2019届中考英语复习第二篇中考语法专项第26课动词基础知识.docx

第26课 动词课堂突破一、动词的形式 大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。（一）第三人称单数形式的构成一般现在时中主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式，其变化规则与名词单数变复数的方法大体相同。具体见下表：规则变化动词原形第三人称单数形式及读音一般动词在词尾加-s；-s在清辅音后读/s/，-s在浊辅音和元音后读/z/workgrowworks/s/grows/z/以s, x, ch, sh或o结尾的动词加-es；-es读/Iz/，o后的-es读/z/fixcatchpushgokissfixes/Iz/catches/Iz/pushes/Iz/goes/z/kisses/Iz/以字母e结尾的动词，直接加-s；-s读/z/或/s/ridelikerides/z/likes/s/以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，改y为i，再加-es；-ies读/Iz/studycarrystudies/Iz/carries/Iz/以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词，直接加-s；-s读/z/playsayplays/z/says/z/（二）现在分词的构成规则变化动词原形现在分词一般在动词后加-inghelp workhelping working以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去e再加-ingwrite movewriting moving以y结尾的动词，直接加-ingplay studyplaying studying以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ingput sit run cut get begindrop stopputting sitting runningcutting getting beginningdropping stopping以ie结尾的动词，一般将ie改为y，再加-inglie die tielying dying tying（三）过去式和过去分词的构成规则变化动词原形过去式、过去分词及其读音一般在动词词尾加-ed；-ed在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音和元音后读/d/，在t/d后读/Id/askanswerwantneedaskedasked/t/answeredanswered/d/wantedwanted/Id/neededneeded/Id/以不发音的e结尾的动词，直接加-d；-d在浊辅音和元音后读/d/，在清辅音后读/t/lovedancelovedloved/d/danceddanced/t/以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，把y变为i，再加-ed；-ied读/Id/worrystudyworriedworried/Id/studiedstudied/Id/以“元音字母+y”结尾的动词，直接加-ed；-d读/d/playstayplayedplayed/d/stayedstayed/d/以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-ed；-ed在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音和元音后读/d/，在t/d后读/Id/stopplandroppreferstoppedstopped/t/plannedplanned/d/droppeddropped/t/preferredpreferred/d/【活学活用】 用所给词的适当形式填空。1. Do you know the boy_（wear） glasses over there?2. My sister likes reading the novels_（write） by Mo Yan.3. I found a wallet_（lie） on the ground on my way to school yesterday.4. The lemon juice_（taste） sweet and sour after adding some honey. It is delicious.5. The cup_（drop） and broke.二、动词的分类动词的分类实义动词（v.）及物动词（vt.）跟宾语like, write。如：He likes music. 他喜欢音乐。不及物动词（vi.）不跟宾语rain, come。如：It rained heavily yesterday. 昨天雨下得很大。系动词（link v.）跟名词或形容词作表语be, look, sound, taste, feel, smell, become, turn, seem, keep, stay。如：I am a student. 我是一个学生。He felt excited. 他感到很兴奋。助动词（aux. v.）跟动词原形或分词（本身无意义）be （+doing）帮助构成进行时态be （+done）帮助构成被动语态have/had （+done）帮助构成完成时态do, does帮助构成一般现在时态的疑问句或否定句did帮助构成一般过去时态的疑问句或否定句will, shall, would, should帮助构成将来时态情态动词（modal v.）跟动词原形（有意义）can, may, must, need, could, might, should三、情态动词的用法概念情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能与其后的动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的情绪、态度或语气，用来表达建议、请求、可能或意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，情态动词后必须跟动词原形。常见的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, need, shall, will, should, would及半情态动词had better, have to。用法can, could的用法1. 表示能力，表示“能；会；能够”。如：We can use the computer now, but we couldnt two months ago. 现在我们会用电脑了，但两个月前我们不会。He could ride a bike when he was four. 他4岁就会骑自行车了。2. 表示可能性，常用于否定句或疑问句中。如：Today is Sunday, so he cant be at school. 今天是星期天，所以他不可能在学校。3. 表示允许，口语中常用may代替。如：You can/may use my car. 你可以用我的小汽车。can, could的用法4. could虽然是can的过去式，但在口语中could常代替can表示委婉地提出请求，并不表示过去的时态，主要用于疑问句中。如：Could you be here at eight oclock tomorrow morning? 明天上午8点你能来这儿吗？may, might的用法1. 表示许可，意为“可以”。如：You may leave now. 现在你可以走了。2. May I.? 表示请求许可，否定回答用mustnt，表示“不可以；禁止”。如：May I borrow your bike?我可以借你的自行车吗？Yes, you may./No, you mustnt. 是的，你可以。/不，你不可以。3. 表示推测，意为“可能；或许”。如：I cant find my ruler. 我找不到我的尺子。It may be in your pencil box. 它可能在你的铅笔盒里。4. 用在祈使句中表示祝愿。如：May you succeed!祝你成功！5. may的过去式might表示的语气更加委婉、客气。如：Might I use your pen for a while? 我可以用一会儿你的钢笔吗？must的用法1. must作“必须；应该”讲，表示必要性；mustnt则表示“不应该；不许”。如：You must buy a ticket. 你必须买票。You mustnt play on the road. 你不许在马路上玩。2. must作“一定”讲，表示肯定的猜测（否定猜测用cant，意为“不可能”）。如：These must be Lucys clothes. 这些一定是露西的衣服。（对现在情况的推测）Tom must be watching TV at home. 汤姆一定是在家看电视。（对现在正在发生的事情的推测）She must have seen the movie. 她一定看过这部电影。（对过去情况的推测）注：回答Must.?引出的疑问句时，肯定回答用must，否定回答不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。如：Must you finish your homework today? 你今天必须完成作业吗？Yes, I must./No, I neednt. 是的，我必须。/不，我不必。need的用法need作情态动词，意为“需要”，主要用于一般疑问句和否定句，其肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt。如：Need I finish the work today? 我需要今天完成这项工作吗？Yes, you must./No, you neednt. 是的，你必须完成。/不，你不必。拓展：need用作及物动词，其后的宾语可以是名词、动词不定式、动名词、代词。用法与其他行为动词一样，有人称和数的变化。如：Does he need to wash his hands? 他需要洗手吗？Yes, he does./No, he doesnt. 是的，他需要。/不，他不需要。shall, should的用法1. shall用作情态动词，常用于一般疑问句，与第一人称连用，表示征求意见或看法。如：Shall we meet at the school gate tomorrow morning? 明天早上我们在学校门口见面好吗？2. should用作情态动词，表示劝告或建议，意为“应该”，表示必要性。不可看作shall的过去式。如：We should be strict in all our work. 我们应该严格要求我们所有的工作。will, would的用法1. 表示必然性。如：Fish will die without water. 没有了水，鱼就会死去。2. 表达意愿或意志。如：Well help him if he asks us for help. 如果他向我们寻求帮助，我们会帮他。I promise that I would do my best. 我答应你，我会尽全力。3. 询问对方的意愿或提出请求，常与like, love连用，主要用于疑问句中。如：Would you like another cup of coffee? 你想再喝一杯咖啡吗？Will you go with me? 你愿意和我一起去吗？【活学活用】 用适当的情态动词填空。1. Must I finish all the homework this evening?No, you_. Tomorrow is Saturday, and you have enough time for it.2. People_ drive after drinking alcohol（酒）. Its against the law.3. Do you have any plans for this summer vacation?Im not sure. I_ take a trip to Taiwan.4. Jill looks so painful. There_ be something wrong with her.5. Look at that girl!Is it Judy?No, it_ be her. She is still in London.四、短语动词概念动词跟一个或两个介词或副词构成固定词组后，在意义上和原来的动词不同，这种动词词组叫短语动词。分类动词+介词（后需加宾语）1. arrive in/at到达2. ask for要求3. begin with. 以开始4. be from. 从来5. be about大约6. believe in相信7. depend on/upon依靠8. get to到达9. look for寻找10. laugh at嘲笑11. send for派人去请12. wait for等待动词+副词及物动词+副词（后需加宾语，宾语为代词时放中间）1. carry out执行2. find out查明3. give up放弃4. hand in上交5. look up查找6. pick up捡起7. put on穿上8. put off推迟9. ring up给打电话10. set up建立11. take off脱下12. turn off关掉13. turn on打开14. think over考虑不及物短语动词（后不加宾语）1. get up起床2. give in屈服3. go on继续4. grow up成长5. look out小心6. show off炫耀7. set off/out出发8. stand up起立9. take off起飞10. wake up醒来动词+副词+介词（后需加宾语）1. get on/along with. 与相处2. catch up with赶上；跟上3. come up to走近4. go on with继续5. look down upon/on看不起6. look forward to盼望动词+名词+介词（后需加宾语）1. take part in参加2. make fun of取笑3. make use of利用4. make friends with. 和交朋友5. shake hands with. 和握手6. take care of照料常用动词短语归纳look1. look for寻找2. look after照顾3. look over查看4. look forward to盼望；向往5. look at看着6. look up抬头看；查（字典）7. look into调查8. look out当心9. look out of. 从往外看10. look like看起来像11. look the same看起来一样12. look through透过看；浏览put1. put off推迟2. put on穿上；上演；增加3. put away把收起来4. put out扑灭5. put down写下6. put back放回7. put up举起；建造；张贴turn1. turn on打开2. turn off关掉3. turn up调高（音量）4. turn down调低（音量）5. turn to朝向6. turn into变成7. turn over翻开；翻转8. o.把变成get1. get on/along （well） with sb. 与某人相处（融洽）2. get up起床3. get on上车（船、飞机、马）4. get off下车（船、飞机、马）5. get back回去6. get back to回到7. get away离开；逃脱8. get down下来9. get home到家10. get into进入；陷入11. get out （of.）（从）出去12. get to到达13. get together聚会take1. take off（飞机）起飞；脱掉（衣服）2. take away拿走3. take out取出4. take pride in. 对感到自豪go1. go over温习；复习2. go into走进3. go out出去；熄灭4. go away走开5. go back回去；回顾6. go by（时间）流逝；从旁经过7. go down下降；下沉8. go on继续9. go through经历10. go to school去上学11. go home回家12. go to the doctor去看医生make1. make a decision做决定2. make sb. do sth. 让某人做某事3. make a mistake犯错误4. make progress取得进步5. make friends with. 与交朋友6. make up编造；虚构；打扮；构成；组成7. make a face做鬼脸come1. come along一道来2. come in进来3. come into进入4. come out出来；出版5. come down下来6. come from来自7. come back回来8. come across偶然遇到9. come over过来10. come home回家11. come into use开始使用12. come on快点；得啦；跟着来；加油give1. give up放弃2. give off放出；发出（气体、气味、烟雾、光、水、热等）3. give out精疲力竭；累倒；耗尽；用完；分发4. give away泄露；赠送5. give in屈服；让步；投降be1. be friendly/kind to. 对友好2. be different from. 与不同3. be afraid of害怕4. be popular with. 受欢迎5. be interested in. 对感兴趣6. be strict with sb. 对某人严格7. be strict in sth.对某事严格8. be famous/known as. 作为有名9. be famous/known for. 因著名10. be surprised at. 对惊讶11. be pleased with. 对满意12. be proud of. 对感到自豪13. be polite/impolite to. 对有礼貌/不礼貌14. be thankful/grateful to. 对感激15. be good for. 对有好处16. be good at擅长于17. be made up of. 由构成18. be angry with. 对生气19. be busy with忙于20. be full of/filled with装满；充满21. be late for. 迟到22. be covered with. 用覆盖【活学活用】 根据汉语提示完成句子。1. The film I saw yesterday_ me_（使我想起） the days when I was with my grandparents in the countryside.2. Here is the book. First_（浏览） the book, and then tell me what you think of it.3. Its impolite to cut in line while you are_（等待） a bus at the bus stop.4. There was a fire in the hotel at midnight last Friday. Luckily, it was soon_（扑灭）.5. When you visit a museum, you should_（注意） the instructions and not be against them.当堂检测一、用方框中所给短语的适当形式填空，每个短语限用一次。 take off pick up put off hurry up come out 1. （2018嘉兴、舟山）My son_ a tool and began helping.2. A new book by Mo Yan will_ soon.Really? I cant wait to buy one!3. Our school had to_ the soccer games be-cause of the bad weather, which made students frustrated.4. Our plane is_ in a few minutes. Please be seated and keep your safe belt fastened.5._, you guys!You dont want to miss the train, do you?二、根据短文内容和所给汉语提示，在空白处写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。（2018绍兴市越城区中考模拟）Professor Stephen Hawking died at the 1_（年纪） of 76.He was a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work will live on for many years. His courage and humor inspired people 2_（遍及） the world.Hawking also discovered that black holes are not3_（完全） black but emit radiation（释放辐射） and will probably 4_（消失） at last.Unluckily, the ALS disease left Hawking wheelchair-bound and paralyzed. He was able to move o