词表示心理活动：I began/started to realize my mistake.我开始意识到自己的错误。(6)need/want/requireV-ing(to be V-ed)用主动形式表达被动的含义，表示“需要被”；be worthV-ing也用主动形式表达被动的含义，表示“值得”。这样考过?(2009浙江五校联考)As a result of the earthquake，two-thirds of the buildings in the area _.Aneed repairing Bneeds repairingCneeds to be repaired Dneed to repair解析：主语为buildings，所以谓语动词应该用非第三人称单数，可以排除B、C两项。根据句意，建筑物需要被修理，应该用need doing或者是need to be done，所以选择A项。难度适中。答案：A?(2009广东扬子江中学)Your composition is good but your handwriting still requires _.Aimproving BimprovedCbeing improved Dto improve答案：A(7)on，think of，how/what about，for，against，in spite of，as a result of，because of，feel like等介词宾语只能用V-ing。这样考过(江苏高考)The man insisted_a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.Afind Bto findCon finding Din finding解析：insist当“坚持(认为该怎样做)”解时，后接虚拟语气的从句或接 on doing。答案：C注意：下列动词短语中to为介词，后面应用V-ing形式作宾语。pay attention to注意；see to注意，负责；lead to导致；refer to谈到，涉及；turn to求助于；stick to坚持；object to反对；be/get used to习惯于做某事；devoteto为奉献时间、精力等；get down to开始认真做某事；be accustomed to 习惯于。这样考过(2007郑州)Many teachers strongly object to_at school.Asmoke BsmokingCsmoked Dhaving smoked解析：object to(反对)中的to是介词，后面接动名词形式。答案：B(2008江苏)They are quiet，arent they?Yes.They are accustomed _ at meals.Ato talk Bto not talkCto talking Dto not talking解析：be accustomed to后跟动名词作宾语，动名词的否定形式应该在动名词前面加not。答案：D(2008大连八中)I was close to _ the other day.A car passed me at _ I thought was a dangerous speed.Abe killed; thatBbeing killed; whatCbeing killed; whichDkilling; what解析：close to中的to是介词，后接动名词的被动式作宾语。后一空填what，what引导的名词性从句作at的宾语。答案：B3不定式、V-ed和V-ing作宾语补足语的区别(1)hear，listen to，see，watch，notice，observe，look at，make，let，have后的宾语补足语如用不定式，to常省略；但上述动词为被动语态时，to不可省略。这样考过(2009泉州质检)I really like this song as it is often heard _ everywhere in China.Asinging BsungChaving sung Dto sing解析：it代指上文this song，sing与song之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词sung作主语补足语。答案：B(2008全国)The director had her assistant _ some hot dogs for the meeting.Apicked up Bpicks upCpick up Dpicking up解析：句意为“导演要他的助手为这次会议准备一些热狗”。have sb.do sth.为固定结构，其中do sth.为省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。和have类似用法的使役动词有make，let。答案：C(2009杭州质检)Blamed for breaking my promise，I felt my face _ hot，and hung my head in shame.Ato grow Bto be growingCgrown Dgrow解析：本题考查“feel宾语宾补”结构，由于feel是感观动词，故用动词原形作宾补。答案：D(2)tell，want，allow，warn，advise，ask，beg，encourage，cause，expect，forbid，force，get，hate，help，invite，would like/love，order，permit，persuade，remind，teach，wish，prefer后的宾语补足语用to do。(注意：help后的宾补to do中的to可省)这样考过(2009湖南浏阳一中)The old grandfather，much to the surprise of the doctors，wont want his granddaughter_ this week.Ato operate on BoperatesCto be operated on Doperating 答案：C(2008上海春)Due to the heavy rain and flooding，ten million people have been forced _ their homes.Aleaving Bto leaveCto be left Dbeing left解析：句意：由于大雨和洪水，已经有一千万人被迫离开他们的家园了。force sb.to do/sb.be forced to do“迫使某人做”。 故选B项。答案：B(3)think，believe，consider，find，imagine，feel，suppose后常跟to be或to haveV-ed作宾语补足语。这样考过(上海高考)The flu is believed_by viruses that like to be reproduced in the cells inside the human nose and throat.Acausing Bbeing caused Cto be caused Dto have caused 解析：根据flu 和介词by可知应该用被动语态，所以排除A和D项；再根据is believed，可知C为最佳选项。因为，sth.is believed/considered/thought to be/as sth.是英语中的一种常见句式。答案：C(4)feel，find，see，catch，hear，watch，notice，have，get，keep，leave后常跟V-ing作宾语补足语。这样考过(2008上海春)If we have illegal immigrants _ in，many local workers will lose their jobs.Acame Bcoming Cto come Dhaving come解析：句意：如果我们让非法移民不断涌入，许多当地的工人就会失业。havesb./sth.doing“让一直干”；have sb.do“让某人做”；havesth.done“让某事被做/遭遇某事”，如：He had his leg broken yesterday.他昨天摔断腿了。答案：B(2008河南郑州四中)As soon as I entered Evans company I saw a board _“_to Evans”Areads; Welcomed Bwritten; to WelcomeCreading; Welcome Dprinted; Welcome解析：“牌子上写着”用动词read，表示“标明”；“欢迎你”用You are welcome，welcome用作形容词而不是动词，这里主语和be动词都省略了。答案：C(5)find，hear，see，have，get，make后常跟V-ed作宾语补足语。这样考过(2007福建)Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English_in a short period.AImproved BimprovingCto improve Dimprove解析：所填词作have的宾语补足语，与宾语her written English是被动关系，用过去分词，选A。答案：A(2007西城)Where is Tom?I last saw him_in the library reading.Asit BseatedCseating Dsat解析：此处谓语动词是saw(see)，是感官动词，后可跟宾语补足语，seat用作动词，作宾补时，通常用其过去分词形式，因此本题选B。答案：B(2008江苏)To learn English well，we should find opportunities to hear English _ as much as we can.Aspeak BspeakingCspoken Dto speak解析：句中的非谓语动词作hear后的宾语补足语。根据English和speak为动宾关系，因此用过去分词作宾语补足语，表示被动。答案：C(2009广东汕头)The traffic problems we are looking forward to seeing _ should have attracted the governments attention.Asolving BsolveCto solve Dsolved 答案：D(2009重庆)Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _.Aworried Bto worry Cworrying Dworry解析：备选答案是动词worry的某种形式。worry多为及物动词，意为“使担心/着急”。全句的意思应该是：因小孩违法而惩罚父母的法律使父母感到担心。此外，空中应填宾语补足语，表示宾语的动作、状态、身份等。这样的法律使父母感到担心，也就是说父母被这样的法律弄得担心。所以宾语与补足语之间有被动的主谓关系，而过去分词正好表被动意义。答案：A4不定式、V-ing和V-ed作定语的区别(1)不定式作定语，它所修饰的名词往往是其逻辑宾语，而且表示的动作尚未发生。这样考过(2009安徽)The play _ next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.Aproduced Bbeing producedCto be produced Dhaving been produced解析：句意：下个月即将上演的戏剧主要是为了表现地方文化。to be produced作后置定语，修饰名词play，表示“将上演的”。produced表示“上演过的”，being produced表示“正在上演的”。答案：C(2009重庆)With the world changing fast，we have something new _ with all by ourselves every day.Adeal BdealtCto deal Ddealing解析：句意：随着世界的快速变化，我们每天都有新的问题要独自处理。本题考查的是不定式作定语，have something to do，动词do逻辑上的主语是we，也就是句子的主语。答案：C注意：不定式与其所修饰的词之间具有动宾关系时，不定式必须是及物动词，而且后面不可再有宾语；如果不定式为不及物动词，后面要加适当的介词，同被修饰的词构成介宾关系：She found a house to live in.她找了幢房子住进去。(2)V-ing所修饰的名词是该动作的执行者(即与被修饰的名词之间的关系是逻辑上的主动的主谓关系)，它表示的动作与主句动作同时进行或说话时正在进行。这样考过(2009湖南师大附中)Barack Obama told millions _ him that his grandmothers influence on _ he is and the way he views the world was significant.Asupport; how Bsupporting; whoCsupported; where Dto support; what解析：奥巴马对数百万注视着他的人说，他的外祖母对他的性格和世界观形成影响很大。supporting him作millions的后置定语。答案：B(2009浙江嘉兴)The plans _ by many managers now will be carried out next month.Abeing discussed BdiscussedCto be discussed Dhaving been discussed答案：A(2009湖南师大附中)There is still a long way to go to work out all the problems _ conservation of natural resources.Aconcerning Bconcerned Cto concern Dconcern解析：由句意：要解决保护自然资源的问题，我们仍有很长的路要走。知空中应填一个作后置定语的短语，concerning“与有关”，作prep.。答案：A(3)V-ed作定语，其修饰的名词是该动作的承受者(即与被修饰的名词之间的关系是逻辑上的被动的主谓关系)。它所表示的动作含被动的意义，但并不表示完成的概念；或既表示被动的意义又表示完成的概念。这样考过(2009北京)For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _ on his own farm.Agrown Bbeing grownCto be grown Dto grow解析：句意：早饭他只喝自己农场种的新鲜水果榨出来的果汁。此题考查非谓语动词作后置定语。fruit与grow为被动关系，故排除D选项；being grown 正被种植；to be grown 将要被种植，均不合题意，所以选A。答案：A(2009上海)With the governments aid，those _ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.Aaffect BaffectingCaffected Dwere affected解析：句意：在政府的援助下，那些受到地震影响的人们已经搬到新的定居点。用affect的过去分词形式作主语those的后置定语，表示“受到地震影响的人们”。答案：C5V-ing和不定式作主语的区别(1)v.-ing泛指某种行为、活动或某种职业；动词不定式指特定的某一次行为或活动。这样考过(2008江苏常州统考)What made you so delighted at Christmas?_.AI received many more presents than othersBBecause my parents promised me a new carCMy uncles coming back from abroadDAs there was an unusual celebration解析：句意：“在圣诞节什么事让你这么高兴？”“我叔叔从国外回来。”第一句中what作主语，用来回答它的只能是名词、代词、不定式、动名词或名词性从句。答案：C(2009北京海淀区)_ these suggestions will help you become more cooperative and achieve more.AFollowed BFollowing CTo follow DBeing followed 解析：由句中缺空处知缺少主语，且与句中的“you”构成逻辑主谓关系，故可排除A、D项。B项动名词following表示经常的、习惯的动作或情况，而C项中的to follow则表示某一次特定的、具体的动作，相比较B项要比C项好，故选B。答案：B(2008重庆一中)_ in the countryside made Mr.Wilson very hardworking when he was still young.ABringing up BBeing brought upCHaving brought up DBrought up解析：动名词的被动式作主语。答案：B(2)通常使用形式主语it。常见句型结构为：1It is/wasadj.of/for sb.to do sth.注意：介词用of还是用for要根据前面的形容词而定。若该形容词表示人的性格特征用of，表示事物的特征就必须用for。这样考过(2009南通调研)“Once people think you are a liar，its hard _，no matter what youll say.”father warned his son.Afor you to make yourself believeBfor you to make yourself believedCof you to make yourself believingDof you to make yourself believe解析：本题考查句型It is hard for sb.to do sth.和词组make oneself done。父亲警告儿子说：“一旦人们认为你是个骗子，那么无论你说什么，都很难让人相信你。”答案：B还可能这样考It is silly of me_ all eggs in one basket.That was the worst mistake Ive ever made.Ato put Bto have putCputting Dhaving put解析：此题易误选A。后句语境提示That was the worst mistake，说明这一动作发生在过去，故应用不定式完成式表示动作已发生。句意：把所有的鸡蛋都放在了一个篮子里，我真是太蠢了。这是我所犯过的最糟糕的一个错误。答案：B2It is no use/no good doing sth.做没有用处/好处可能这样考It is no use_without doing.Ato promise BpromisingCpromise Dto be promised解析：it 为形式主语，真正的主语是promising without doing。答案：B3There is no use/no good/no point(in)doing sth.做没有用处/好处/意义这样考过(2008宁夏中卫模拟)There is _ what the weather will be like.Anot knowing Bno knowingCnot know Dno known解析：句意：无法知道天气会是什么样子。There is no doing.It is impossible to do.“是不可能的”，是固定句式，所以答案为B项。答案：B6不定式和V-ing作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语表示特定的某次行为或动作；V-ing作表语表示某种职业，某种状态，事物的性质、特点等。可能这样考Her wish is_a teacher.Ato becoming BbecomeCto become Dbecoming解析：做老师是她的愿望。to do表示一个具体的未来的动作，所以应选择to become。答案：CWhat worried me most was_ to go abroad alone.Amy not allowing Bhaving not allowedCmy being not allowed Dmy not being allowed解析：句意：最让我担心的事是我不会被允许单独出国。考查非谓语动词作表语，根据句意，应为被动，故排除A、B两项，否定词not应置于非谓语动词前，故选D。答案：D(2)V-ed作表语表示某种状态、情绪。注意：选用V-ing形式还是选用V-ed作表语，取决于非谓语动词与句子主语的关系。如果是意义上的主谓关系，用V-ing形式，说明事物的性质或特征，可译为“令人感到的”；如果是意义上的动宾关系，则用V-ed，多指人的感情或感觉，常译为“感到”。在某些习惯用法中，不定式用主动式代替被动式。The house is to let.该屋出租。I am to blame.是我不好。7独立主格结构独立主格结构的逻辑主语与主句的主语不是同一主语，它的构成为“主格词(代词主格或名词)非谓语动词”，在句中只能作状语，表示时间、原因、条件和伴随：It being rainy，we had to stay at home.天气多雨，我们只好呆在家里。这样考过(2008江苏四市情况调查)On Saturday evenings guests are entertained in the garden，weather _.Apermits BpermitCpermitting Dpermitted解析：两个句子之间有逗号隔开时，它们之间存在下列几种情况：1)两个句子之间有并列连词；2)两个句子之间有从属连词；3)两个句子之间无连词，其中一个句子用非谓语动词的形式来表达。此题属于第三种情况，两个句子之间无连词且主语不一致，其中一个用独立主格结构的形式来表达，作条件状语。句意：如果天气允许的话，客人们通常星期六晚上在花园里娱乐。答案：C(2008山东威海质检)The women waited on the windy lawn，their skirts _ against their legs，keeping their hats on with difficulty.Abeing blowing Bto blowCto be blown Dblown解析：句意：妇女们在有风的草坪上等着时，风吹起了她们的裙子，她们费力地按着帽子。their skirts.difficulty作伴随状语，其中their skirts blown against their legs是独立主格结构的表达形式，blow和skirts之间是被动关系，所以用过去分词表示被动和完成。请注意A项的表达形式不正确，不要受其干扰。答案：D(2008山东聊城模拟)When he joined them in the work，he was disappointed at there _ so little to do.Abeing BwereChaving Dhad解析：句意：当他加入他们一起工作的时候，因为几乎无事可做，所以他很失望。be disappointed at“因而失望”，at是介词，其后要接名词、代词或动名词的形式，所以there be句式要用there being的形式。答案：A8with复合结构(with宾语V-ed/V-ing/to do)With some students followed behind，he came in.他走了进来，身后跟着一群学生。作伴随状语。注意：“with宾语”后也可跟形容词、副词、介词短语、名词构成复合结构。这样考过(2009北京东城区)With their son _ a foreign college now，the parents have some financial problems now and then.Ato attend BattendingCattended Dhaving attended解析：此题考查with结构，表伴随。父母不时会有金融方面的困难，with宾语宾补。宾语：他们的儿子和上大学是主动关系，正在上大学，故选B项。答案：B(2009天津红桥区)_ the rain falling so frequently，it becomes more and more difficult to be early on the rescue work.ASince B.With CAs DFor解析：根据句中_ the rain