自考英语二(课堂笔记语法部分).doc

综合英语二（课堂笔记_语法部分）一、谓语动词不定式现在分词（形容词）过去分词动名词主语形式主语表语表示将要宾语want/decide/tend/begin/start/determine介词宾语but/ever大量定语大量前置（单个），后置（短语）大量前置（单），亦可前置，短语只能后置单个前置（只能），少量状语目的、结果大量补足语少量It is + adj. + to do /for to do 主语 + 系动词 + to do about to do going to doI have nothing to do but read the novel.but但是，可以不定式，前有“do”后无“to”抽象名词/chance/way/power/ability/opportunity/promise/capacity/occasionTo match up with others, we must study harder.We should study harder to catch up with others.句首有逗号，译为“为了”，句末无逗号，译为“以便”The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible.Only 25 percent of all diamonds mined are good enough for cutting into gems.Work together to control the amount of violent programs watched and the number of violent toys found in the home.First, we find that the number depends, of course, on the items involved.1、动词不定式、现在分词、动名词、过去分词作表语的区别。We are to study current science.He is to do the experiment in physics.不定式作表语表示将来的行为。The story he told us is interesting.现在分词表示形容词意义，且为单个的现在分词，不能互译。His duty is building the bridge.动名词作表语常是短语，表示名词意义，可互译。The cup was broken.过去分词表示被动意义，且为单个过去分词，同时表示主语特征。2、现在分词、不定式、过去分词兆宾补的区别。要求用宾补的动词。1）、感观动词：see /hear /find /think /watch /smell /know /consider2）、使役动词：let（让） /have（让） /get（让） /cause（使） /make（使）有下划线的要用不定式作宾补，要带toI see him buying a bicycle.I watch her do an experiment in chemistry.I had my hair cut.现在分词作宾补，表示正在进行，主动意义。现在分词作宾补，表示说明意见作的行为。过去分词作宾补，表示被动意义，且已经完成。3、不定式作状语与分词作状语的区别。1）、不定式作状语常表示目的、原因、结果，常用的是表示目的。To catch up with others, we should study harder.We should study harder to catch up with others.To define a word, then, the dictionary editor places before him the stack of cards illustrating that word.To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment.表示目的的不定式放在句首，有逗号，译为“为了”，放在句末没有逗号的，译为“以便”2）、主语感情意义的形容词to do这时不定式表示原因I will very pleased to see you.I am glad to meet you.3）、表示结果常见化学书刊中常见动词，from/get/chance into/obtainThe chemical fumes combined with the water droplets in the fog to form harmful substances.Hydrogen（氢） combines Oxygen（氧） to from water.4）、现在分词、过去分词放在句首，有逗号表示时间、让步、方式状语，而不定式不可。Living and working with workers, we learnt a lot from them.Arriving at the station, he found his train has gone.Seen from the hill, the tower looks beautiful.Seeing from the window, we found the tower very high.句中主语为有生命，搭配可能现在分词，无生命可能是过去分词。5）、现在分词短语放在句末，有逗号，表示伴随（第二个动作），不定式则不可。The worker went into the gate, talking and laughing.Eager buyers bought all but 50 of the items in one weekend, leaving the family $422 richer.But beyond that, theyre fun. Garage sales have become suburban social events, drawing people of all ages.4、不定式、过去分词、现在分词做定语的区别。1）、不定式做定语，表示将来意义，有主动、被动之分。The last question to be decided today is how to drive the work among ourselves.The Olympic Games in Tokyo became the first program to be transmitted via steatite.At the same time, they could support programmes to teach the local people to regard the rainforests as gardens to be harvested.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately.不定式放在抽象名词后面，有主动和被动之分。chance/way/power/occasion/promise/avility+ing.2）、现在分词短语放在有生命名词及air/water/sun/moon/star/medicine做后置定语表示主动意义。Student taking excises often have this experience.过去分词短语放在无生命名词后面做定语，表示被动意义。Today most diamonds used in industry come from Russia.二、时态要点1、时间状语从句、条件状语从